Micro Exam 4

Front 1

Antibiotics...AKA--> Anti-microbials have two general types:
Broad Spectrum antibiotics which are effective against_________ and Narrow spectrum antibiotics which are effective against_______

Back 1

Broad are effective against some G+ and G- bacteria

Narrow are effective against either one or the other bacteiai types, but not both

Front 2

Bactereriocidal means that the antibiotic _________ bacteria

Back 2

kills

Front 3

Bacteriostatic means that the antibiotic ______________

Back 3

inhibits replication of bacteria but this type relies on hosts immune system to clean up existing bacteria

Front 4

The 5 mechanisms of action are:

Back 4

~Inhibit cell WALL synthesis (-cidal, Penicillin)
~Alter Cell MEMBRANE permeability
(-cidal-Ointments with polymixins)
~Inhibit protein synthesis by binding to ribosomes (-static, Tetracycline
~Inhibit nucleic acid synthesis (-static, metroniadazole)
~Interfere with a metabolic pathway (static or cidal)

Front 5

3 main reasons for failure of antibiotics

Back 5

Microbiological
Drug
host

Front 6

Microbiological reasons for antibiotic failure are:

Back 6

~well established infection hard to fight ( Tx works best when started early)
~Walled off abscess with poor drainage makes it hard for antibiotics to penetrate
~Foreign bodies mistaken for infection
~Neoplasia can be mistaken for infection
~wrong ID of bacteria
~Mixed infections

Front 7

Drug related reasons for antibiotic failure are:

Back 7

~wrong spectrum for exisiting infection
~incorrect dosage
~incorrect route for meds
~Tx too short
**ALL of these can lead to increased drug resistance**
~Poor bioavailability
~Drug incompatibilities

Front 8

Host related reasons for antibiotic failure are:

Back 8

~Elimination of competing NF causes secondary infection
~Immunosuppressed animal---cannot use static drugs

Front 9

2 reasons for drug resistance
1) Natural, which refers to_____
2) Acquired, which refers to_____

Back 9

~Natural-certain bacteria are naturally resistant to certain spectrums of antibiotics
~Acquired-repeated exposure of bacteria to antibiotics over time can cause a genetic mutation that allows bacteria to survive and be unaffected by the antibiotics and this resistance is passed on to future generations of bacteria

Front 10

4 ways bacteria become antibiotic resistant:

Back 10

~Make an enzyme that inactivates or destroys antibiotics
~Change cell wall permeability so drug cannot get in
~Modify site where antibiotics are attaching
~Develop alternate metabolic pathways to work around the effects of the drugs

Front 11

To prevent /minimize development of drug resistant bacteria :

Back 11

~Use narrow spectrum antibiotics
~Use cidal drugs
~Use antibiotics for BACTERIAL infections only
~Use correct dose for full Tx period
~Cultures and susceptibility testing can help select proper meds

Front 12

One type of Antibiotic susceptibility test is the Kirby Bauer test on plates of Mueller-Hinton agar. This involves having a concentration of pure cultured bacteria on a plate where paper discs that are dosed with a concentration of antibiotics are applied. To measure effectiveness:

Back 12

The diameter of the zone of inhibition is measured in mm.
~Chart is read for each type of drug to see where the zone of inhibition indicates the results fall---Susceptible, resistant, intermediate

Front 13

A second type of antibiotic susceptibility test is the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration test. It determines the minimum amount of drug needed to be effective and is a good idea if drug being considered is toxic. To do this, you use:

Back 13

tubes of Mueller-Hinton agar with a set concentration of bacteria
~An increasing serial dilution of antibiotics is added to each tube
~the tube with no growth and the lowest concentration of antibiotics is the MIC

Front 14

Name the 7 NON-Enteric GNrods

Back 14

Brucella, Bordatella,Pasturella, Moraxella, Franciscella
Pseudomonas and Campylobacter

Front 15

Non-enteric GNROD's test oxidase _____

Back 15

positive

Front 16

Brucella , non-enteric GNROD, is aerobic to microaerophilic, grows slowly in labs and some species can survive up to 4 months in ___________ and are tissue invaders of the reproductive tract.

