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38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Airborne diseases
Airborne pathogens: •are carried on _______ •usually cause ______ •Transmission usually occurs over short distances because microorganisms ________ •Pathogens that can survive dry conditions such as many ____ & _____ are easier to transmit by air -Most respiratory pathogens are transferred from person to person via _____-coughing, sneezing, talking, breathing |
-dust particles
-respiratory infections -survive poorly in air -Gram (+) & Mycobacteria -respiratory aerosols |
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26.2 Streptococcal Diseases
•Streptococcus pyogenes – ______ •strep throat (_____)=5 to 10% of sore throats;diagnosis- ___=slow, ___=rapid •infections of the ___ •impetigo- ____ •Scarlet fever – _____;can follow pharyngitis; pink rash & "strawberry tongue" •Rheumatic fever – ______;antibodies against S. pyogenes react with host tissue-damages ______ •necrotizing fasciitis "_____" |
-60 + strands
-pharyngitis, blood agar, antibody test -inner ear -skin infection -exotoxin superantigen -autoimmune -"flesh eating" |
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Streptococcus pneumoniae-
•__________ pneumonia •Inflammatory reaction in _____ •Usually a _______ •Capsule protects organism from _____ •untreated- _____ mortality •Alveoli become filled with _______ •Symptoms = sudden onset of ________ •Pneumonia can also be caused by _____, other bacteria, or fungi •S. pneumoniae is found in respiratory flora in about ________ |
-lower respiratory diseases; can also cause meningitis
-pneumococcal -alveoli -secondary infection -phagocytosis -30% -blood, bacteria, & phagocytic cells -chills, labored breathing, pleural (chest) pain -viruses, other bacteria, or fungi -40% of healthy people |
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26.3 Corynebacterium diphtheriae
•Childhood ____________, diphtheria. •Pathogen strains of Corynebacterium diphtheriae produce ____ that inhibits ____ •Formation of ____-damaged host cells & bacterial cells •Causes constriction of throat, _______ •Early childhood immunization with diphtheria ________ (part of DTP) is very effective for prevention of diptheria. |
-upper respiratory infection
-etoxin, protein synthesis -pseudomembrane -suffocation -toxoid |
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26.4 Bordetella pertussis
•Childhood ___________, pertussis. •Pertussis _____ causes ____;endotoxin causes _____ •Violent cough that lasts up to _____ •Pathogen binds to__________ of bronchi and trachea •Early childhood immunization with ____________ derived from B. pertussis (part of DTP) is very effective. |
-upper repiratory infection
-exotoxin causes tissue damage; endotoxin causes cough -6 weeks -ciliated epithelial cells -proteins (acellular pertussis) |
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26.5 Mycobacterium tuberculosis
•Tuberculosis •As much as ____ of world population infected •11% of deaths due to _____ are caused by ____ |
-1/3
-infectious diseases, tuberculosis |
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•Tuberculin test for ____;__ staing for active infection
•Treatment with _____&___ for ____ •Immunization with an____________ effectively prevents tuberculosis. |
-hypersensitivity, acid-fast
-isoniazid & rifampin, 9 months -attenuated strain of M. bovis (BCG) |
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Primary (initial) infection
•Inhalation of M. tuberculosis •Bacteria settle in the ____ •Host immune response: macrophage ingestion of bacteria results in a ______; aggregated of macrphages called tubercules •The bacteria survive and grow within the ______ •Most cases, infection remains ____ |
-lungs
-delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction -macrophage -localized |
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Reinfection or Postprimary infection
•Reinfection from outside sources or _______ •_______________ can reduce effective immunity and allow reactivation of dormant bacteria |
-reactivation of dormant bacteria
-Aging, malnutrition, overcrowding, stress |
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26.6 Neisseria meningitidis
•Bacterial_________ meningitis •Occur in epidemics in closed populations like ____&___. ___ are carriers •Initial upper respiratory and blood infections. Meningitis can also occur characterized by sudden onset of ________________ •Vaccination made of ________ •Others bacteria and viruses can also cause meningitis |
-meningococcal
-dorms & military, 30 -headache, vomiting, still neck; within hours, coma & death -polysaccharides from most prevalent strains |
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26.7 – 26.8 Viruses
•The____________ are caused by viruses. •Chickenpox is caused by the _________ •VZV can lay dormant in___________ for long periods of time. Shingles is caused by the migration of VZV to the ____; painful blisters ________________, are the most common infectious diseases |
-most common infectious diseases
-Varicella-zoster virus (VZV), a herpesvirus -nerve cells, skin -Colds & Influenza/flu |
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Common cold
