Micro Exam 5

Front 1

Miscellaneous organisms are difficult to classify by gram reaction or shape and the 5 types are:

Back 1

Mycobacterium

Clamydophila

Rickettsials family

Mycoplasmas (lack a cell wall)

Haemoplasmas (haemotrophic mycoplasmas)

Front 2

Mycobacterium causes Tuberculosis, is a rod shaped bacteria that does not gram stain well. What type of test is commonly used to detect it?

Back 2

Acid Fast test to check for TB rods---turns pink if test is positive

Front 3

Mycobacterium-TB survives phagocytosis and is resistant to disinfectants, heat, ph changes and humoral defense mechanisms which involves which cells?

Back 3

B lymphs

Front 4

What will you see in the infected organs of a patient with Mycobacterium-TB infected patient?

Back 4

Granulomas, tuberculous lesions

Front 5

Mycobacterium-TB has 2 types of infections-what are they?

Back 5

INHALATION-pulmonary TB--
lesions/granulomas in lungs

INGESTION-alimentary TB
lesions/granulomas in intestines, liver, spleen, LNs

Front 6

TB in people is a disease of crowding, inhalation/pulmonary form most common and ends up spreading systemically and is often fatal. Treatment involves:

Back 6

Long term treatment (~9 months) and and multiple drugs to treat

Front 7

There are 4 species of Mycobacterium-TB and they can all cross species lines. What are the 4 types?

Back 7

Mycobacterium tuberculosis - primates

Mycobacterium bovis - cattle

Mycobacterium avium-birds

Mycobacterium paratuberculosis- cattle, sheep and goats

Front 8

Brucella abortis and Mycobacterium bovis are both transmitted to humans when

Back 8

milk is not pasteurized

Front 9

MO- Mycobacterium avium is spread through the ingestion of contaminated food or water as well as contact with infected bird. Also has an inhaled type of infection. Signs of this include:

Back 9

weight loss, emaciation, weakness, lethargy, diarrhea, dyspnea

Front 10

Mycobacterium avium diagnosis often involves doing what kind of test to look for what?

Back 10

Acid Fast stain of feces to check for Acid fast positive rods

Front 11

Diagnosis of Mycobacterium-TB typically can involve what kinds of tests?

Back 11

~Radiographs-look for lesions and granulomas
~Direct exams of sputum, bird feces
~Acid fast stain
~TB skin testing (humans and cattle

Front 12

Cows are tested for TB by injected which area first and waiting 72 hours for a reaction such as swelling, edema and necrotic tissue?

Back 12

in caudal fold of tail

Front 13

If the first test shows as positive a second test is done ____ days later on what area with how many injections?

Back 13

10
cervical region
2 injections to make sure no false positives

Front 14

TB positive cows are:

Back 14

slaughtered

Front 15

Mycobacterium paratuberculosis is also known as Johne's ("YO-knees") disease and is commonly seen in cattle, sheep and goats. Clinical signs include:

Back 15

Chronic enteritis, severe diarrhea, weight loss and wasting away

Front 16

Mycobacterium paratuberculosis/ Johne's disease is very contagious, usually fatal intestinal disease of ruminants and most animals are infected within

Back 16

1st year of life though ingestion of contaminated milk or from environment.

Front 17

Mycobacterium paratuberculosis/ Johne's disease can survive in the environment for up to year and has an incubation period of __

Back 17

2 years

Front 18

MO-Chlamydophila is an obligate intracellular organism that requires a LIVING host cell to reproduce, even though it is a bacteria. It is difficult to culture and typically infects:

Back 18

birds, cats, humans and other species

Front 19

MO-Chlamydophila felis is an infectin that is most common in kittens 5-12 weeks and its clinical signs are:

Back 19

Conjunctivitis, URI, ocular discharge, squinting, nasal discharge, sneezing

Front 20

MO-Chlamydophila felis is diagnosed clinically or with cytology of conjunctival & nasal discharge to look for:

Back 20

intracytoplasmic inclusions in epithelial cells and macrophages.

