Micro Exam 4

Front 1

what is the definition of the principles of disease?

Back 1

the relationships btw microorganisms and their disease causing capabilities and the hosts response to them

Front 2

what is the scientific study of disease?

Back 2

pathology

Front 3

what is a pathogen?

Back 3

a disease-causing microorganism

Front 4

what is a pathologist?

Back 4

a person who works in the field of pathology studying pathogens

Front 5

what in an infection?

Back 5

the invasion of the body by pathogenic microorganisms

Front 6

what is it called when harm is caused to the host causing a change in the state of health?

Back 6

disease

Front 7

is it possible to have an infection without having a disease?

Back 7

yes, HIV positive but not realize/ show no harm

Front 8

what is the normal flora/

Back 8

the microorganisms that colonize the body but do not usually result in disease

Front 9

what is a noncommunicable disease?

Back 9

a disease that is not spread form one host to another

Front 10

what is a communicable disease?

Back 10

a disease that is transmitted from one host to another

Front 11

what is it when disease is transmitted through physical contact with the source?

Back 11

direct contact

Front 12

what is indirect contact?

Back 12

disease transmitted by a contaminated non-living object

Front 13

T/F a fomite is a living object that disease is transferred to?

Back 13

FALSE: it is nonliving

Front 14

what is droplet transmission?

Back 14

mucus droplets that travel short distances (less than 1 meter)

Front 15

coughing, sneezing, laughing, and talking are all examples of what form of contact?

Back 15

droplet transmission

Front 16

what are the 3 ways that diseases are communicable?

Back 16

contact, vehicle transmission, and vectors

Front 17

what type of communication of diseases is food?

Back 17

vehicle trasmission

Front 18

how do diseases travel by food?

Back 18

through incompletely cooed, poorly refrigerated, or prepared under unsanitary conditions

Front 19

how is Hepatitis A acquired?

Back 19

through fecal matter that got on food and was then ingested (fecal-oral)

Front 20

how are diseases spread though water?

Back 20

"through poorly treated sewage especially in underdeveloped countries"

Front 21

what diseases are commonly associated with water vehicle transmission

Back 21

cholera and giardia

Front 22

what are common forms of vectors?

Back 22

insects or arachnids

Front 23

what is mechanical transmission of diseases?

Back 23

"a pathogen is carried on vectors body part (ex flies cary typhoid fever and bacillary dysentry)"

Front 24

what is the biological transmission of diseases?

Back 24

vector bites host or the vector vomits or defecates while biting and the parasite carried by the vector enters host

Front 25

what is pathogenicity?

Back 25

the ability to cause disease

Front 26

what is virulence?

Back 26

"the degree or measurement of pathogenicity may involve production of cell structures and components, enzymes or toxins"

Front 27

what are the 4 general mechanisms associated with virulence of a pathogen

Back 27

"1. access to the host,
2. adherence to host
3. penetration of host defenses
4. damage to the host"

Front 28

how does the access mechanism of virulence work?

Back 28

through portals of entry

Front 29

what are examples of portals of entry that the access mechanism of virulence uses?

Back 29

respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, genitourinary system, skin, blood

Front 30

how does the adherence mechanism of virulence work?

Back 30

"adherence= attaching to the host through adhesions (ligands)"

Front 31

what are adhesions (ligands) in association with the adherence mechanism?

Back 31

surface molecules on the pathogen that bind to complementary surface receptors on the host cell

Front 32

where might adhesions be located?

Back 32

"capsules- streptococcus mutans on teeth
fimbriae- gonorhea, helicobater pylori- ulcer bacteria attaches to lining via fimbriae"

Front 33

what are the 3 forms of penetration of host defenses?

Back 33

"capsules- help protect form phagocytosis
2. cell wall components- have proteins that protect it form phagocytosis
3. enzyme production"

Front 34

what are the enzymes associated with penetration of host defenses in terms of virulence work?

Back 34

"coagulase- caogulates plasma- walls itself off form host defenses
2. kinases: dissolve clots formed by host to isolate infection
3. collagenase: breaks down collagen which forms connective tissue of host"

Front 35

how can microorganisms cause direct damage to the host?

Back 35

"1. by being in it or by lysing it to get out
2. using hosts nutrients
3. toxin productions"

Front 36

what are exotoxins?

