Micro Exam 2 (Ch.8-11)

Front 1

____ the term used to describe all of the chemical reactions inside a cell.

Back 1

Metabolism.

Front 2

E______ reactions require energy to proceed.

Back 2

Endergonic.

Front 3

E____ reactions are reactions that are spontaneous and release energy.

Back 3

Exergonic.

Front 4

_______ reactions are reactions that remove electrons from donor molecules. They are taker! They leave donor molecules ____.

Back 4

Oxidatation: oxidized.

Front 5

______ reactions are reactions that add electrons to acceptor molecules, leaving them ____. These are givers!

Back 5

Reduction; reduced.

Front 6

A ____ is any molecule that is a nutrient, an intermediary product, or an end product in a metabolic reaction.

Back 6

Metabolite.

Front 7

Enzymes are ____.

Back 7

Proteins.

Front 8

Where in the cell are enzymes made?

Back 8

Enzymes are made in the ribosomes and are adjusted in the Golgi apparatus.

Front 9

_____ _____ Are proteins that either caused a particular chemical reaction to occur or accelerate it.

Back 9

Biological catalysts.

Front 10

Enzymes lower _________ _____ By binding to the reactant molecules and holding them in such a way to speed up the reaction.

Back 10

Activation energy.

Front 11

_____ ____ is the energy needed to form or break chemical bonds and convert reactants into products.

Back 11

Activation energy.

Front 12

Enzymes _____ The activation energy of a chemical reaction. Otherwise known as, _______ _____ the chemical reaction.

Back 12

Lowers; speeding up.

Front 13

The following describes what principle? : “ Due to their SHAPE enzymes are specific, they catalyze only one particular chemical reaction. A particular enzyme can exert its affect on only one particular substance, known as a substrate for that enzyme.”

Back 13

Lock & Key Principle.

Front 14

The unique 3-D shape of an enzyme enables it to fit the combining side of the substrate like a _____ fits into a ____.

Back 14

Key; lock.

Front 15

Due to the lock and key match between enzymes and their substrates, enzymes are known for their _____.

Back 15

Specificity.

Front 16

_____ _____ occurs when active site modification in the presence of substrates occur.

Back 16

Induced fit.

Front 17

True or false: there is a specifically matched enzyme for each substrate.

Back 17

True.

Front 18

____ ____ refers to when a particular enzyme can exert its affect on only one particular substance, known as a substrate for that enzyme

Back 18

Substrate specific.

Front 19

What is the term for when an enzyme loses their 3-D structure and function? (This can occur due to increasing or decreasing temperatures and affects the chemical bonds.)

Back 19

Denaturation.

Front 20

A ___ ___ Is a molecule similar enough to a substrate that it can compete with the substrate for binding to an active site by simply blocking the substrate from binding.

Back 20

Competitive inhibitor.

Front 21

_____ are organisms that get their energy for electron transfer from light.

Back 21

Phototrophs.

Front 22

_____ obtain energy for electron transfer by breaking chemical bonds. (classification of organisms based on energy source and carbon source.)

Back 22

Chemotrophs.

Front 23

What are the two types of chemotrophs?

Back 23

Chemolithotrophs & Chemoorganotrophs.

Front 24

_________ are chemotrophs that get energy from in organic compounds, including hydrogen sulfate and reduced iron.

Back 24

Chemolithotrophs.

Front 25

_______ are chemotrophs that obtain energy from organic compounds.

Back 25

Chemoorganotrophs.

Front 26

_________ are organisms that convert into organic carbon dioxide (CO2) into organic carbon compounds.

Back 26

Autotrophs.

Front 27

________ These are organisms that rely on more complex organic carbon compounds as nutrients, these are provided to them initially by autotrophs.

Back 27

Heterotrophs.

Front 28

What are the two kinds of phototrophs?

Back 28

Photoautotrophs & photoheterotrophs.

Front 29

(Classification of organisms.) ______ use light as an energy source and CO2 as a carbon source.

Back 29

Photoautotrophs.

Front 30

(classification of organisms.) ____ Use light as an energy source and organic compounds other than CO2 as a carbon source.

Back 30

Photoheterotrophs.

Front 31

Define chemoautotroph.

Back 31

They use chemicals as an energy source, and CO2 as a carbon source.

Front 32

Define chemoheterotroph.

