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123 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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why know the NM (Normal Microbiota)
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1. Clues you in to possible infections- infective carditis (strep from mouth or staph from skin)
2. Source of microbes- (UTI- E coli, CSF- N menigiditis) |
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what is a NM in CSF
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N meningitis (-)
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are nicerria bugs + or -
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negative
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where is staph? where is strep? grom + or -
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both are +
Staph on skin Strep in mouth |
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what is NM (normal Microbiota)
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the bugs that are always found in a healthy person (NO disease)
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are there just like 10 or so NM
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NOPE! there are TONS of type of NM, we are out numbered in our own bodies 10:1
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is the NM the same for everyone
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nope
depends on genetics age sex stress nutrition diet |
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list the NM from most to least
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1. Phages/virus
2. bacteria 3. Archaea methanigens 4. Fungi/Protists |
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what is a gram + bug thats found most everywhere on our surfaces
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staph epidermis
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what is a gram - bug that is pretty much limited to the mouth NM
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Veillonella sp
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gram + or -
1. Clostridium 2. haemophilus 3. pseudomonas 4. lactobacillus |
+
- - + |
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what are the 3 types of synbiotic relationships
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1. Mutualism- both benefin
2. Commensual- 1 benefots, the other is not harmed 3. Parasitism- 1 benefits, one is harmed |
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when wont you have a predicible and stable population of NM?
what is resident flora? what is transient flora? |
1. AB course
2. debilitation Resident- ALWAYS present Transient- breifly established but displaced by competition or host things |
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does the NM change over time
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yep, ecological succession
**normal flora changes in composition and number over time, esp in oral cavity, vagina, skin |
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what are the examples of NM that are commensalism
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bug benefits, we are not harmed/benefited
Strep pnemoniae + Nisseria meningitidis- |
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for these bugs are they commensual, mutualism, or parasitism/
1Strep pnemoniae 2 3 4 N meningitidis 5. E coli 5. Bacteroides |
1 commensalism +
2 3 4 commensalism - 5. Parasitism - 6. Parasitism - |
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what are 2 gram - opprotunistic pathogens? are there parasites, commensulaism, mutialism
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E coli
Bacteroides **both are parasites **Plasmodium falciparum which causes maleria, HiV, and mycobacterium tuberculosis all are parasites |
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most NM have what type of relationship with us
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mutualism
commensulaism |
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what are some examples of opprotunistic parasites and pathogen parasitres
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1 Opprotunistic: E coli (-) Bacteriodes (-)
2. Pathigens: Mycobacterium tuberculosis, HIV, Plasmodium falciparum (maleria) |
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what are some host benefits for mutualistic relationships with bugs
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1. Immune system stimulation
2. colonization that prevents pathogen colinization **bug is benefited bc they have a place to live with lots of food, regulated temp, transport |
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bugs like certain homes inside of us, what is this called
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tissue tropism
**perhaps this is bc the host provides a certaing GF for the bug in a certain location (plant sugar in large intestine) **Or maybe the bug uses a certain ligand that receives certain receptors for colonization |
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where is it found.... (and whats its gram)
1. Corynebacterium diptheriae 2. Strep mutans 3. Strep salivarius 4. E coli 5. Staph aureus 6. Staph epidermis |
1. throat +
2. Teeth + 3. Tongue + 4. Small intestine - 5. Nasal Membrane + 6. Skin + |
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what is a biofilm
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its an area that has a mixture of microbes (one will predominate and maintain the film)
indigenous bugs construct them on a tissue surface or colonize a biofilm build by another species **GENETIC EXCHANGE |
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where is a great place in the body for genetic exchange btwn bugs
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BIOFILM!!!
**several dif bugs in same area **biofilm is a mix of bugs on a tissue surface or on top of another biofilm, one bug predominates and maintains the biofilm |
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what are 5 thigns bugs do for us?
