Micro Exam 4

Front 1

A commercial modification of the disk diffusion test is called the

Back 1

E Test

Front 2

A number of viruses often include a similar set of symptoms when they cause an infectious disease state (fever, headache, fatigue, runny nose). Why would they all cause the same symptoms if they're different viruses?

Back 2

The symptoms are associated with the immune system's response, NOT the molecules from the pathogens themselves. Our responses against viruses are fairly similar, regardless of virus type, so the symptoms are similar.

Front 3

Avirulent organisms are

Back 3

unable to cause disease

Front 4

A new serotype of Vibrio cholerae, V. cholerae 0139, has picked up the ability to produce

Back 4

capsules

Front 5

How is the central portion of a T-cell receptor complex functionally analogous to the center of the B-cell receptor complex?

Back 5

Both receptors bind epitopes (small amino acid sections of antigen molecules).

Front 6

Fluoroquinolones typically target

Back 6

DNA gyrase

Front 7

If a patient received a kidney transplant that was matched well across each of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, but they stopped taking their anti-rejection drugs, what would happen and why?

Back 7

The organ will be rejected, but it will be a gradual process since it was matched well. There are a number of other proteins that cannot be matched between donors, so the graft will still be viewed as 'foreign' by the recipient's immune system, and will still be attacked. The attack will just be a slower and lengthier process.

Front 8

Which of the following would be considered a sign of a disease?

Back 8

fever of 39°C

Front 9

Mycolic acids are targeted by isoniazid in the treatment of

Back 9

M. tuberculosis.

Front 10

The amount of infecting agent received by susceptible individuals is called the

Back 10

dose.

Front 11

Which of the following primary immunodeficiencies is the most common?

Back 11

selective IgA deficiency

Front 12

The process by which infectious agents are ingested by host cells is termed

Back 12

endocytosis.

Front 13

Generally antigenic molecules usually have a molecular weight greater than

Back 13

10,000 Daltons.

Front 14

Whole agent vaccines may contain

Back 14

viruses AND bacteria.

Front 15

The only class of antibody that can cross the placenta is

Back 15

IgG

Front 16

A physician is seeking ways to increase the fine-tuning of antibody immune responses that occurs naturally during affinity maturation. The goal is to create 'super antibodies' with intensely high affinity for antigens. She decides to use a drug that can be injected into lymph nodes that will be highly mutagenic specifically to B-cells that are undergoing activation. Is this a good idea? Why or why not?

Back 16

It won't work. Affinity maturation is a random mutation process, followed by selection of B cells with higher affinity for the antigen in question. It doesn't matter if you increase the NUMBER of mutations-they still need to be screened for affinity to the antigen, and you can only achieve a certain level of affinity. Beyond that, and any mutations in antibody genes are just 'extra' changes without any real effect.

Front 17

Which of the following members of the normal flora inhibit the growth of Candida albicans?

Back 17

Lactobacillus species.

Front 18

Transmission-Based Precautions

Back 18

are guidelines to use with patients infected with a highly transmissible or epidemiologically important pathogen.

Front 19

It would be useful if antigens were delivered directly to

Back 19

Peyer's patches AND M cells.

Front 20

The guidelines designed for prevention of nosocomial disease during care of all patients is called

Back 20

Standard Precautions.

Front 21

WHO has targeted for elimination of

Back 21

polio, dracunculiasis AND measles.

Front 22

Phagocytes were first discovered and named by

Back 22

Metchnikoff

Front 23

Which of the following is NOT a political/societal reason for a decrease in rates of childhood immunizations?

Back 23

A lack of a proper 'cold chain' for stable transport of vaccines into tropical areas.

Front 24

Which of the following is not a mechanical vector?

Back 24

fomite

Front 25

Pyrogens are

Back 25

fever-inducing substances.

Front 26

Gene rearrangement is responsible for the generation of the various antibody molecules.

Back 26

True

Front 27

T cells and B cells are manufactured in the

Back 27

bone marrow

Front 28

The natural antibodies in serum that react with A or B polysaccharide antigens are mostly of the class

Back 28

IgM

Front 29

Which is involved in reacting to virus-infected cells?

Back 29

cell-mediated immunity, T cytotoxic cells AND MHC I

Front 30

Bacteria may survive phagocytosis by

Back 30

preventing fusion of the lysosome with the phagosome AND lysing the phagosome.

Front 31

Bacteria that resist killing by complement proteins are termed

Back 31

serum resistant.