Back 32

They use chemicals as an energy source, and organic compounds other than CO2 as a carbon source.

Front 33

___ _____ is how organisms get ATP out of the food they eat.

Back 33

Carbohydrate catabolism.

Front 34

The catabolism of glucose by cellular respiration occurs in three phases…

Back 34

1) Glycolysis 2) the Krebs cycle 3) The electron transport chain.

Front 35

______Is the most common pathway for the catabolism of glucose. It results in 2 pyruvic acid, 2 NADH, & 2 ATP.

Back 35

Glycolysis.

Front 36

_______ is a nine step biochemical pathway, each step requires a specific enzyme. It also takes place in the cytoplasm of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. This process itself does not use oxygen.

Back 36

Glycolysis

Front 37

Pyruvate is a ____ carbon sugar.

Back 37

3

Front 38

Explain what happens or what is the end result in glycolysis.

Back 38

In glycolysis glucose is broken down into two pyruvic acid, two NADH, and two ATP.

Front 39

Explain the formation of AcetylCoA.

Back 39

2 pyruvic acid breaks down into 2 AcetylCoA, 2 NADH, and two CO2.

Front 40

Explain the Krebs cycle.

Back 40

2 AcetylCoA —> 4 CO2 +6 NADH + 2 FADH + 2 ATP.

Only 2 ATP molecules are produced.

Front 41

Where does the Krebs cycle occur in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?

Back 41

In eukaryotic cells the cycle occurs in the mitochondrial matrix. In prokaryotes it occurs at the inner surface of the cell membrane.

Front 42

(Carbohydrate catabolism.) this is the last process in carbohydrate catabolism. This results in H20 and 34 ATP.

Back 42

Electron transport chain.

Front 43

The electron transport chain occurs in the _______ in prokaryotes and the ______ in eukaryotes.

Back 43

Inner cell membrane; inner mitochondrial membrane.

Front 44

True or false: fermentation uses oxygen.

Back 44

False. Fermentation takes place in the absence of oxygen. Anaerobic respiration.

Front 45

Which is more efficient: aerobic respiration or anaerobic respiration?

Back 45

Aerobic respiration is more efficient, it creates 36 ATP. Anaerobic respiration only creates 2 ATP.

Front 46

Fermentation is helpful because it creates ______ when there is no oxygen around.

Back 46

Energy

Front 47

__________ Is the recycling of inorganic matter between living organisms and their nonliving environment.

Back 47

Bio chemical cycle.

Front 48

Production, consumption, and decomposition are the three processes involved in the ______ ______.

Back 48

Bio chemical cycle.

Front 49

In the bio chemical cycle the process that involves converting in organic compounds into organic compounds is called…

Back 49

Production.

Front 50

In the bio chemical cycle the process involving organisms called consumers feeding on producers and other consumers is called…

Back 50

Consumption.

Front 51

In the bio chemical cycle the process involving decomposers converting organic compounds in dead organisms into inorganic compounds is called…

Back 51

Decomposition.

Front 52

In the _____ cycle, nitrogen fixing bacteria convert atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia.

Back 52

Nitrogen.

Front 53

In the _____ cycle, nitrogen fixing bacteria convert atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia.

Back 53

Nitrogen.

Front 54

(The nitrogen cycle.) When nitrogen fixing bacteria convert atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia.

Back 54

Ammonification.

Front 55

In the _____ cycle, nitrogen fixing bacteria convert atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia.

Back 55

Nitrogen.

Front 56

(The nitrogen cycle.) When nitrogen fixing bacteria convert atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia.

Back 56

Ammonification.

Front 57

(The nitrogen cycle.) when ammonia can then be oxidated into nitrate and nitrite.

Back 57

Nitrification.

Front 58

(The nitrogen cycle.) When nitrates Can then be assimilated by plants, and soil bacteria convert nitrate back to nitrogen gas.

Back 58

Denitrification.

Front 59

(The nitrogen cycle.) Atmospheric nitrogen —> Ammonia.

Back 59

Ammonification.

Front 60

(The nitrogen cycle.) Ammonia —> Nitrate & Nitrite.

Back 60

Nitrification.

Front 61

(The nitrogen cycle.) Nitrate —> Nitrogen gas.

Back 61

Denitrification.

Front 62

_____ is the use of microbial metabolism to remove or degrade environmental contaminants and pollutants.

Back 62

Bio remediation.

