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45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Influenza
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Negative sense RNA, enveloped
Replicated in nucleus Antigen drift and shift Cell death → Sloughing of the cells → Breakdown products enter the bloodstream → Systemic Symptoms Secondary bacterial infection is major cause of death In children high fever → seizures (given aspirin = neurologic damage) Usually left disease run its course |
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Antigenic shift
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Segments can rearrange randomly
Due to re-assortment, leading to major changes in H, N, or both → new strain (influenza A only) |
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Antigen drift
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Constant slow and gradual change in gene sequence
Caused by minor mutations in H, N, or both influenza A and B genes |
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Seasonal influenza
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Illness in people > 65
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Swine influenza
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Disease in people younger than 25
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Parainfluenza virus
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Croup – inspiratory wheezing – barking cough, obstruction of upper airway, laryngotracheobronchitis)
ssRNA Enveloped with spikes Mostly upper respiratory infection No systemic – does not get in blood |
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Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)
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ssRNA, enveloped
Most common cause of severe acute LRI in < 1 year see bronchiolitis 1. Viral invasion of host cells → fusion → syncytium 2. Immune mediated cell injury → cell debris plug the small airways (bronchioli) Syncytia formation with multinucleated giant cells Pink-staining inclusion bodies Inflammatory cell infiltrate Sloughing of respiratory epithelium Hand-washing Attenuated vaccine causes lung damage |
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Rhinovirus
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Naked capsid RNA virus
Half of all URI Common cold – upper respiratory airway Lab diagnosis not usually done Give decongestants |
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H - Hepatitis B, herpes, EBV
A - Adenovirus P - Parvo – slapped check P - Papoloma – 6,11, 16 & 18 |
DNA viruses are (6)
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Viral conjunctivitis
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Infection of upper respiratory tract or rhinovirus or throat infection
Pink eye |
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SARS
Coronavirus |
Inflammatory exudation in alveoli and interstitial spaces due to monocytic and lymphocytic infiltration of lung tissue
Water in lungs Respiratory but also systemic |
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Foot and mouth
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Does not kill the animal just makes it hard to eat
Only treatment – cull the herd |
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Rabies
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Dogs, shunks, cats, and bats can get infected
1. Humans can die if they discover the infection at a later time 2. Vaccine works even after exposure! |
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Polio
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Weakening of muscles
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Influenza, SARS, cold, rhino, flu
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Transmission by respiratory droplets
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HIV, Hep B & C
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Transmission by blood and semen
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Hep A
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Food and water contaminated with feces
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Rotavirus gastroenteritis
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Look like wheels covered in spikes
Peak in winter Most are immune b/c of vaccine Nonenveloped RNA capable of re-assortment Infects and kills mature enterocytes (shortening microvilli) → malabsorption Decrease in disaccharidase NSP4 as enterotoxin Vomiting and water diarrhea → dehydration – major cause of death Oral rehydration therapy as treatment |
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Norovirus
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Consumption of contaminated seafood
Water-borne in nursing homes, cruise ships Highly contagious Airborne transmission from projectile vomiting Shortening of villi in SI, changes in crypt cells, inflammation – recruitment of neutrophils and mononuclear cells Decreased in disaccharidase enzyme (lactose) Projectile vomiting and water diarrhea |
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Adenovirus gastroenteritis
40, 41, 42 |
Second most common type of viral gastroenteritis in children < 2 years old
Inhibition of protein synthesis → cell death Vomiting and watery diarrhea Intussusception and 2° lactose intolerance Oral or IV rehydration Nonenveloped, dsDNA Has fibers and pentons protruding from capsid Childhood gastroenteritis – _, _, _ |
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Viral hepatitis
cytotoxic CD8 cells |
Inflammation of liver
Immune-mediated (_ _cells) Jaundice and dark tea-colored urine between day 3 and 10 after the onset (bilirubin) |
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Hepatitis A & E
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Hepatitis _ & _
Mild, short incubation period, self-limiting No treatment |
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Hepatitis B & C
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Chronic, can cause cancer
_ and _ |
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Hepatitis A
.3% if exposed |
Leading cause of acute hepatitis
Nonenveloped, ssRNA Causes mildest form of hepatitis (no carrier or chronic state) _% if exposed Fecal-oral contamination Attenuated live vaccine |
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Hepatitis B
HBsAg Type III Core – HBcAg, HBeAg (e = evil) 30% if stuck |
Enveloped, partially double-stranded DNA