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1. Make Vit K, B12
2. Prevent colonization of pathogens 3. Antagonize pathogens 4. Stim development of tissues 5. stim production of cross reactive AB |
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what is one good thing about enteric bacteria
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they make and excrete Vit K and Vit B12 for us
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what is a major benefit of having bugs in the mouuth, intestine, vigina and skin
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colonizatiton of NM here prevents pathogens from colonizing (no host receptors are available for the bug, not enough nutrients)
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how much salmonella is needed for disease in person w/o NM, what about with NM
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WO NM- 10 salmonella
W NM: 10^6 needed for infection WOW!!! NM prevent pathogens from adhering |
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why is it good that NM make bacteriocins, fatta acids, peroxidases
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these substances will inhibit or kill pathogens
**one benefis of NM is they antagonize pathogens |
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how do NM stim development of our tissues
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1. peyers patches in the gut, in germ free animals the gut is thin and fluid filled
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do NM stim production of cross reactive AB
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yep
we grew up with the bugs so we are tolerant of them but we do make some AB against them, these AB then can kill pathogens ex Low level of E coli AB cross reacts with H influenza type B to prevent infection or invasion |
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what is this an example of?
Low levels of E coli AB cross reacts with H influenza type B to prevent infection or invasion |
mutualism, we benefot from having bugs around
they make cross reactive AB that act as AG |
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enterococcus
1. whats the common name 2. whats the gram stain 3. where is it located 4. Identifying Characteristics |
gram + cocci
1. 2. + 3. GI 4. Facultative anerobe, like salt/bile salts,esculin hydrolysis (hydrolyzes exculin and turns media black) |
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what are 2 gram + that are positive for esculin test
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hydrrolyze esculin and turn media block
1. S bovis 2. A suis |
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what can be said about the respiratory requirements of staphylococci
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facultative anerobes
Mannitol salf agar |
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what are some characteristics of staph aureas
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+ coagulase
mannitol fermenting *gram + * found in nasal membrane |
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what is a defining characteristic of staph epidermidis
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coagulase neg
CNS/CoNS |
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what staph is coagulase +, -?
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a aureus: coagulase + , mannitol fermenting
s epideridis: coagulase -, CNS/CoNS |
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strep pnemoniae is what
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a hemolytic
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what are some a hemolytic, fastidious, facultative anerobes
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1. Strep parasangius
2. S mutans (teeth) 3 .S salivarius 4. S oralis 5. S anginous 6. s gordonii |
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staphylococcus has what type of activity,
streptococcus has what activity |
staph: coagulase
strep: hemolytic |
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s aureus is coagulase + or -
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+
uses coagulase to form a clot in medium resists phagocytosis |
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s epidermidis is coagulase + or -
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negative: CNS:coagulase neg staph
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what is teh dif btwn a b and g hemolysis
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strep usually is hymolytic, you put it on a blood agar plate (BAP) and then determine how much RBC it destroys
1. B- complete destruction 2. A- partial 3. G- none |
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wht type of strep does complete hemolyiss? partial hemolysis? no hemolysos?