Back 16

urine, milk, damp soil, placenta and aborted fetuses (fetus a concentrated source)

Front 17

Brucella canis is more common in Mexico and South America and some of southern Us where 20-30% of stray dogs may have it. It is a reportable disease in Colorado that infects dogs and other canine species and infection tends to occur______

Back 17

Ingestion and breeding

Front 18

Brucella canis, a non-enteric GNROD, causes:

Back 18

Abortion at about 45-55 days
Mastitis
Epididymitis/orchitis/prostatitis
testicular atrophy & scrotal dermatitis
infertility and conception failures
diskospondylitis-IVD infection

Front 19

Brucella canis is diagnosed thorough

Back 19

serology and or culture of blood for bacteremia

Front 20

brucella canis Tx is ________ and _______ is recommended. the best preventive measure if _________

Back 20

unreliable and not 100% effective

euthanasia

yearly screening of breeding dogs

Front 21

Brucella abortus, a non-enteric GNROD, infects cattle and related animals such as bison, elk and moose. It is also known as ________

Back 21

Bangs disease in cattle

Undulant Fever in humans

Front 22

Brucella abortus is transmitted by:

Back 22

~ingestion of aborted fetuses, placenta, urine on grass

~through breeding and unsterile AI equip.

Front 23

Brucella abortus, a non-enteric GNROD causes: ________

Back 23

~spontaneous abortion ( often in groups of cows with in the herd -abortion storms)
~Mastitis
~testicular abnormalities/orchitis/prostatitis

Front 24

Brucella abortus is diagnosed using ____ and testing is done___________

Back 24

serology

prior to slaughter, sale, breeding, transport. Dairy herds have milk screened annually

Front 25

Brucella abortus is not treated---positive diagnosis leads to ________

Back 25

euthanasia

Front 26

Brucella abortus, a non-enteric GNROD, has an immunization available that is given to __________ at ________ months of age with ___ months being the ideal. Males are not immunized although it can cause male infertility

Back 26

female calves
4 - 12
5

Front 27

Brucella abortus immunization is given at a certain age, 5 months is the ideal, because ________

Back 27

this age range prevents interference w/antibody tests for this disease because antibody levels will have decreased from bactrin

Front 28

Calves that are immunized for Brucella abortus have an_______ and _____

Back 28

orange tag
tattoo on right ear

Front 29

People can get Brucella abortus, AKA Undulant fever, by inadvertently _______

Back 29

immunizing themselves

Front 30

Brucella suis infects swine via ingestion and breeding. It causes_______ and is best controlled through__________ because there is ________

Back 30

~abortions, reproduction problems, orchitis
~regular serology testing
~NO immunization available

Front 31

Brucella ovis,a non-enteric GNROD, infects sheep and tends to affect rams more than ewes, rarely causes abortions. In males it causes_______

Back 31

Severe orchitis, epididymitis, infertility

Front 32

For Brucella ovis, it is best to Immunize and test ________

Back 32

males

Front 33

Brucella melitensis infects cattle, sheep, goats, camels and llamas with and increasing # of cases in Texas and human cases have been reported but tend to occur more in________

Back 33

lab workers

Front 34

Bordatella bronchiseptica, a non-enteric GNROD, has pili which make them resistant to the MCTS. Causes 2 distinct diseases:

Back 34

Infectious tracheobronchitis
~~kennel cough in dogs

Atrophic Rhinitis in piglets

Front 35

Infectious tracheobronchitis caused by Bordatella brochiseptica occurs in______ often in combination with respiratory viruses.

Back 35

dogs, cats, lab animals, wildlife

Front 36

Infectious tracheobronchitis destroys ciliated epithilium which causes ___________

Back 36

decreased respiratory clearance and thus a dry hacking non-productive cough

Front 37

Atrophic rhinitis caused by Bordatella bronchiseptica is typically seen in piglets less than 6 weeks of age. This disease __________

Back 37

destroys nasal turbinates, is very disfiguring and is not treatable so euthanasia is needed

Front 38

Bordatella bronchiseptica diseases infectious tracheobronchitis and and atropic rhinitis are usually clinically diagnosed but are easily cultured, Immunization is available and for pigs ______

Back 38

Pregnant sows are immunized

Front 39

Pasturella, a non-enteric GNROD, is antibiotic resistant, a NF in the oral cavity & respiratory system of many species, especially cats. Name the 2 reviewed in class:

Back 39

~Pasteurella haemolytica aka Shipping Fever

~Pasteurella multocida

Front 40

Pasteurella haemolytica is also known as Mannheimia haemolytica is NF in the nasopharynx of cattle and is more common in ________ and has 3 predisposing factors:

Back 40

calves

1. Presence of Pasteurella/Mannheimia haemolytica bacteria
2. Presence of respiratory viruses
3. STRESS!!!!

Front 41

Pasteurella haemolytica is usually diagnosed clinically but is easily cultured and Tx is __________. Best way to prevent is by:

Back 41

with antibiotics

Vaccinate for viruses
Pasteurella/Mannheimia bactrin
REDUCE STRESS

Front 42

Pasteurella multocida is NF in the nsaopharynx and oral cavity of may species. It cause a variety of diseases in animals such as:

Back 42

Rabbits ----> Snuffles
Birds ----->Avian Cholera
Dogs & Cats ----> URI, otitis, ***bite wound abscesses***
Humans ---->Septicemia, meningitis

Front 43

Snuffles, caused by Pasteurella multocida causes:

Back 43

URI, sneezing, nasal and ocular discharge, conjunctivitis, otitis
CNS problems--->seizures
Abscesses--->with a cream cheese consistency

Front 44

Avian Cholera, caused by Pasteurella multocida, causes:

Back 44

URI, nasal and ocular discharge, diarrhea---is highly fatal

Front 45

Pasteurella is found in ____% of cat bite wounds and ____ % of dog bite wounds.

Back 45

75%

50%

Front 46

Bite wounds with Pasteurella bacteria develop infection within 24 hours and if left untreated can lead to________

Back 46

bacteremia and meningitis

Front 47

Pasteurella is usually clinically diagnosed but ________

Back 47

is easily cultured

Front 48

Maxella bovis, a non-enteric GNROD, is a tiny non-enteric GNROD that is a coccobaccilus. It is a NF in conjuctiva and nasopharynx of cattle. It cause IBK-infectious bovine Keratoconjuntivitis ----->AKA __________

Back 48

Pink Eye

Front 49

IBK/Pink Eye/Maxella bovis tends to be more prevalent in ________ because they lack the melenin to protect them from irritating solar radiation. Outbreaks tend to oocur when animals are grazing _______

Back 49

white faced cows

in tall grass &/or dry dusty conditions

Front 50

Maxella bovis/IBK/Pink eye is diagnosed clinically, results in conjuctivitis, edema of cornea and a mucupurulent discharge from eye. Treatment involves:

Back 50

opthalmic antibiotics

Eye patch to protect eye, and limit spreading

Front 51

Maxella bovis/IBK/Pink eye has a bactrin but ___________ and this disease is ZOONOTIC

Back 51

efficacy is controversial but at the very least it may decrease the severity of infection

Front 52

Francisella tularensis, a non-enteric GNROD, is found in reservoir hosts such as rodents, lagomorphs (rabbits) and other wildlife. It is called _____ and affects________

Back 52

Tularemia (AKA-Rabbit fever)

humans, dogs, cats

Front 53

Franceisella tularensis is transmitted via ticks, inhalation and handling infected animals. This disease is similar to ___________ because it tends to cause __________

Back 53

bubonic plague (appearance and pathology)

enlarged lymph nodes, high fever and anorexia

Front 54

Franciscella tularensis is diagnosed with serology and is difficult to grow and is best treated__________

Back 54

with antibiotics

Front 55

Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a non-enteric GNROD, is ubiquitous in unsanitary, moist conditions and is a common cause of nosocomial infections. With a characteristic colony morphology of

Back 55

irregular shape, flat-grayish, greenish, sheen-esp on Macconkeys
-sweet fruity smell
-causes blue-green/yellow-green color in pus

Front 56

Pseudomonas aeruginosa causes:

Back 56

-a variety of infections in animals & people
Horses---->abortions, repro problems
Cattle----> mastitis, abortions
Dogs---> dermatitis, cystitis, otitis
All species----> wound infections, surgical and burn wound infections

Front 57

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is easy to culture and easy to ID due to very characteristic colony morphology and treatment is:

Back 57

difficult due to antibiotic resistance