Front 63

All the reactions in a cell or organism is called…

Back 63

Metabolism.

Front 64

An ___ absorbs energy from the environment.

Back 64

Endergonic.

Front 65

Chemotrophs obtain their energy from…

Back 65

Organic and inorganic chemical reactions.

Front 66

Has an oxidized molecule gained an electron or had an electron removed?

Back 66

Removed. Oxidation reactions are reactions that take electrons from donors making them oxidized.

Front 67

______ _______ Is the molecule often called the cells energy currency.

Back 67

Adenosine triphosphate. (ATP)

Front 68

Which site on an enzyme is where substrates bind?

Back 68

The active site.

Front 69

Catabolic or anabolic?: They break down large molecules into smaller components.

Back 69

Catabolic.

Front 70

Glycolysis produces a net gain of what?

Back 70

2 ATP, 2 NADH, & 2 pyruvates.

Front 71

______ is the movement of hydrogen ions through ATP synthase.

Back 71

Chemiosmosis.

Front 72

_______ Are complex and dynamic ecosystems of bacteria that form on a variety of environmental services.

Back 72

Bio films.

Front 73

Why are biofilms different from normally growing bacteria?

Back 73

Because biofilms are the accumulation of thousands of bacteria communicating and working together for the survival of their colony. Normally growing bacteria are just replications of each other that act more independently.

Front 74

_______ _____ is the most common mechanism of cell replication in bacteria.

Back 74

Binary fission.

Front 75

What are the steps of binary fission?

Back 75

DNA replication, cell elongates, formation of division septum, and cell separation.

Front 76

____ _____ Is the time it takes for one cell to become to cells.

Back 76

Generation/doubling time.

Front 77

Nt = No * 2^n is the formula for what?

Back 77

The generation/doubling time.

Front 78

The ____ ____ Is a reproducible growth pattern. It is represented by the logarithm of the number of liver cells plotted as a function of time. The graph can be divided into four phases.

Back 78

Growth curve.

Front 79

What is the growth curve? This is in reference to how microbes grow… Just explain it.

Back 79

It is the number of life cells plotted as a function of time, it usually involves four phases: lag, log, stationary, & death.

Front 80

What are the 4 phases of a growth curve chart?

Back 80

Lag, log, stationary, & death.

Front 81

(Growth curve graph/microbial growth.) ____ phase: no increase in # of living bacterial cells.

Back 81

Lag phase.

Front 82

(Growth curve graph/microbial growth.) ____ phase: exponential increase in # of living bacterial cells.

Back 82

Log phase.

Front 83

(Growth curve graph/microbial growth.) ____ phase: exponential increase in # of living bacterial cells.

Back 83

Log phase.

Front 84

(Growth curve graph/microbial growth.) ____ phase: plateau in # of living bacterial cells; rare of cell division and death is roughly equal.

Back 84

Stationary phase.

Front 85

(Growth curve graph/microbial growth.) ____ phase: exponential increase in # of living bacterial cells.

Back 85

Log phase.

Front 86

(Growth curve graph/microbial growth.) ____ phase: plateau in # of living bacterial cells; rare of cell division and death is roughly equal.

Back 86

Stationary phase.

Front 87

(Growth curve graph/microbial growth.) ____ phase: exponential decrease in # of living bacterial cells.

Back 87

Death/decline phase.

Front 88

A few cells, the so-called ___, are characterized by a slow metabolic rate. They are medically important because they are associated with certain chronic infections, such as TB, that do not respond to antibiotic treatment.

Back 88

Persisters.

Front 89

(Measuring bacterial growth.) ________ ______ ______ Is the simplest way to count bacteria, it involves transferring unknown volume of a culture to a calibrated slide and counting cells under a light microscope.

Back 89

Direct cell count.

Front 90

(Measuring bacterial growth.) ______ _______ This is a specialized slide designed for counting the bacterial cells in a measured volume of sample. A grid is etched on the slide to facilitate precision and counting.

Back 90

Petroff-Hausser/Counting Chamber.

Front 91

(Measuring bacterial growth.) ______ _______ This is a specialized slide designed for counting the bacterial cells in a measured volume of sample. A grid is etched on the slide to facilitate precision and counting.

Back 91

Petroff-Hausser/Counting Chamber.