Back 36

"proteins produced inside some bacteria as a part of its growth metabolism.
they are released in the surrounding environment"

Front 37

why are exotoxins dangerous?

Back 37

"the destroy particular parts of the host cell o rby inhibit certain metabolic functions of host cell to take place.
-even small amounts can KILL"

Front 38

what are A-B toxins?

Back 38

"a type of exotoxin, that B binds to receptor on host and A causes the problem
- ex: botulism toxin, tetanus and cholera. "

Front 39

what are forms of plasma membrane disrupting toxins as exotoxins?

Back 39

"some form holes in the cell membrane (leukocidins (staph/strep))
- some disrupt the phospholipid portion of the membrane- clostridium perfringes kills muscle cells"

Front 40

what are superantigens?

Back 40

exotoxins tat provoke a very intense immune response involving the production of enormous amounts of cytokines which negatively affects the host

Front 41

what is a cytokine?

Back 41

cell communicator chemicals

Front 42

what is an endotoxin?

Back 42

"lipopolysaccharides (LPSs)
that are part of the cell wall of Gram NEGATIVE cells
(theyre the lipid portion of the ^)"

Front 43

when are endotoxins released?

Back 43

when the bacteria dies or is broken down by either phagocytosis or antimicrobial drugs

Front 44

what are the effects of endotoxins?

Back 44

fever, weakness, shock

Front 45

TEST: in a group of gram negatives choose the gram positive as the NON ENDOTOXIN

Back 45

ONLY G-

Front 46

why do endotoxins produce fever?

Back 46

the endotoxin exposure causes macrophages to produce interleukin I.. which helps reset the temp control center in the hypothalamus to a higher temp

Front 47

what is a negative consequence of fever for endotoxins?

Back 47

fever speeds up metabolism so the body repairs faster

Front 48

why does shock sometimes occur with endotoxin exposure?

Back 48

exposure causes phagocytes to secrete tumor necrosis factor (a cytokine) whic increases permeability of capillaries leading to fluid loss, and drop in BP= shock

Front 49

what are mycotoxins?

Back 49

toxins produced by fungi that cause damage to the host

Front 50

what are types of mycotoxins?

Back 50

"ergot: hallucinogenic toxin
aflatoxin: mutagenic toxin in peanuts
mushrooms: neurotoxins"

Front 51

what is nonspecific host defense?

Back 51

a general defense mechanism that protects against many pathogens

Front 52

what are the 3 forms of the 1st line of defense?

Back 52

skin, mucous membranes, and tears

Front 53

how is skin act as a 1st line of defense?

Back 53

a mechanical barrier,
-sebum- contains fatty acids that lower pH that inhibit some pathogens
- perspiration- flushing actions contains lysozymes

Front 54

how does the mucous membrane act as a 1st line of defense?

Back 54

mechanical barrier,
- ciliated membranes move microorganisms towards the throat
-can trap organisms
- stomach acid can kill

Front 55

how do tears act as a 1st line of defense?

Back 55

through the lacrimal apparatus,
flushing action
-contains lysozymes

Front 56

what are the 2 forms of the 2nd line of defense?

Back 56

phagocytosis and the inflammatory response

Front 57

how does phagocytosis work?

Back 57

lysosomes may contain lysozyme and other digestive enzymes

Front 58

what are the steps in phagocytosis?

Back 58

1.phagocyte adheres and engulfs microbe
2. formation of phagosome (vesicle)
3. fusion of phagosome with a lysosome (phagolysosome)
4. digestion of microbe by enzymes
5. formation of residual body by containing indigestible material
6. discharge of waste material

Front 59

what are the symptoms associated with the inflammatory response?

Back 59

redness (dilation of blood vessels)
-heat (excess blood flow)
-swelling (inc fluid in area)
- pain (pressure on nerves)
- impaired functions (if pain is severe enough)

Front 60

where are T cells made?

Back 60

thymus

Front 61

what is made in the bone marrow?

Back 61

b cells

Front 62

what are the 2 parts associated the immune response in regards to the specific host defense?

Back 62

humoral response and cell-mediated response

Front 63

what is the humoral response?