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B complete (GLOWS)
A partial (kinda glows) (biliverden released) G none (just be bug on medium) |
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what is bifidobacterium
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gram + bacilli
irregular nonsporeforming anerobe |
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what is propionibacterium acnes
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gram + bacilli
anerobe causes acne |
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what is corynebacterium
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gram + bacillis
facultative anerobe |
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Clostrida
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gram + bacilli
anerobe forms spore |
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C perfringerns
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gram + bacillis
gangrene food borne disease |
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C difficile
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gram + bacillis
pseudomembranous colitis after AB tx |
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what is lactobacillus sp
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gram + bacillis
regular non spore forming anerobe or facultative anerobe aka Doderleins bacilli |
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what are teh gram + bacilli
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1. Bifidobacterium sp
2. Propionibacterium acnes 3. Corynebacterium sp 4. Clostridium perfringens/difficile 5. Lactobacillus |
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what are 3 gram - cocci
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1. Neisseria nmeningitides- diplo
2. Moraxella catarrhalis- coccobacilli, aerobe 3. Veillonella parcula- cocci, anerobe |
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what are the gram - bacilli
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these are the coliform bacteria, found in poo
Acinetobacter aerobe Bacteroides anerobe Prtphyromonas anerobe Prevotella anerobe Enterobacter anerobe (facultative) E coli (facultative anerobe) |
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what are the normal flora that are gram - spirochetes
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hard to stain
Treponema denticola- in the mouth, anerobe, implicated in peridontal disease |
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what are the NM eukaryotes
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1. Malassezia- folliculitis
2. Candida albicans- oral thrush 3. Commensal protozoans |
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is the skin a cozy place for bugs to live
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nope
dry, acidic, salty. FA and lysozymes **lots of gram + live here |
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what can we say in general about where gram + and gram - like to live
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Gram +: dry (skin)
Gram -: wet (mucosa) |
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what kind of bugs do we find on the skin (arms, legs)
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1. Staph epidermis )+) (cocci)
2. Micrococcus luteus (+) (cocci) 3. Corynebacterium (+) (bacillis) 4. Propioinibacterium acnes (bacillis) **not great nutrients, |
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does the NM differ btwn areas of large dry skin and smaller areas of warm moist skin (like the scalp, perineum, armpit)
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sure thing!
more active bugs, more gram - than + |
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where might this group be found
propionibacterium acnes corynebacterium s aerus m lutes |
dry areas of skin like the arms and back
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what are some bugs found in the more moist ares of skin like the armpit and perineum))
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1. all are gram - (remember gram - like moist)
1. Enterobacter 2. Klebsiella 3. E coli 4. Acinerobacter |
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where might thse be?
e coli proteus mirabilis klebsiella pnemoniae |
moist ares of skin
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what transient pathogen is foudn in the skin of ppl with DM
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Clostridium perfringens
**in the perineum and thighs of ppl with DM increased tissue glucose hypoxia (damave BV, loose circulation) defective WBC |
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stapy aureus is found where
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skin: anterior nares and perianal region
**its a transient pathogen here |
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hat might be in the nail NM that wasnt in the skin?
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for the most part the nails are a continuation of the skin and so will have similiar things but they also have FUNGI
1. Aspergillus 2. Penicillium 3. Mucor 4. Cladosporium |
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where are these found:
1. Aspergillus 2. Penicillium 3. Mucor 4. Cladosporium |
fungi in the nails
**otehr NM is similiar to that of the skin |
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what are some bugs int eh conjunctiva
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1 S epidermis (CNS) (+)
2. Coryneforms (+) Sometimes S aureus, (+) Haemophilus (-) Neisseria (-) Strep (+) **all need special mechs to adhere to the epithelium and resist the lysozyme in the eyes |
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we have a variety of eye bugs (S epidermidis, Coryneforms, S aeurus, Nisseria, haemophilus, strep) but they are present in small numbers. why?