Front 32

A relationship in which one partner benefits and the other is unaffected is termed

Back 32

commensalism.

Front 33

Fever

Back 33

inhibits bacterial growth AND speeds up the body's reactions.

Front 34

Antimicrobials that kill microorganisms have the suffix

Back 34

-cidal

Front 35

Allergic reactions mainly involve

Back 35

mast cells

Front 36

Monoclonal antibodies obtained from a hybridoma provide

Back 36

a large amount of an antibody that is specific for a particular antigen.

Front 37

Following digestion of a microorganism by phagocytes, the debris is excreted by

Back 37

exocytosis.

Front 38

Large respiratory droplets typically travel no farther from point of release than

Back 38

1 meter

Front 39

Recombinant human monoclonal antibody (rhuMAb)

Back 39

appears promising as a treatment for asthma AND uses an engineered form of an IgG molecule.

Front 40

Would antibodies produced by a patient in response to infection be monoclonal, or polyclonal?

Back 40

Since a single pathogen has multiple antigens, and each antigen has multiple epitopes, the responding antibodies to a whole pathogen would be polyclonal

Front 41

Factors that work generically against any foreign substance entering the host are described as

Back 41

innate immunity

Front 42

CD8 cells are often

Back 42

T cytotoxic cells.

Front 43

There are blank classes of antibody.

Back 43

5

Front 44

The hypersensitivity treatment that stimulates an increase of IgG and T suppressor cells and a decrease in IgE is known as

Back 44

desensitization.

Front 45

Antibodies are made by

Back 45

B cells/plasma cells.

Front 46

Why are nucleoside analogs active only against replicating viruses?

Back 46

Nucleoside analogs work by being incorporated into growing strands of DNA/RNA. This indirectly shuts down further extension of these chains. However, new strands of viral DNA/RNA are only being created when the virus is replicating. As such, these drugs can only work when the virus is actively replicating as well.

Front 47

Herd immunity

Back 47

occurs in a population in which a large percentage of the population is immune.

Front 48

Antigens interact with antibodies at

Back 48

the outer end of each arm of the Y.

Front 49

Approximately what percentage of hospitalized patients may develop a nosocomial infection?

Back 49

5%

Front 50

Which of the following is/are secondary lymphoid organ(s)?

Back 50

spleen AND lymph nodes

Front 51

Trimethoprim and sulfonamides have a(n)

Back 51

synergistic effect

Front 52

The change from negative serum, without antibodies specific to an infecting agent, to positive serum, containing antibodies against that infecting agent, is called

Back 52

seroconversion

Front 53

In what clinical situation is it most appropriate to use a broad-spectrum antimicrobial?

Back 53

In a case of bacterial meningitis. The infection spreads so quickly that we must treat it with an antibacterial drug as quickly as possible. We don't have time to determine which drug will work best, because the patient will die in the meantime.

Front 54

Delayed type hypersensitivity primarily involves

Back 54

T cells

Front 55

Urticaria is characterized by

Back 55

wheal and flare

Front 56

Precipitation reactions depend on

Back 56

the antigen having two or more epitopes.

Front 57

Beta-lactamases

Back 57

break the beta-lactam ring.

Front 58

Which is true about superantigens?

Back 58

They are a type of exotoxin AND they bind simultaneously to MHC class II antigen on an antigen-presenting cell and to the T-cell receptor on a helper T cell.

Front 59

Skin and mucous membranes are mostly involved in

Back 59

innate immunity

Front 60

Sulfonamides work as

Back 60

competitive inhibitors

Front 61

The major class(es) of antibiotics that inhibit protein synthesis is/are

Back 61

aminoglycosides, tetracyclines AND macrolides.

Front 62

Penicillin was discovered by

Back 62

Fleming

Front 63

Attenuated agents

Back 63

MAY INDUCE IMMUNITY AFTER A SINGLE DOSE,

MAY CAUSE DISEASE IN IMMUNOCOMPROMISED INDIVIDUALS,

MULTIPLY IN THE BODY

MAY REVERT OR MUTATE TO DISEASE-CAUSING STRAINS.

Front 64

Which of the following are referred to as mononuclear phagocytes?

Back 64

monocytes and macrophages

Front 65

Organisms that are found together and interact on a more or less permanent basis are in a relationship termed

Back 65

symbiosis

Front 66

The "voices" of a cell are

Back 66

cytokines

Front 67

Inhibitors of protein synthesis typically key on

Back 67

ribosomes

Front 68

Hemolytic disease of the newborn

Back 68

may not manifest itself fully until after birth

Front 69

The minimum bactericidal concentration is the lowest concentration of a specific antimicrobial drug that kills blank of a specific type of bacteria.