Front 21

MO-Chlamydophila felis responds to Tetracyclines but is best prevented by:

Back 21

vaccination with the feline 4-way vaccine

Front 22

MO-Chlamydophila psittaci is seen in birds and is also known as:

Back 22

Avian chlamydiosis
Psittacosis-
Ortnithosis-pigeons and poultry

Front 23

MO-Chlamydophila psittaci is spread via inhalation and causes respiratory infection in birds with symptoms such as:

Back 23

Sneezing, ocular discharge, green split pea soup feces and a fluffed appearance

Front 24

MO-Chlamydophila psittaci is very contagious between birds and many birds are carriers but do not show signs until__________

Back 24

stressed

Front 25

MO-Chlamydophila psittaci can be cultured but it is difficult and time consuming because living cells to grow. There are diagnostic tests to check for antibodies in blood and antigens in feces. Another type of test to detect this is the_________

Back 25

PCR test-Polymerase chain reaction test which detects DNA and RNA

Front 26

MO-Chlamydophila psittaci is zoonotic and can cause URI/pneaumonia in

Back 26

immunocompromized people

Front 27

To control the spread of MO-Chlamydophila psittaci, imported birds are

Back 27

quarantined for 30-45 days and given tetracycline.

Front 28

MO-Ricketsials family are obligate intracellular organisms that require a living host cell to replicate. Rickettsia rickettsii is also known as

Back 28

Rocky Mtn Spotted Fever and Tick fever in dogs

Front 29

Rickettsia ricettsii has small mammals as its reservoir host and its vector is ticks. The disease results in:

Back 29

Severe vascular damage (vasculitis)
Fever, edema, hypotension, shock
Hemorrhage due to thrombocytopenia and a hemmorrhagic rash in humans

Front 30

Another member of the Rickettsial family is the Ehrlichia canis bacterium. The vector is the tick and it lives in the canine WBC's. Clinical signs include:

Back 30

Fever, depression, anorexia, weight loss, ocular and nasal discharge. it also causes bone marrow suppression leading to the various "penias"

Front 31

Ehrlichia canis often involves bone marrow suppression which leads to the various penias and thrombocytopenia and bleeding disorders are

Back 31

indicators of this disease

Front 32

diagnosis of Erlichia canis involves

Back 32

serology

blood films to check for morulae inside WBC's

Front 33

Most of the miscellaneous organisms are treated with what type of antibiotic?

Back 33

tetracyclines

Front 34

Another Rickettsial is the bacteria Erlichia risticii, which is now known as Neorickettsia risticii which is also known as Potomac Horse Fever which occurs throughout the us but more common throughout the US. A vaccine is available but not commonly used and clinical sign involve:

Back 34

Mild colic
fever
depression
anorexia
diarrhea

Front 35

Anaplasma marginale, a member of the Rickettsial family, causes Anaplasmosis in ruminants and is the most common tick borne disease in cattle. this is typically transmitted by

Back 35

Blood contaminated instruments such as needles, dehorners, castration equipment, tattooing equipment

Front 36

Anaplasma marginale lives on RBC's and causes them to lyse. Clinical signs of this disease are

Back 36

anemia, fever, anorexia, weakness

Front 37

Bartonella hensalae, a Rickettsial, causes Cat Scratch fever in PEOPLE and 90% are due to a scratch from a kitten. 40% of cats carry this disease in their lifetime and the vector for cat to cat transmission is:

Back 37

Fleas

Front 38

MYCOPLASMAs are the smallest free-living cells known to exist. they lack a cell wall and gram stain negative with a pleomorphic shape and rather fragile. Due to lack of cell wall, they are resistant to cell wall inhibiting antibiotics such as

Back 38

Penicillan

Front 39

Mycoplasma bovis is the most common Mycoplasma to infect cattle and causes pneumonia, arthritis, mastitis in cattle as well as conjunctivitis and otitis in people. Diagnosis involves:

Back 39

culturing in a candle jar and looking at plate to check for characteristic fried egg colonies

Front 40

the four common bacterial causes of mastitis are:

Back 40

Staph aureus
Staph agalactia
E coli
Mycoplasma bovis

Front 41

Haemoplasmas are another of the miscellaneous organisms that were formerly in the Haemobartonella group. There are 2 types, the more common is Mycoplasma haemofelis, which is also known as

Back 41

FIA-haemobaronellosis

Front 42

Mycoplasma haemobartonellosis is an obligate intracellular bacteria that is transmitted via blood sucking insects such as fleas, ticks and blood transfusions. It lives on feline BC's and causes them to lyse. Symptoms include:

Back 42

anemia, fever, anorexia

Front 43

The second type of Haemoplasma bacteria is Mycoplasma haemocanis, which infects dogs, especially those with their spleen removed. They are transmitted via vectors and also live on canine RBC's and symptoms include:

Back 43

anemia and fever

Front 44

Mycology is the study of fungi, which have eukaryotic cells and there are 3 groups, what are they?