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bc we ahve lots of eye secretions
lysozyme blinking **also the bacteria must be specialized to adhere to the epithelium as well as resist attack by lysozyme |
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the outer ear has NM simliar to what region
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dry skin (s epidermidis, micrococcus luteus, corynebacterium, proprionibacterium acnes)
EAM is a littly dif bc of cerumen- waxy acidic **most are gram +, expected bc that is what we see in dry skin |
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what additional changes are seen in the EAM as we move from the outer eat inwwards
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outer ear is a continuation of dry skin and has lots of gram + as we enter the EAM we get a waxy acidic lining
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do the upper respiratory tract and the lowe have the same bugs? what are teh divisions of the URT and LRT
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nope
1. URT -nares -sinuses -nasppharynx -oropharynx -larynx LRT -trachea -bronchi -pulm tissue **the trachea is LRT and so is everything beyond it |
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what bugs do we see in the nares? sinus
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HEAVILY COLONIZED
1. S epidermidis 2. corynebacteria 3. S aureus (in like 40% of ppl) Sinus: STERILE, no bugs |
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what is the NM of the sinus
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NONE! its a sterile tissue
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staph epidermidis (+)
corynebacteria (+) S auerus (+) in half of ppl where are tehse found |
nares
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what are teh main bugs int eh naso and oropharynx
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sterp (a and gamma hemolytic) (+)
Neisseria (-) |
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a/g hemolytic strep is together with neisseria (-) where
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nasopharynx
oropharynx |
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whats the dif in colinization, disease and infectino
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1 Colonization: transient or permanent, no interference iwth body fx
2. Disease:damage to hist 3. colinization that leads to invasion of tissue that has disease |
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what are the bugs in the trachea adn beyond
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NONE! the LRT is sterile due to mucociliary action
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why dotn we have bugs in the LRT
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we have mucocilliary clearance that moves them up adn out so we cough or spit them up. if they get lower we have macro in the alv that eat them up
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what things can damage the respiratory epithelium what happens to NM when its damaged
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damage due to bronchitis, viral pneumonia, CF and smoking will make ppl are susceptible to infection bc the mucocilliary escalator is damaged
**gram +/- bugs from nasopharynx invade (h influenzea, p aeruginosa, S pnemoniea) |
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when an individual damages their mucociliary escalator what bugs can invade
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1. h influenzea (-)
2. P aeruginosa (-) 3. S pnemoniae (+) **all are from nasopharynx |
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what bugs are in urine
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NONE! its sterile
bc you are peeing lots bugs have a problem getting in and also establishing themselves **there are still some microbes in teh distal part of man urethra and the whole distance of woman urethra |
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where in the urinary tract are there bugs
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entire female urethra, distal male urethra
**urine is sterile |
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what bugs are in the UG tract
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GRAM +
- s epidermidis -enterococcus faecalis strep (a hemolytic) diperthoids GRAM - enteric bugs like e coli and proteus |
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when is the vagina colonized? what is found there
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soon after burth
gram + Corynebacteria staphylococci nonpyogenic strep lactobacillus acidophilus E coli (-) |
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where might these guys hang out
corynebacteria staphylococci nonpyogenic strep lactobacillus acidophilus Ecoli |
vagina
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what happens to NM of the vagina after puberty
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well estrogens lead to icreased glycogen. things like lactobacterius acidophilus and corynebacterium use glycogen and make lactic acid. this keeps the vagina acidic and prevents growth of lots of other bugs and yeast
**GREAT example of bacteria protecting us against other bugs |
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what bugs use glycogen to make lactic acid and keep the vagina super acidic
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lactobacillus acidophalius
corynebacterium **this is a GREAT example of bugs helping us prevent other bugs from invading!!! |
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why is the yeast candida albicans prevented from growing in the vagina
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lactobacillus acidophilus and corynebacterium (both gram +) convert glycogen to lactic acid adn hte acidity inhibits the yeast
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whats the deal with NM of the mouth
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lots of mini environments
lots of nutrition and secretions!!! |
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what are the really common facultative anerobes in teh mouth
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strep
actinomyces **both are + |
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what are the popular anerobes in the oral cavity
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1. Spirochete- Treponema
2. Veillonella, prevotella, fusobacterium (all gram -) 2. Peptostreptococcus (+) |
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where might you find these guys?