Back 63

the production of anitbodies by B cells
- NOT ANTIBIOTICS-
-the antiboidies are made in response to a pathogen entering the body

Front 64

what is the cell-mediated response?

Back 64

the response of T-cells to antigens
- also happens in response to an expoure of an antigen

Front 65

T/F both cell-mediated resopnse and humal response may involve antigens and anitbodies?

Back 65

TRUE

Front 66

what are antigens?

Back 66

foreign material that causes a response by the immune system

Front 67

what are ex of antigens?

Back 67

viruses, bacteria, fungi, allergens, transplanted tissue cells.

Front 68

are antigens proteins?

Back 68

yes or they are polysaccharides or a combination of the 2. such as surface molecules on capsules, cell wall components, flagella, capsids or another person's self markers.

Front 69

t/f antigens are relatively small
are there any exceptions?

Back 69

false, theyre large approx 10,000mw
yes: hapten, is low mw.. and is only antigenic when combined with a carrier molecule.

Front 70

what are antibodies?

Back 70

proteins that are synthesized in response to an antigen

Front 71

what are the properties of antibodies?

Back 71

they can recognize, bind to and help destroy an antigen
-another name is : immunoglobulin

Front 72

where do antigens attach to the IgG? ("Y" shaped)

Back 72

at the top of the "Y", bottom of the "Y" binds to host cell

Front 73

what type of immunoglobulin is most prominent in serum?

Back 73

IgG 80%

Front 74

where is IgG located?

Back 74

lymph, blood, intestines

Front 75

where is IgA located?

Back 75

secretions
- also in colostrum and breast milk.
(colostrum= first milk)- breast feeding delivers antibodies to the baby and protects the baby's mucosal surfaces.

Front 76

where is IgE located?

Back 76

in basophils

Front 77

where is IgM located?

Back 77

1st to appear in an infections

Front 78

where do b-cells mature? when do they release?

Back 78

bone marrow; and release when an antigen is present

Front 79

what are the 2 types of b-cells in the humoral response?

Back 79

t-independent and t-dependent responses

Front 80

what is the t-indpendent response?

Back 80

when antibodies are made by b-cells without the help from t-cells

Front 81

what are examples of t-indep b-cells?

Back 81

flagella and lipopolysaccharides

Front 82

in t-independent responses are the antibodies made used for any antigen?

Back 82

no, they are only coded for a specific antigen

Front 83

what happens after the antigen and antibodies bind in t-indep cells?

Back 83

they b-cells turn into plasma cells which secrete antibodies into circulation

Front 84

besides plasma cells what else is made by b-cells in t-independent responses?

Back 84

memory cells- can be stimulated at a later date to become an antibody producing plasma cell

Front 85

what happens in a t-dependent response?

Back 85

b-cell needs help of a t-helper cell to make antibodies

Front 86

are the outcomes of t-indepent responses and t-dependent responses the same?

Back 86

yes! both end in b-cells producing plasma cells which secrete antibodys

Front 87

what is an antigen fragment?

Back 87

part of an antigen is presented on the surface of a b-cell

Front 88

where does the t-helper cell bind to in a t-dependent response?

Back 88

the antigen fragments on the surface of the b-cells

Front 89

in t-dependent responses can a b-cell become a plasma cell by itself?

Back 89

no, need the stimulation form the t-helper cell

Front 90

which response happens more often? t-indpendent or t-dependent?

Back 90

t-dependent: majority of time

Front 91

does cell-mediated response also invovle b-cells

Back 91

no, only t-cells

Front 92

do t-cells produce antibodeis?

Back 92

no, they can directly attack an antigen and regulate the immune system

Front 93

which immunoglobulin is associated with allergic reactions?

Back 93

IgE
more important in the old days-- drinking out of streams and less sanitary conditions

Front 94

can antibodies attach to any antigen?

Back 94

no, they are specifically matched

Front 95

what holds the heavy and light chains together in a antibody?

Back 95

disulfide bonds

Front 96

what is the constant region?

Back 96

are of antibody that does not have great variability (ends)

Front 97

where is the Fc region located on the antibody?

Back 97

area where antibody can combine (attach) to a host cell.

Front 98

where do antigens attach to antibody?

Back 98

at the top of the "y"

Front 99

what can happen when antibodies are bound to their antigens?