Back 69

99.9%

Front 70

The four cardinal signs of inflammation are:

Back 70

redness, heat, swelling, pain

Front 71

Desensitization

Back 71

stimulates an increase in IgG AND is a treatment for hypersensitivity reactions.

Front 72

The arsenic compound that proved highly effective in treating syphilis was called

Back 72

salvarsan

Front 73

Delayed hypersensitivity is also known as blank hypersensitivity.

Back 73

type IV

Front 74

Which of the following is not typical of an antigen?

Back 74

low molecular weight

Front 75

Which of the following contributes to nosocomial disease?

Back 75

susceptible population

hospital environment

other patients

patients own normal flora

Front 76

The single most important measure to prevent the spread of disease is

Back 76

hand washing

Front 77

Interleukins are

Back 77

produced by leukocytes and are protein molecules

Front 78

Which of the following may be considered virulence factor(s)?

Back 78

ADHESINS, CAPSULES, ENDOTOXINS AND PROTEASES

Front 79

Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus is an example of an autoimmune disease that involves

Back 79

cytotoxic T cells

Front 80

If a positive reaction is last observed at a dilution of 1:256, the titer is

Back 80

256

Front 81

A disease-causing microorganism or virus is referred to as a(n)

Back 81

pathogen

Front 82

Prontosil effectively acted on streptococci when the drug was split by enzymes to produce

Back 82

sulfanilamide

Front 83

Which class of antibody accounts for the bulk of the circulating antibody?

Back 83

IgG

Front 84

Which of the following are most susceptible to complement lysis?

Back 84

gram negative bacteria

Front 85

Substances with a molecular weight of less than 10,000 Daltons make good antigens.

Back 85

false

Front 86

The most effective form of penicillin is

Back 86

G

Front 87

Which of the following do not induce a strong immune response?

Back 87

lipids and nucleic acids

Front 88

The natural habitat of a pathogen is referred to as its

Back 88

reservoir

Front 89

Which of the following factors is not considered important for the establishment of an infection?

Back 89

toxicity

Front 90

The target of most antifungal drugs is

Back 90

ergosterol

Front 91

The diffusion bioassay

Back 91

is similar in principal to the Kirby-Bauer test AND determines the concentration of antimicrobial in a fluid.

Front 92

The tissue antigens most involved in graft rejection involve

Back 92

MHC

Front 93

The variable region of an antibody occurs

Back 93

on all 4 chains

Front 94

Syphilis was once treated by intentionally infecting the patient with the parasite that causes malaria, a disease characterized by repeated bouts of fever, shaking, and chills. Why might this treatment cure syphilis?

Back 94

The effect of driving up the body temperature for periods of time can shut down the temperature-sensitive replication of the bacterium that causes syphilis. This gives the immune system time to eliminate it properly.

Front 95

Which is not a component of innate immunity?

Back 95

antibody

Front 96

Explain how using a combination of two antimicrobial drugs helps prevent the development of spontaneously resistant mutants.

Back 96

It is highly unlikely that the microbe might spontaneously develop 2 specific mutations to resist the effects of a pair of drugs. As such, even if one drug is resisted by the microbe, the 2nd drug will eliminate the mutated microbe, thus preventing the development of spontaneously resistant mutants overall.

Front 97

Which of the following is true about the role normal flora plays in maintaining host health?

Back 97

THEY PROVIDE A SURFACE THAT IS INCOMPATIBLE FOR ATTACHMENT OF AN INVADER,

THEY ESTABLISH COMPETITION FOR NUTRIENTS AND VITAMINS,

THEY PRODUCE ANTIMICROBIAL SUBSTANCES,

AND THEY STIMULATE THE IMMUNE SYSTEM

Front 98

Which of the following is called a zoonotic disease?

Back 98

plague

Front 99

Which of the following antibodies is a dimer?

Back 99

IgA

Front 100

Substances that are contained in vaccines to help induce a better immune response are called

Back 100

adjuvants

Front 101

Adhesins are

Back 101

involved in the first step of the infectious process AND often found at the tip of pili.

Front 102

Variolation is a procedure once used to protect against

Back 102

smallpox

Front 103

Stem cells

Back 103

have an almost unlimited capacity to divide.

can differentiate into different tissues.

may be used to test the effects of drugs on human cells.

come from fetal material.