Back 44

Yeasts
molds
fungi

Front 45

The yeasts we studied in class are:

Back 45

Candida albicans
Cryptococcus neoformans
Malassezia pachydermatitis

Front 46

The were 2 groups of molds we studied in class, the first of which was Dermatophytes. What types belonged to this group?

Back 46

Microsporum canis

Microsporum gypseum

Microsporum mentagrophytes

Front 47

The other group of molds were the opportunistic molds. Who belongs to this group?

Back 47

Aspergillus fumigatus

Penicillium

Front 48

the 3rd group of fungi is Dimorphics which are dangerous due to their quick systemic spread. What are the members of this group?

Back 48

Blastomyces
Histoplasma
Coccidioides
Sporothrix

Front 49

Yeast are Unicellular, spherical to oval in shape and larger than bacteria and form colonies and reproduce by budding. they gram stain + and are facultative anaerobes that are best treated by

Back 49

antifungal drugs

Front 50

Diagnosis of a yeast infection involves several steps, what are they?

Back 50

~Obtain specimen
~Direct exam-ear cytology will show purple "peanut Men" which are the budding yeasts
~Scotch tape prep is used on skin folds
~India ink prep is used on suspected cyptococcus
~+/- try to culture on media plate that is incubated on plate at room temp for up to 30 days
~biochemical tests are available to ID genus and species

Front 51

Candida albicans is NF in the oral cavity, GI and GU tract. It is an opportunistic bacteria that causes thrush and vaginitis in women. Is MOST important in BIRDS and is the cause of

Back 51

Candidiasis, thrush AKA SOUR CROP

Front 52

Candida albicans, which causes Sour Crop in birds a thrush like infection of the crop due to overgrowth of yeast in crop involves what clinical signs:

Back 52

regurgitation, anorexia, delayed crop emptying

Front 53

NF bacteria in crop should be mostly

Back 53

G+

Front 54

Another yeast is Crytococcus neoformans, which produce large gelatinous capsules which make diagnosis easier, is common in the environment, especially where pigeons are common. It is an opportunistic infection that is transmitted by

Back 54

inhalation , especially in immunocompromised persons which will cause them to get meneingitis

Front 55

In cats, Cryptococcus neoformans infection will have symptoms such as

Back 55

URI, sneezing, nasal discharge, granulomas on head and mouth. can affect eyes and cause blindness

Front 56

In dogs, Cryptococcus neoformans causes

Back 56

cryptococcal meningitis and CNS disturbances such as seizures, ataxia and blindness

Front 57

Diagnosis of Cryptococcus neoformans involves what type of stain?

Back 57

India Ink prep which will show capsules that look like the have a halo around them

Front 58

Malassezia pachydermatis is yeast that causes what in dogs?

Back 58

Otitis & dermatitis in oily, wrinkly dogs

Front 59

Molds are eukaryotic, multicellular, filamentous organisms and their ID tends to be based on

Back 59

Morphology

Front 60

Hypae are what mold structures?