Back 99

1. neutralization or toxins, viruses and some bacteria (blocks attachment)
2. coating of an antigen to enhance phagocytosis (makes capsule less slimy)
3. activation of complement- may result in cell lysis.
4. agglutination- reduced # of infectious units for host to deal with

Front 100

what is a complement?

Back 100

a series of proteins, some of which are enzymatic that destroy foreign cells

Front 101

what are the 2 structures used in attachment?

Back 101

fimbriae and capsules

Front 102

what is the main function of IgG?

Back 102

protect fetus and newborn
ONLY one that can transfer across the placenta.

Front 103

what are helper t-cells?

Back 103

necessary for b-cells activation in the t-dependent response, and they activate cells related to immunity

Front 104

what are examples of helper t cells

Back 104

macrophages, natural killer cells, cytotoxic t-cells

Front 105

what major disease attacks the helper t-cells?

Back 105

HIV, which is bad bc the majority or response rely on helper t cells (so as HIV takes over we become more suseptible to other diseases)

Front 106

what are cytotoxic t-cells?

Back 106

transform into cytotoxic t-lyymphocytes (CTL) which destroys target cells (cells that are nonself) on contact

Front 107

what are examples of target cells for cytotoixc t-cells?

Back 107

host cell infected with a virus, cancerous tumor cells, and foreign cells from transplants

Front 108

what are regulatory t-cells

Back 108

can suppress activity of other t-cells which helps regulate the immune response

Front 109

what are natural killer cells?

Back 109

involved in cellular immunity, they are lekuocytes that can attack target cells by lysis

Front 110

what are activated macrophages?

Back 110

involved in cellular immunity
enhanced to increase their phagocytic capabilities

Front 111

what is AIDS?

Back 111

when HIV attacks the helper t-cells which are needed for bcell activation and anitbody production

Front 112

what does AIDS allow to happen by attacking helper t-cells?

Back 112

Allows development of bacterial, viral, fungal, and protozoan diseases, even some cancers.

Front 113

how can rejection of transplants affect the immune system?

Back 113

T-cells (CTL= cytotoxic T lymphocytes) initiate rejection by destroying transplanted foreign cells on contact.

Front 114

how does the Rh factor affect the immune systeM?

Back 114

if mother is Rh negative and male is Rh pos, and baby is Rh pos. the mother makes antibodies against the Rh factor in baby... which affects a second pregnancy if the child is Rh positive- can cause the mothers antibodies to cross placenta and attack babies blood

Front 115

what is a treatment for RH?

Back 115

rhogam- an anti-Rh antibody

Front 116

what blood type is the universal recipient?

Back 116

AB, has both A and B antigens on RBC surface and lack anti-A and anti-B antibodies

Front 117

what blood type is the universal donor

Back 117

O, has no antigens on RBC surface

Front 118

type A has what kind of antigens? type B?

Back 118

type A: anti-b antigens
type B :anti-a antigens

Front 119

what happens if a type A person receives type B blood?

Back 119

the antigens on the type B blood cells will react with anti-B antibodies in the recipients serum. This turns on complement and results in lysis of donor’s RBC’s

Front 120

what is hypersensitivity?

Back 120

antigenic response beyond that which is considered normal in individuals who have been sensitized by exposure to antigen (allergen)

Front 121

these type of hypersensitive cells involve mast cells, basophils and IgE.

Back 121

anaphylactic reactions (allergy)

Front 122

what are mast cells?

Back 122

theyre found in conn tissue of skin and respiratory tract

Front 123

where are bosphils found?

Back 123

they circulate the blood stream

Front 124

upon the first exposure to an allergen, those predisposed for an allergic response produce what?

Back 124

IgE, which attaches to mast cell and basophil surface

Front 125

do you always seee symptoms of allergies?

Back 125

no, the first exposure might not have symptoms bc youre IgE isnt made yet so

Front 126

what happens in the 2nd exposure to antigen

Back 126

release of histamine and other mediators

Front 127

what do histamines cause?

Back 127

symptoms of allergy and if severe, can cause a sudden fall in blood pressure resulting in shock

Front 128

how do histamines get released?