Front 104

A defect in which of the following systems leads to granulomatous disease?

Back 104

oxidase system

Front 105

Inanimate objects capable of transferring infectious disease agents are

Back 105

fomites

Front 106

The surface receptors on B and T cells both

Back 106

have variable and constant regions.

Front 107

Antibodies that have arisen in the blood plasma without any obvious or deliberate stimulus are called

Back 107

natural

Front 108

The last case of naturally contracted smallpox occurred in

Back 108

1977

Front 109

Proteins that react specifically with the chemical structures in the antigen that induced them are called

Back 109

antibodies

Front 110

Injection of a single antigen usually results in production of

Back 110

a number of antibodies each recognizing a different epitope

Front 111

A group of interacting serum proteins that provide a nonspecific defense mechanism is

Back 111

complement

Front 112

Which is the most efficient at initiating the classical pathway of the complement cascade?

Back 112

IgM

Front 113

Antibiotics that are most likely to disrupt the normal flora are termed

Back 113

broad spectrum

Front 114

Sulfonamide and trimethoprim are both

Back 114

examples of metabolic inhibitors AND folate inhibitors.

Front 115

A more modern equivalent to Koch's Postulates is termed

Back 115

Molecular Postulates.

Front 116

The interaction of all organisms within a biological community is called a(n)

Back 116

ecosystem

Front 117

Normal microbiota

Back 117

are the organisms that typically reside on your body AND protect against infection by pathogens.

Front 118

The threat of bioterrorism

Back 118

is due largely to the ease of spread and severity of diseases AND may include rarely seen infectious agents.

Front 119

Killing of graft cells occurs through a complex series of mechanisms including

Back 119

sensitized T cytotoxic cells AND NK cells.

Front 120

During a Type I hypersensitivity reaction, the mast cells

Back 120

degranulate AND immediately release histamine.

Front 121

When an infectious disease cannot spread in a population because it lacks a significant number of susceptible hosts, the phenomenon is referred to as

Back 121

herd immunity

Front 122

Which type of vaccine has been used in place of inactivated whole cell vaccine?

Back 122

acellular subunit

Front 123

The "hygiene hypothesis" proposes that

Back 123

lack of exposure to microbes can promote development of allergies.

Front 124

One of the strongest indications of infectious disease is

Back 124

fever

Front 125

Why do Rh-negative but not Rh-positive mothers sometimes have babies with hemolytic disease of the newborn?

Back 125

This disease results when an Rh-negative mother's immune system is primed multiple times to produce anti-Rh IgG antibodies that can cross the placenta. If the mother is Rh-positive, she won't produce any anti-Rh antibodies at all.

Front 126

Inactivated immunizing agents are prepared by treatment with

Back 126

formalin

Front 127

DNA vaccines work by

Back 127

having the cell use the introduced DNA to make the microbial protein antigen.

Front 128

Prevention of patient-to-personnel transmission of disease keys on limiting contact with

Back 128

body fluids

Front 129

Which plant has been used to deliver vaccine?

Back 129

potatoes

Front 130

Complement

Back 130

may be activated through three pathways, disrupts the cytoplasmic membrane of invading bacteria and foreign cells AND is a group of blood proteins.

Front 131

Sulfonamides are similar in structure to

Back 131

PABA

Front 132

Which test is used to determine the susceptibility of a microorganism to an antimicrobial?

Back 132

Kirby- Bauer test

Front 133

What is NOT a reason that the kidneys are particularly prone to damage caused by immune complexes?

Back 133

Kidney blood vessel wall cells have receptors for antibodies on them, which makes them soak up antibodies (or in this case, immune complexes) from the bloodstream. This blocks the kidneys up and causes them to malfunction and become damaged.

Front 134

Which of the following is a phagocytic cell found in the human body?

Back 134

neutrophil

Front 135

The series of steps used to connect an organism to a disease are known as

Back 135

Koch's postulates

Front 136

What would be a primary advantage of passive immunity with diseases such as tetanus or botulism?

Back 136

Time. You can quickly neutralize the toxin with a passive administration of antibodies to save the patient's life when no is available for them to make their own active immune response.

Front 137

Which of the following bacteria have an innate resistance to penicillin?

Back 137

mycoplasma

Front 138

The serology test that may show the antigen-antibody complex as yellow-green under the microscope while using an ultraviolet light is known as the

Back 138

fluorescent antibody test

Front 139

In which organism were phagocytes first reported?

