Micro Final 1 Review

Front 1

Replication

Back 1

DNA copying

Front 2

Transcription

Back 2

DNA to RNA

Front 3

Trnaslation

Back 3

RNA to protiens

Front 4

Anaholism

Back 4

building up of reaction

Front 5

Catabolism

Back 5

Breaking down of reactions

Front 6

Hooke

Back 6

Father of cell biology

First saw and defined cel

Front 7

Van Leeu Wenhock

Back 7

Father of bacteriology

First saw and define bacteria

Front 8

Koch

Back 8

Credited with developing the use of solid culture techniques

Front 9

Koch's Postulate

Back 9

1. Pathogen should be in all sick subjects (Not in healthy)

2. Needs to be able to grow in pure culture

3. Put into heathy animal

4. Healthy must get sick and culture blood to grow same pathogen

Front 10

Chemotrophs

Back 10

Metabolic chemical breakdown

Front 11

Phototrophs

Back 11

Matabolic light breakdown

Front 12

Chemorganictrophs

Back 12

Metabolic compound breakdown

Front 13

Chemolithotrophs

Back 13

Metabolic inorganic compound breakdown

Front 14

Extremeophiles

Back 14

Bacteria that can live in harsh conditions

Front 15

Proteobacteria

Back 15

Largest bacteria phylem

Front 16

ATP

Back 16

Adenosintriphosphate

Front 17

Substrate-level phosphorylation

Back 17

Takes phosphate ion from one compound and transfers it to an ADP molecule to make an ATP

Front 18

Glycolysis

Back 18

First stage of celluar resporation

Splitting of sugar. Glucose to 2 pyravate and 2 ATP.

Front 19

NADH

Back 19

cofactor used to pick up e-

Front 20

Stages of celluar respiration

Back 20

1.Glycolysis (Glucose to 2 pyruvate and 2 ATP)

2. 2 pyruvate to 2 AcetylCoA/ NAD to NADH

3. Citric Acid Cycle (AceylCoA to ATP)

4. Electron Transport System/Ocidative Phosphoylation

Front 21

ATP formed during the citric acid cycle forms through

Back 21

substrate-level phosphorylation

Front 22

ATP formed during glycolysis forms through

Back 22

substrate-level phosphorylation

Front 23

Explain Electron Transport System

Back 23

E- comes from reduced cofactors. Chain of molcules that pass e- due to proton gradient. In arobic respiration O2 picks up the final e-.

Proton gradient formed by proton pump pumping out H+. Creates engerized memebrane.

Protons flowing through create ATP

Front 24

Fermentation

Back 24

Creates ATP without need for O2. In humans produce Lactic acid to get rid of cofactors. In bacteria something else.

Front 25

Where does celluar repiration take place?

Back 25

Euk-Mitchondira

Prok- plasma membrane

Front 26

Binary Fission

Back 26

Basic asexual replication. One cell becoming two. Called doubling time (aka generation time)

Front 27

Doubleing time

Back 27

Original # of cells * 2^n

Front 28

Growth curves for bacteria

Back 28

1. Lag

2. Log (doubling time)

3. Static (waste build up, nutrients)

4. Death

Front 29

Cardinal temperatures

Back 29

range of temperatures a bacteria could survive

Front 30

Thermophiles

Back 30

Survive in high temps

Have heat shock proteins

Membranes packed more tightly (sat fats)

Front 31

Psychrophiles

Back 31

Survive in low temps

Membranes have more unsat fats in phosphlids

Front 32

Alkaniphile

Back 32

Can survive in high pH

Have to worry about proton gradient

Have a sodium pump to pick up OH-

Or use something other than protons

Front 33

Halophiles

Back 33

Can survive in high salt

increase intake or synthesis of compatible solutes

Front 34

Aerobic

Back 34

Live with O2

Front 35

Ananerobic

Back 35

Live w/o O2

Front 36

Facultative aerobes

Back 36

Can live in both O2 and w/o O2

Front 37

Cocci

Back 37

Sphere

Front 38

Bacilli

Back 38

Rod

Front 39

Spitillum

Back 39

Long bending rod

Front 40

Spirochete

Back 40

Sprial shape

Front 41

Bacteria cell wall

Back 41

Have peptidoglycan

Made up of G-M sugar bonds

N-acetyl-glucosamine & N-acetyl-muramic acid

G-M is chain connected with M's (peptides)

Front 42

Autolysis

Back 42

Bacteria breaking peptidoglycan bonds

Front 43

Autolysin

Back 43

enzyme used to control breaking of peptidoglycan bonds

Front 44

Lysozyme

Back 44

Enzyme that breaks M-G bonds that animals have

Front 45

Gram (-)

Back 45

Have thinner cell wall, but have outer cell wall

Has porins

LPS (aka endotoxin)

Lipid A toxic (part of LPS)

Front 46

Gram (+) toxins

Back 46

Teichoic acid- toxic outer part of cells

Lepoteichoic acid- teichoic acid burrended in plasma membrane

Front 47

LPS struture

Back 47

Corepolysacchride- part connected to Lipid A

O-spesfic polysacchride- connected to core, will be different with each strain

Front 48

Capsule/slime layer

Back 48

Layer of polysacchride secreed by bacteria that forms "shell"

Very slipery

Aids in attachment to surfaces

Descrease hos phagocysis

Front 49

Fimbriae/pili

Back 49

Protein extentions that extend from bacteria cell

Used for attachement to cells and surfaces

Front 50

Inclusions/Inclusion Bodies

Back 50

bodies or groups of molecules in cells

Used to store energy

Variety of insoluable things

Front 51

Gas Vesicles

Back 51

Hollow cages made of protein

Hold gases

Needed in phototrophs (gas exchange and boncy)