Back 60

the tubular filaments that can be septate-which have walls/division or non-septate

Front 61

A tangled mass of hypae is called a

Back 61

mycelium

Front 62

Conidia are

Back 62

mold spores

Front 63

Spores are used for

Back 63

asexual production

Front 64

Spores are always present in the air and vary in

Back 64

size and shape

Front 65

Sporangiospores are produced by a specialized structures called sporangium which is

Back 65

a sac full of spores that are released when the sac breaks

Front 66

Saphrophytes are very common free living mold and

Back 66

are usually NOT pathogenic

Front 67

Dermatophytes are molds that cause infection of skin, hair and nails by colonizing dead portion of skin, hair, nails. It causes Dermatophytosis-Ringworm, which is zoonotic and symptoms involves

Back 67

mild inflammation, crusting, scaling and alopecia

Front 68

Mycotoxin toxins are a metabolic biproduct of mold metabolism and they accumulate in grain or food while stored. When it is ingested______

Back 68

it causes toxic Mycotoxicosis

Front 69

When working with molds, to examine them microscopically, the type of stain most often used is

Back 69

Lactophenol Cotton Blue

Front 70

Specimens of mold for microscopically obtained by

Back 70

tease prep
scotch tape prep

Front 71

The #1 cause of ringworm in dogs and cats is

Back 71

Microsporum canis--blue canoes

Front 72

Microsporum gypseum is found in soil and we tend to see lesions on front paws and noses of dogs who are diggers. their macroconidia have

Back 72

fewer divisions

Front 73

the second most common cause of ringworm in dogs is Trichophyton mentagrophytes which have abundant

Back 73

MICROconidia

Front 74

Initial screening for Ringworm involves using a ___________ to check for lesions from Microsporum canis which will floresce ___________ 50% of the time

Back 74

Wood's UV lamp

apple green

Front 75

there is a special dermatophyte media to test for ringworm that suppresses saphrophyte growth. Postive results are indicated by

Back 75

media turning red and a white/light colored growth

Front 76

An opportunistic mold infection involves inhalation of spores which leads to

Back 76

Aspergellosis

Front 77

Aspergillosis in dogs causes

Back 77

Rhinitis, chronic nasal discharge, sneezing

Front 78

Aspergillosis in birds is a respiratory infection that is transmitted from feed that is moldy and in poultry is called

Back 78

brooder pneumonia and also is known for infecting captive penguins

Front 79

the 3rd type of molds is the Dimorphics which are molds in the soil and yeasts once they enter tissue. They cause infection when the mold spores from the environment are

Back 79

inhaled.

Front 80

Dimorphics causes respiratory infections followed by possible

Back 80

systemic spread, which makes them a deadly cause of infection

Front 81

Another Dimorphic is Blastomyces, which causes Blastomycosis in humans and animals. these mold tend to live

Back 81

in soil from mid- Wisconsin to gulf of Mexico along Mississippi river

Front 82

Blastomyces spores are inhaled which then leads to systemic spread of infection to

Back 82

LNs, skin lesions, eyes and testicles

Front 83

a 3rd dimorphic is Histoplasma which causes Histoplasmosis in humans and animals involving a mold that is found in the soil that is enriched with

Back 83

bird and bat feces

Front 84

Histoplasmosis is inhaled and causes respiratory infection then is systemically spread within macrophages and monocytes to

Back 84

Ln's, spleen, liver and GI tract of dogs

Front 85

a 4th Dimorphic is Coccidioides, which causes Coccidioidomycosis in humans and animals and is more common in soil of SW such as Ariz and Cali. Spores are inhaled followed by respiratory infection leading to systemic spread to

Back 85

bones and joints, possibly with CNS involvement--seizures common

Front 86

A 5th type of Dimorphic is Sporothrix causes Sporotrichosis in animals and humans. It is commonly found in soil, tree bark and plants of the US in central and northern US. It is also known as

Back 86

Rose Pickers disease

Front 87

Sporotrichosis infection is spread through a wound that establishes in the skin as a SQ lesions that can ulcerate and discharge pus. Pus is infectious and

Back 87

inversely zoonotic

Front 88

Diagnosis of Dimorphic infections involve:

Back 88

radiograph of lungs & bones
cytology-yeast like structures
Tissue biopsy
serology

Front 89

Viruses are obligate intracellular organisms that have to have a living host cell to replicate and survive. they are classified by their genome into 2 types:

Back 89

RNA and DNA

Front 90

Viruses are very contagious, can be fatal, can be carcinogenic as well as teratogenic. They have a simple structure with a protein coat called a

Back 90

CAPSID

Front 91

the protein coat called a capsid protects the genome (DNA & RNA) from the environment. It aids in infection by

Back 91

interacting with the host cells receptor sites for attachment.