Back 139

starfish larvae

Front 140

Growth of a parasitic organism in or on the host is referred to as

Back 140

infection

Front 141

Anti-human-gamma-globulin antiserum is often used in

Back 141

indirect fluorescent antibody tests

Front 142

Monoclonal antibodies may be used in the rapid diagnosis of

Back 142

CHLAMYDIA,

INFLUENZA,

HEPATITIS

AND PREGNANCY

Front 143

Colonization of the body is inhibited by

Back 143

the shedding of skin cells.
the movement of mucus by cilia.
peristalsis.
the flushing action of the urinary tract.

Front 144

The first kind of leukocyte lured to the site of inflammation is the

Back 144

neutophil

Front 145

Giant cells are

Back 145

used to contain bacterial infections.

Front 146

How do cytokines function?

Back 146

They are secreted by one cell type in the vicinity of another cell. They then bind to a receptor on the 2nd cell, causing a signal within that cell that turns on (or off) certain genes to achieve a response.

Front 147

An immune complex is defined as

Back 147

antigen combined with antibody

Front 148

The resident microbial population of the human fetus is

Back 148

zero

Front 149

What might be an advantage to using an individual's own stem cells instead of pancreatic cell allografts to treat Type I diabetes?

Back 149

If you were able to use a person's own cells, it would be considered an autograft rather than an allograft. As such, there should be no HLA/MHC matching required, and no long-term anti-rejection drugs needed

Front 150

The lowest concentration of a drug that prevents growth of a microorganism is the

Back 150

minimum inhibitory concentration.

Front 151

The microorganisms that are regularly found in or on the body, yet do no apparent harm are called

Back 151

normal flora

Front 152

Immunosuppressive drugs

Back 152

are needed indefinitely after transplantation.

Front 153

Explain the most likely reason why smallpox was successfully eradicated but rabies probably never will be.

Back 153

Smallpox was ONLY found in humans; rabies is found in numerous animal reservoirs. We cannot reasonably eliminate rabies in all of the animal reservoirs that exist.

Front 154

Memory cells may take the form of

Back 154

B CELLS,

T CYTOTOXIC CELLS

AND T HELPER CELLS

Front 155

Schistosomiasis has increased in areas where

Back 155

dams have been built

Front 156

Regarding a mismatch of either the Rh antigen or the AB antigen, both

Back 156

result in destruction of red blood cells.

Front 157

The most common adjuvant is

Back 157

alum

Front 158

Which of the following causes a foodborne intoxication?

Back 158

Staphylococcus aureus, E. coli O157:H7 AND Clostridium botulinum

Front 159

The first identified case in an outbreak is called the

Back 159

index case

Front 160

C3b is involved in

Back 160

opsonization

Front 161

The publication of the CDC that reports new cases of reportable infectious diseases is titled

Back 161

Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR).

Front 162

scientist who made variolation safer and more effective was

Back 162

Jenner

Front 163

Specific chemical groups on an antigen molecule to which the immune response is directed are

Back 163

antigenic determinants

Front 164

Arthus reactions and serum sickness are examples of blank hypersensitivity.

Back 164

type III

Front 165

CD4 cells are often

Back 165

T helper cells

Front 166

The procedure developed by the Chinese to protect against smallpox was called

Back 166

variolation

Front 167

Smoking impairs the ciliated cells of the middle portion of the respiratory tract. Many analgesic drugs (painkillers) impair peristalsis (the churning motion of the digestive tract). The result of either of these activities leads to an increased risk of infection in their respective areas. Why?

Back 167

The actions of the cells in these areas help to propel pathogens out of the area, serving as a part of the physical barrier system. When they are impaired/slowed, bacteria and other pathogens have an easier time adhering to the tissues in the area and causing an infection.

Front 168

The zone size obtained in the Kirby-Bauer test is influenced by the drug's

Back 168

size

stability

concentration

Front 169

The antimicrobials produced by some molds and bacteria are generally called

Back 169

antibiotics

Front 170

T cell receptors are identical to antibodies

Back 170

false

Front 171

Cytotoxic T cells primarily are responsible for

Back 171

cell-mediated immunity

Front 172

Important sources of contamination in crowded locations are

Back 172

droplets of saliva or mucus

Front 173

The first host response to a nonspecific tissue injury is described as

Back 173

inflammation

Front 174

Serological tests are most often conducted in

Back 174

microtiter plates

Front 175

Home-canned foods should be boiled before consumption to prevent botulism. Considering that this treatment does NOT destroy endospores, why would it be helpful in preventing the disease?