Back 128

when an antigen bridges the gap btw tow adjacent antibody molecules of the smae specificity the cell undergoes degranulation and releases histamine and other mediators

Front 129

what is delayed cell-mediated hypersensitivity?

Back 129

involves the reaction of t-cells, is delayd bc its takes time for the tcells to migrate to the area.

Front 130

what happens in autoimmune disease?

Back 130

the body loses its ability to distinguish self from non-self

Front 131

do autoimmune diseases happen more in women or men?

Back 131

women, 5 % of pop; and 75%of that is women

Front 132

what is rheumatoid arthritis?

Back 132

IgM binds to the Fc region of IgG and these complexes deposit in the joints

Front 133

what is lupus?

Back 133

when antibodies produced against a persons own DNA and other cell components.
-inflammation and kidney problems (immune complexes deposit in kidneys)

Front 134

what is grave's disease?

Back 134

when antibodies produced by the host bind to hosts own thyroid gland.
- over-stimulates tyroid

Front 135

what symptoms are associated with grave's disease?

Back 135

hyperthyroid: very nervous, insomnia, high metabolic rate, bulging eyes, and goiter (lg tumor on neck)

Front 136

what are the 3 main autoimmune diseases?

Back 136

1. rheumatoid arthritis,
2. lupus
3. graves disease

Front 137

what is a natural immnity which is species specific?

Back 137

innate imunity

Front 138

what is acquired immunity?

Back 138

immunity that develops within a persons lifetime

Front 139

what do active and passive mean in accordance to acquired immunity?

Back 139

active: host makes own antibodies
passive; someone else makes antibodies

Front 140

what is naturally acquired active immunity?

Back 140

antibodies made due to direct exposure to an antigen

Front 141

what type of acquired immunity is it when antibodies are made due to an exposure to a vaccine?

Back 141

artificially acquired active immunity

Front 142

what is naturally acquired passive immunity?

Back 142

when : antibodies are passed form mother to fetus via the placenta (IgG) and breast milk (IgA)

Front 143

what type of acquired immunity is it when antibodies gathered from a human or other animal and are injected into an individual

Back 143

artificially acquired passive immunity

Front 144

who developed vaccines?

Back 144

edward jenner

Front 145

how did edward jenner develop vaccines?

Back 145

through watching milk maids who never got small pox- bc they had gotten cow pox whcih was similar enough to small pox so their antibodies worked to protect them against small pox

Front 146

what are attenuated vaccines?

Back 146

alive but weakened microbes;

Front 147

what are inactivated vacciens?

Back 147

killed microbes

Front 148

which type of vaccine offers lifelong immunity? why?

Back 148

attenuated viral vaccines can offer lifelong immunity because the virus replicated in the body

Front 149

what part of the organism is used to make a vaccine?

Back 149

the vaccine can be the whole organism or just the antigenic part (capsid used in Hep B vaccine) or a toxoid, inactivated toxin

Front 150

what bacteria uses capsule adhesion as a means of adhereing to the host?

Back 150

streptococcus mutans.
bacteria is attracted to sugar in mouth, produces acid on teeth- cavities

Front 151

gonorrhea uses what type of adherence method?

Back 151

fimbriae to attach to mucosal cells

Front 152

what is helicobacter pylori?

Back 152

ulcer bacteria that attaches to stomach lining via fimbriae, makes ammonia- neutralizes acid

Front 153

what bacteria uses capsules as a measure of penetration of host defenses?

Back 153

streptococus pneumonia

Front 154

what does streptococcus pyogenes have that aids in prevention of phagocytosis?

Back 154

M protein (cell wall components of penetration of host defenses)

Front 155

what are the 3 types of leukocytes?

Back 155

1. granylocytes, 2. agranulocytes, 3. lymphocytes

Front 156

what are the 3 types of granulocytes?

Back 156

1. neutrophils (phagocytosis)
2. basophils (produce histmamine)
3. Eosinophil (toxic proteins against parasites)

Front 157

what are the 2 types of agranuloctyes?

Back 157

1. monocytes (phagocytosis)
2. dendric cells (derived from monocytes- phagocytosis, and initiation of immune response)

Front 158

what are the 3 types of lymphocytes?

Back 158

1. natural killer cells (destroy by cytolysis)
2. t cells (cell-mediated immunity)
3. b cells (produce antibody)