Front 92

capsids may or may not have an envelope coating for________ and enveloped cells are easier to

Back 92

protection

inactivate

Front 93

Viruses replicate in a six step process which are:

Back 93

1. Attachment- which is cell specific and sometimes species specific
2. Penetration-entire virus enters cell
3. Uncoating: virus releases nucleic acid into cell
4. Replication: synthesis of viral nucleic acid and proteins because the viral nucleic acid directs the host cell to do so. DNA & RNA replicate differently
5. Virus assembly-newly replicated virus parts are assembled into new mature viruses
6. Viral release-virus is released from cell by budding or cell rupture (which causes cell death)

Front 94

Dna viruses of the dog & cat have 3 families are:

Back 94

Parvoviridae
Herpesviridae
Adenoviridae

Front 95

Parvoviridae causes

Back 95

Canine Parvovirus *
Feline Panleukopenia * (aka Feline distemper)

Front 96

Herpesviridae causes

Back 96

Feline herpes virues type I, feline viral rhinotracheitis and

Herpesvirus simiae which is common in research monkeys, which can cause encephalomyelitis in HUMANS

Front 97

Adenoviridae causes

Back 97

Canine adenovirus type 1 and 2. Type 1 causes infectious canine hepititis and type 2 causes infectious tracheobronchitis.

Front 98

The vaccine for Canine Adenovirus contains antigens for type 2 but protects dogs from

Back 98

type 1 & 2

Front 99

RNA viruses of dogs and cats involve what families:

Back 99

Rhabdoviridae
Retroviridae
Paramyxoviridae
Coronaviridae
Caliciviridae

Front 100

Rhabdoviridae causes what in all mammals?

Back 100

RABIES

Front 101

Retroviridae causes what 2 diseases in cats?

Back 101

Feline Leukemia virus* (Felv)
---immunosuppressive, lymphoma, fatal

Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV)

Front 102

Paramyxoviridae causes

Back 102

canine distemper-a most serious viral disease in dogs and strains vary from mild to serious

Front 103

canine distemper is caused by Paramyxoviridae is transmitted by __________ and clinical signs are __________

Back 103

inhalation

V/D, anorexia, fever, conjunctivitis, possible URI and neurological signs

Front 104

Paramyxoviridae also causes

Back 104

canine parainfluenza*, an infectious tracheobronchitis

Front 105

Coronaviridae causes what in dogs?

Back 105

Canine Coronoa Virus* which is similar to parvo--causes vomiting and orange diarrhea

Front 106

Coronaviridae causes what in cats?

Back 106

FIP-feline infectious peritonitis which comes in a wet and dry form

Front 107

Caliciviridae causes

Back 107

Feline calici virus*- a URI w/ conjunctivitis

Front 108

What are the 6 viral infections of horses?

Back 108

1. Orthomyxoviridae-Equine infectious influenza*
2. Herpesviridae
3. Togaviridae-Equine Encephalomyelitis which starts in birds-the primary reservoir. It spreads to horses and humans via mosquitoes-humans get EEE type
4. Retroviridae-Equine Infectious Anemia, swamp fever, and spread is controlled by use of coggins test
5. Rhabdoviridae-causes VS, vesicular stomatitis
6. Flaviviridae-West Nile virus

Front 109

What are the 7 viral infections of cattle?

Back 109

1. herpesviridae: Infectious bovine rhinotacheitis
2. paramyxoviridae
3. Flaviviridae: Bovine viral diarrhea
4. Coronaviridae: transmissible gastroenteritis
5. Reoviridae: Rotavirus
6. Rhabdoviridae: vesicular stomatitis
7. retroviridae: Bovine viral leukosis

Front 110

What are the 5 viral infections of swine?

Back 110

1. orthomyxoviridae: swine influenza
2. Coronaviridae:transmissible gastroenteritis
3. Herpesviridae: pseudorabies--mad itch disease
4. Parvoviridae: porcine parvovirus
5. Tagoviridae: Porcine repro & respiratory virus

Front 111

What are the 2 viral infections of sheep and goats?

Back 111

Retrovirus-*OPP-ovine progressive pneumonia

Poxviridae-ORF, contagious ecthyma which is zoonotic and causes dermatitis and stomatitis