Back 175

Because the heat would denature the botulism exotoxin and inactivate it. The exotoxin is what leads to the disease symptoms, so this would make the food safer.

Front 176

The number of cases of a specific disease per one hundred people exposed is called the

Back 176

attack rate

Front 177

Antiviral drugs may target

Back 177

uncoating, nucleic acid synthesis AND viral assembly.

Front 178

The low molecular weight protein produced by animal cells in response to viral infections is

Back 178

interferon

Front 179

Which is true about botox?

Back 179

It may cause botulism AND it is useful in treating conditions related to muscle contractions.

Front 180

Because of the natural evolution of microorganisms, it is necessary to use techniques that allow distinguishing them at the level of

Back 180

strain

Front 181

If the body recognizes parts of itself as being foreign, this is termed

Back 181

autoimmune disease

Front 182

One of the earliest researchers to explore the use of chemicals to kill microbial pathogens was

Back 182

Ehrlich

Front 183

Blood for transfusion is frequently tested for HIV by using the

Back 183

ELISA method

Front 184

Allografts

Back 184

are normally rejected within 10-14 days, are grafts between non-identical members of the same species AND would include the fetus

Front 185

Anti-A and anti-B antibodies

Back 185

are considered natural antibodies AND are typically IgM.

Front 186

The normal microbiota provides protection against potentially harmful organisms and stimulates the immune system. Why would the immune responses to members of the normal microbiota cross-react with pathogens?

Back 186

Because pathogens are oftentimes more virulent strains of our own normal microbial flora, so they will 'look' roughly the same to our immune system (and be acted upon by our immune responses).

Front 187

Which of the following is NOT a likely reason why diseases caused by opportunists are becoming more frequent in the US population?

Back 187

Travel into and out of the United States has increased significantly. This has the potential to bring in many new pathogens that can cause new infections, even in otherwise healthy and immunocompetent individuals.

Front 188

The first step in the establishment of infection is that the organism must

Back 188

attach to host cells

Front 189

The attraction of leukocytes to the area on inflammation is referred to as

Back 189

chemotaxis

Front 190

Diseases that primarily exist in animals, but may be transmitted to humans are called

Back 190

zoonotic

Front 191

The complex resulting from complement activity that leads to cell lysis is the

Back 191

membrane attack complex

Front 192

For which of the following childhood diseases is a subunit vaccine recommended?

Back 192

pertussis

Front 193

Vertical transmission involves

Back 193

pregnant woman to fetus

Front 194

An example of genetic variation used in pathogen survival may be

Back 194

changing the pilus type

Front 195

What would be a primary advantage of using an attenuated agent rather than just an antigen from that agent for a vaccine?

Back 195

An attenuated agent strongly stimulates both the humoral (antibody) AND cell-mediated (T cell) portions of the adaptive immune response, giving the best comprehensive long-term protection available.

Front 196

The leukocyte that contains histamine is the

Back 196

basophil

Front 197

In humans, the stem cells from which all blood cells arise are found in the

Back 197

bone marrow

Front 198

A recombinant vaccine is used to protect against

Back 198

hepatitis B

Front 199

To produce an allergic reaction in Type I hypersensitivity, the antigen

Back 199

must crosslink two IgE molecules on mast cells.

Front 200

Drugs that are bacteriostatic

Back 200

inhibit the growth of bacteria

Front 201

Which of the following is associated with contact dermatitis?

Back 201

poison ivy, latex AND tuberculin skin test

Front 202

Class II MHC molecules are found primarily on

Back 202

macrophages AND dendritic cells.

Front 203

Diseases that can be transmitted from one person to another are termed

Back 203

communicable

Front 204

Toxoids are used in vaccines against

Back 204

diptheria

Front 205

The immunity of some black Africans to malaria is probably due to their

Back 205

genetic background

Front 206

Generalized anaphylaxis is generally characterized by

Back 206

shock

Front 207

If the thymus fails to develop

Back 207

functional T cells are absent AND Di George's syndrome exists.

Front 208

The type of epidemiological study that determines the characteristics of the persons involved and the time and place of the outbreak is called a(n)

Back 208

descriptive study

Front 209

An epidemic that spreads worldwide is called a(n)

Back 209

pandemic

Front 210

T-independent antigens

Back 210

include polysaccharides