Encodes reverse transcriptase enzyme H_ _Ag → immune complex → type _ hypersensitivity RX Core – H_ _Ag & H_ _Ag (_ is bad one) Leading cause of liver cancer Exchange of body fluids – IV drug users, unsafe sex, health care workers _% if stuck w/ infected needle Recombinant vaccine containing surface antigen – causing decline Cirrhosis preludes hepatocellular carcinoma Active disease causes liver damage and repair leading to scarring and cancer |
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1. Activating oncogenes*
2. Causing chromosome instability* 3. Disrupting cell cycle regulator genes/cyclin genes* |
Integration of the HBV genome into the human chromosome may promote cell growth by:
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Hepatitis C
3% if stuck |
More likely to cause chronic hepatitis than H_V
Second most common cause of chronic liver disease Enveloped, ssRNA Transmitted by body fluids – blood – IV drug users, transfusion and organ transplant recipients _% if stuck w/ infected needle Never cured of it – keeps changing in body |
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Ongoing infection
Acute Ongoing (no immunity from formed antibodies) |
HBsAg and HBeAg =
Anti-HAV & anti-HBc IgM = Anti-HCV = |
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Hepatitis D
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Requires co-infection with Hepatitis B
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Human Papilloma Virus (HPV)
warts - 6,11 cancer - 16 & 18 |
Nonenveloped, ds DNA
Large genome Skin and plantar warts Genital warts – Condylomata acuminata (Sharp-pointed knuckles or cauliflower-like lesions): _ & _ - most common STD in US Carcinoma/cervical cancer – _& _ Infects squamous epithelial cells Hallmark – cytoplasmic vacuolization = koilocytosis – squamous epithelial cells w/ perinuclear halo 1. Nuclear enlargement 2. Irregularity of nuclear membrane contour 3. Hyperchromasia – darker than normal staining in nucleus 4. Perinuclear halo – clear area around nucleus Malignancy – genes (E6 and E7) encode proteins that inactivate tumor suppressor gene products – P53 and RB → malignant transformation of cells Prevention – avoid contact with infectious lesions Gardasil vaccine (requires cold chain) |
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Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV)
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Infectious mononucleosis (universal, short lived)
2. Hodgkin’s lymphoma (universal) 3. Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (universal) 4. Burkitt’s lymphoma (B-cell) in Africa 5. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma in China 6. Thymic carcinoma in the U.S. 7. Hairy leukoplakia in AIDS patients Kissing disease – transmitted by saliva Infects lymphoid cells = B cells Cytotoxic (CD8) T cells are mobilized against infected B lymphocytes → enlarged atypical lymphocytes (Downey cells) → infectious mononucleosis Diagnosis – peripheral blood smear and serology – monospot to detect heterophile antibodies against capsid, early and nuclear antigen No treatment or vaccine |
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Human Herpes Virus 8 (HHV8)
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Found in Kaposi sarcoma
Encodes anti-apoptosis proteins Found in latent form within endothelial spindle cells – dark lesions Infected spindle cells and inflammatory cells release cytokines – act as growth factors for tumors Infected B-cells → primary effusion lymphoma Seen in elderly men of Eastern European or Mediterranean descent, HIV-infected gay men Uncontrolled proliferation of endothelial spindle cells Sexual or organ transplant transmission |
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Retrovirus
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Enveloped virion with 2 copies of ssRNA
Reverse transcriptase (RNA-dependent DNA polymerase) Integrase enzyme DNA intermediate = provirus Insertion of the genome leads to conversion of protooncogene to oncogene |
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Oncogene
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growth factor genes inherently present in all cells
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Provirus
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viral genome integrated into the host chromosome
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Retrovirus
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after it integrates into host
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Proto-oncogene
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– a normal cellular gene that with insertion of viral genome becomes an active oncogene
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Human T-lymphotrophic virus 1 (HTLV-1)
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Adult acute T-cell lymphocytic leukemia
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Human T-lymphotrophic virus 2 (HTLV-2)
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Causes hairy-cell leukemia
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HTLV-1 and 2
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Transmitted via sexual intercourse, blood, and contaminated needles
Long latency period (up to 50 years) |
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HIV/AID
gp120, 41 CCR5 CD4+ T cell |
Requires 3 stages of interaction
1. Attachment – _ attaches to _ cell 2. Co-receptor binding – _bind to _ 3. Fusion – _attaches to cell surface and fusion of lipid bilayer occurs Depletion of _ cells Transmission – sexual intercourse and mother to baby via placenta and breast milk Diagnosis – PCR (direct) and western blot (indirect) Treatment – 1. nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI – lack –OH, blocks reverse transcriptase/acts as chain terminator), 2. (NNRTI) 3. protease inhibitor (PI) |
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Common opportunistic infections
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1. Cryptosporidium parvum: diarrhea, sclerosing cholangitis
2. Candida albicans: oral thrush, esophagitis |
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CD4+ T Cell Count 200-500/ ul:
many patients asymptomatic |
1. generalized lymphadenopathy, thrush, Kaposi's sarcoma
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CD4+ T Cell Count <200/ul:
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1. Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia (PCP)
2. Toxoplasma gondii encephalopathy (TE) 3. Cryptococcus neoformans meningitis |
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CD4+ T Cell Count <50/ul:
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1. CMV retinitis
2. Disseminated MAC (Mycobacterium avium intracellulare complex) infection |