•about ______ different cold viruses exist –_________: 50-75% of colds –_________: ~ 15% –_________ and others: ~ 10% •Specific, local, neutralizing __________ •Symptoms last about _____ |
-150
-Rhinovirus -Coronavirus -Adenovirus -IgA immune response -1 week-sneezing, runny nose |
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Influenza
•Caused by ______ •Influenza A, Influenza B, and Influenza C •Flu symptoms – ______ •Can last from ______ •World-wide epidemics can occur |
-orthomyxoviruses
-fever, headache, body aches -1 to few weeks |
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•1918-1919, ______ died
•Immunity due to •Early treatment- •Immunization is effective but choice of vaccines is complicated by the ______ ________ – genome divided into 8 pieces which can recombine when |
-20 to 40 million people
-IgA -drugs that inhibit viral replication -# of strains -Antigenic shift |
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•_______ – high mutation rates cause a _______
•Influenza outbreaks occur annually, and more serious ___________ |
-Antigenic drift, more gradual change
-epidemics & pandemics |
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Other viral respiratory diseases
•Measles- ________ •Mumps- ______ •Rubella (German measles)- similar to measles but milder •Can be prevented with ____ |
-fever, cough, rash
-inflammation of salivary glands -MMR vaccine |
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26.9 Staphylococcus
•Acne, boils, pimples, ___,___,____ •Staphylococcus aureus –Hemolysins, superantigen enterotoxin A (food poisoning), coagulase, _______ –Treatment with penicillins, ________- resistant ______ |
-impetigo, pneumonia, meningitis
-leukocidin, superantigen TSST (toxic shock syndrome) -methicillin-resistant S.aureus (MRSA) |
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26.10 Helicobacter pylori
•Gastric _____&____ •Antibody immune response ____ •antibiotics plus antacid treatment is _____ |
-ulcers & cancers
-not sufficient -effective |
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26.11 Hepatitis Viruses
•Liver inflammation __________(cirrhosis) liver cancer •Six hepatitis viruses, A-G •Symptoms- fever & jaundice (_______________) •Treatment is mainly supportive to allow liver to ______ •Immunization for HAV and HBV is effective. All school-age children are required to have ______ |
-destruction of cells in acute infections
-yellos of skin from excess bilirubin due to destruction of liver cells -repair -HBV vaccination |
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•Most sexually transmitted infections are curable or controllable with timely, appropriate medical intervention.
•Prevention by ________ |
-abstinence or barrier (condoms)
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26.12 Neisseria gonorrhoeae
•Gonorrhea •One of the _____ •Enters body through ____ •Infants – _______ •Female – inflammation of vaginal mucosa, easily ____, can lead to ____ •Male – painful _______ •Untreated, can result in______ •Prophylactic – erythromycin ________ |
-commone human diseases
-mucous membranes -eye infections during birth -easily unoticeable, pelvic inflammatory -urethra infection, discharge -sterility, damage to heart valves & joints -eye ointment for newborns |
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26.12 Treponema pallidum
•Syphilis •Newborns can contract it from ________ •Initial site of infection is usually _____-lesion called ______ •Chancre usually heals & ________ •Generalized _____ •½ of people with untreated syphilis develop infections of _________ •Most of last symptoms due to ______ |
-mother-cogenital syphilis
-genitals-chancre forms -bacterium spreads -rash -skin, bone, heart, CNS |
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26.13 Chlamydia trachomatis
•Most ______ •75% of women and 50% of men have ______; do not seek health care •If symptoms do occur, they are _______ •Newborns can contract C. trachomatis-____,____ •Nongonococcal urethritis •Can cause ______&_____ |
-#1 most common
-prevalent STD -no symprtoms -similar to gonorrhea -conjunctivitis, pneumonia -pelvic inflammatory disease & fallopian tube damage |
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26.13 Herpes simplex viruses
Herpes simplex virus type 1 •Cold ________ •Latent infection with _____ |
-sores/fever blisters
-virus persists in nerve tissue |
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Herpes simplex virus type 2
•Painful ______ •Spread by _______ •Correlation between ___&____ •Can be transmitted to newborn by mother (_____) •_______, but blister treatment with oral and topical antiviral drug acyclovir to inhibit viral replication and limit shed of active virus. |
-blisters in genital region
-contact with blisters -genital herpes & cervical cancer -(C-section advised) -No cure |
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26.13 Trichomonas vaginalis
•_________ responsible for trichomoniasis •Can survive up to 24 hours in urine or semen therefore transmission can occur by ____ •Symptoms: none in males; ______________ •Diagnosis by microscopic observation of protozoan in discharge |
-Protozoan
-contact with fluids (toilet seats, sauna benches) -vaginal discharge, inflammation of vaginal mucosa, painful urination in females |