treponema denticola veillonella prevotella fusobacterium peptostaphtococcus |
all are anerobes in the mouth
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what happens to the NM of the oral cavity over time
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it changes
At birth its sterile but quickly becomes colonized, the mouth is soft and cheeky and has lots of streptococcus salivarius (+) then we get teeth and we get streptococcus mutans and sangius. we also now have a gingival crest that creates agreat place for anerobes like prevotella, fuschobacterium and veillonella) then as you become a teen you get more variety: bacteroides & treponema denticola **ecological succession |
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what is the most predominate bug in the baby mouth
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streptococcus salivarius
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once you get teeth what happens to teh NM
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we get streptococcus mutans and sanguis (+ both)
they live on hard toothers **we also get a gingival crest where anerobes can live (prevotella, fusobacterium, veillonella. all gram -) |
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where are the anerobes in teh oral cavity, what are they
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in the gingival crest
**prevotella, fusobacterium, veillonella |
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what happens to the NM of the mouth at puberty
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increased complexity
add in: bacteriodes (-) treponema denticola |
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what is an oral opprotunistic pathogen seen with infection of surgical wounds
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prevotella melaninogenicus
**abcess of alveolar bone, lung, brain |
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dental treatment can let what opprotunistic pathogen enter the oral cavity and cause what
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strep mutans- leads to endocarditis
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what opprotunistic oral bug is seen in immunocomprimised ppl
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candida albucans
**can also be AB induced |
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in the gut are all bugs created equal
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nope, the GI NM varies LOTS btwn ppl based on
age diet culture use of AB |
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what bugs do we see in the esophagous
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only transient ones
the bugs we swallow with saliva/food |
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what bugs do we see in the stomach
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SUPER ACIDIC
Lactobacillus (+) H pylori (-) causes ulcers |
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what is the NM of the sm intestine
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proximal: sparse, gram +. Lactobacillus and enterococcus faecalis
Distal: population and diversity increase. we now see some gram - like coliforms and bacteroides |
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waht do we see in the proximal and distal small intestine
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proximal is sparse
-lactobacillus -enterococcus faecalis -both gram + Distal -coliforms -bacteriodes *both gram - **as we get closed to the ileum (distal) we get lots more variety |
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what are some common bugs in the large intestine
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1. Coliforms (also seen in distal small intestine but become more prominent) gram -
2. Enterocicci, clostridia, lactobacilli (all gram +) |
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what is the O2 requirement of most bugs in large intestine
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anerobic
bacteroides (-) E coli (-) Bifidobacterium bifidum (+) *can even have anerobic methanogens |
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what is the GI like at birth? what about when you start eating
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birth is sterile
but start to colonize with the first feeding |
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what bugs do you see in the GI of breast babes
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Breast:
-bifidobacteria (+) enterobacteriaceae (-) enterococci (+) MISSING: -bacteroides, staphylococci, lactobacillu, clostrida |
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what bugs are missing in the large intestine of a breast fed baba
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bacteroides
staph lactobacilli clostrida **they do have lots of bifidobacteria and some enterobacteriaceae and enterococci |
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what is the predominant bug in breast fed babies (large intestine bug)? bottle
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bifidobacteria
**bottle babes dont have this bc they lack a GF from moms milk. this bug helps prevent colinization of pathogens in the baby |
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what happens to the NM of baby large intestine when they switch to cow milk and solid foods
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bifidobacteria still there (the good ones that happen bc of mom milk GF and prevent pathogens)
enterics - bacteriodes - enterococci + lactobacilli + clostrida + |
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what r the sterile body fluids
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synovial fluid
bladder urine csf |
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what r sterile tissues
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bone
mm blood CT |
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in what r areas is the UG steril
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kidney, bladder
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what does it mean if there are bugs in the CSF, synovial fluid, bladder, kidney, bone, mm, blood, or CT
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these are our sterile things
**if you find bug it means there is an infection |
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which of the following bacteria is an obligate aneropbe and a major component of the colon flora
lactobac bacteroides biodofilbacterium Nisceria peptosdtreptococcus |
lactobac +
bacteroides - (obligate anerobe) biodofilbacterium + exsceria - (facultative anerobe) peptosdtreptococcus (bacili are in the pic) + |
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what are coliforms?
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associated with bacteriologically polluted water and consist of a group of related bacteria
Total coliforms – Citrobacter, Escherichia, Enterobacter, Klebsiella (CEEK) Fecal coliforms – Escherichia, Klebsiella, Citrobacter |
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Enterics – gram‐negative bacilli; primarily Family Enterobacteriaceae
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Mnemonic: Enterobacteriaceae are C PESSKEY Strains of bacteria
Citrobacter, Proteus, Escherichia, Salmonella, Shigella, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Yersinia, Serratia |
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is staph epidermidis coagulase + or -
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coagulase negative
CNS |