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26.14 Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
•Retrovirus that causes ____ •one of the most _____ •Diagnosis: test positive for HIV or HIV antibodies (ELISA) and lower T-helper cell count or ____ or ____ •HIV destroys the immune system by infecting ___&___ •Opportunistic pathogens kill the ______ •Worldwide, estimated ____ •Highly effective antiretroviral therapy treatment – ______ |
-AIDS
-prevalent infectious diseases -opportunistic pathogen infection or atypical cancer -macrophages & T-helper cells -immuno-compromised host -30 million people infected -multiple drugs given at once |
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27.1 Rabies
•Caused by a member of the ________ •Transmitted from infected animal (raccoon, skunk, coyote) to human through ____ •Infects cells of_______________ causing fever, excessive salivation, anxiety, ____________ •Treatment with _________ •Effective immunization for ____&______ |
-Rhabdovirus family
-infected saliva -central nervous system -throat muscle spasms (death from respiratory paralysis) -immunoglobulin -domestic animals & high-risk humans |
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27.2 Hantavirus
•Cause of hantavirus ______&______ •Transmitted by inhalation of virus from infected ____&____ •Symptoms: sudden onset of _____________ •No treatment or vaccine, just prevention by reducing possibility of exposure |
-pulmonary syndrome & hemorrhagic fever
-rodent urine & feces -fever, muscle pain, leakage of fluid into lungs |
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27.3 Rickettsial diseases
•_______ (transmitted by head louse fecal matter) and _________ (transmitted by dog and wood ticks fecal matter) •Symptoms: ________ |
-Typhus, Rocky mountain spotted fever
-fever, headache, weakness, rash |
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27.4 Borrelia burgdorferi
•Lyme disease •Transmitted by ______ •Symptoms: headache, backache, chills, fatigue, large _____; left untreated ____,_____,____ •Lyme disease vaccines are available for veterinary use. Prevention by _____ |
-deer tick bites
-rash at bite -arthritis, neurological problems, heart damage -reducing exposure |
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27.5 Malaria
•Caused by ___,spread by____ •Infects red blood cells; lysis of RBCs results in ______ •Organism remains in _____; can cause relapses years later. •Treatment with chloroquine is effective but does not ______ •Vaccination expensive and short-lived. Prevention by _______ |
-protozoan plasmodium; spread by mosquitos
-high fever -liver -completely eliminate -mosquito extermination |
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27.6 West Nile Virus
•West Nile fever •Transmitted by ______ •Symptoms: most inapparent; ~20% fever, headache, nausea, muscle aches, rash, swollen lymph nodes, malaise; •No effective antiviral drugs for treatment. No human vaccine yet. Prevention by _________ |
- mosquito from birds to humans
most inapparent; ~20% fever, headache, nausea, muscle aches, rash, swollen lymph nodes, malaise; encephalitis or meningitis. -mosquito extermination |
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27.7 Plague
•Caused by ______ •Transmitted by ________ •Untreated, ______ •Types differ by place of infection –_____ – lymph node swelling –_________ –inhaled; shorteness of breath, chest pain, cough; death within 2 days –_______ – rapid spread through bloodstream; death before diagnosis •Prevention by control of _____ |
-Yersinia pestis
-fleas from rats to humans -Bubonic plague -Pneumonic plague -Septicemic plague -rodents |
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Soilborne Diseases
27.9 Clostridium tetani •Tetanus •Gains access to the body through a ______ •___ is cause of disease •Symptoms: prevents _______ •Immunization with tetanus _____ effective for prevention |
-soil contaminated wound
-tetanus toxin(exotoxin) -relaxation of muscles, first of jaw and face -toxiod (DTP) |
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Foodborne Diseases
Foodborne infections •Caused by organisms that are ______ •Can take several _____ •Salmonella – causes _______ •Salmonella can be found in meat, _____________ |
-transmitted in food and grow in intestins
-days for symptoms to appear -headache, fever, chills, vomiting, diarrhea -poultry, eggs, dairy products |
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•Escherichia coli can be found in _____
•Also responsible for ______ •Causes ____ deaths each year •Raw shellfish are linked to several diseases including ________ |
-beef and causes bloody diarrhea and kidney failure
-“Traveler’s diarrhea” -250 deaths each year -type A hepatitis- (severe liver damage) |
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Food poisoning
•Occurs when food is contaminated with a ________ •Toxin causes symptoms which can appear ________ •Most common cause is ______ •Clostridium perfringens causes ______ •Clostridium botulinum causes botulism, most severe type of food poisoning. Produces ________ |
-microbe that produces a toxin
-1 hour of eating contaminated food -Staphylococcus aureus – (vomiting and diarrhea) -diarrhea and intestinal cramps -neurotoxin that is often fatal. |