Front 92

(Measuring bacterial growth.) _____ ______ Is an electric cell counting device that detects and counts changes in electrical resistance in a saline solution… It does this when a cell passes through a small opening in the inside container wall a detector automatically counts the number of cells passing through the opening.

Back 92

Coulter Counter.

Front 93

(Measuring bacterial growth.) ______ _______ This is a specialized slide designed for counting the bacterial cells in a measured volume of sample. A grid is etched on the slide to facilitate precision and counting.

Back 93

Petroff-Hausser/Counting Chamber.

Front 94

(Measuring bacterial growth.) _____ ______ Is an electric cell counting device that detects and counts changes in electrical resistance in a saline solution… It does this when a cell passes through a small opening in the inside container wall a detector automatically counts the number of cells passing through the opening.

Back 94

Coulter Counter.

Front 95

(Measuring bacterial growth.) _____ ______ A count of viable or alive cells. It is based on the principle that viable cells replicate and give rise to visible colonies when incubated under suitable conditions for the specimen.

Back 95

Plate count.

Front 96

(Measuring bacterial growth.) ______ _______ This is a specialized slide designed for counting the bacterial cells in a measured volume of sample. A grid is etched on the slide to facilitate precision and counting.

Back 96

Petroff-Hausser/Counting Chamber.

Front 97

(Measuring bacterial growth.) _____ ______ Is an electric cell counting device that detects and counts changes in electrical resistance in a saline solution… It does this when a cell passes through a small opening in the inside container wall a detector automatically counts the number of cells passing through the opening.

Back 97

Coulter Counter.

Front 98

(Measuring bacterial growth.) _____ ______ A count of viable or alive cells. It is based on the principle that viable cells replicate and give rise to visible colonies when incubated under suitable conditions for the specimen.

Back 98

Plate count.

Front 99

(Measuring bacterial growth.) ______ ________ Involves diluting a fixed volume of cells mixed with dilution solution using the previous dilution as an inoculum. The result is dilution of the original culture by an exponentially growing factor.

Back 99

Serial dilution.

Front 100

(Measuring bacterial growth.) ______ _______ This is a specialized slide designed for counting the bacterial cells in a measured volume of sample. A grid is etched on the slide to facilitate precision and counting.

Back 100

Petroff-Hausser/Counting Chamber.

Front 101

(Measuring bacterial growth.) _____ ______ Is an electric cell counting device that detects and counts changes in electrical resistance in a saline solution… It does this when a cell passes through a small opening in the inside container wall a detector automatically counts the number of cells passing through the opening.

Back 101

Coulter Counter.

Front 102

(Measuring bacterial growth.) _____ ______ A count of viable or alive cells. It is based on the principle that viable cells replicate and give rise to visible colonies when incubated under suitable conditions for the specimen.

Back 102

Plate count.

Front 103

(Measuring bacterial growth.) ______ ________ Involves diluting a fixed volume of cells mixed with dilution solution using the previous dilution as an inoculum. The result is dilution of the original culture by an exponentially growing factor.

Back 103

Serial dilution.

Front 104

(Measuring bacterial growth.) _____ ______ Is a modification of the plate count technique. Known volumes are vacuum filtered through a membrane with a poor size small enough to trap microorganisms. The membrane is transferred to a petri plate containing an appropriate growth medium. Colonies are counted after incubation.

Back 104

Membrane filtration.

Front 105

(Measuring bacterial growth.) ______ _______ This is a specialized slide designed for counting the bacterial cells in a measured volume of sample. A grid is etched on the slide to facilitate precision and counting.

Back 105

Petroff-Hausser/Counting Chamber.

Front 106

(Measuring bacterial growth.) _____ ______ Is an electric cell counting device that detects and counts changes in electrical resistance in a saline solution… It does this when a cell passes through a small opening in the inside container wall a detector automatically counts the number of cells passing through the opening.

Back 106

Coulter Counter.

Front 107

(Measuring bacterial growth.) _____ ______ A count of viable or alive cells. It is based on the principle that viable cells replicate and give rise to visible colonies when incubated under suitable conditions for the specimen.

Back 107

Plate count.

Front 108

(Measuring bacterial growth.) ______ ________ Involves diluting a fixed volume of cells mixed with dilution solution using the previous dilution as an inoculum. The result is dilution of the original culture by an exponentially growing factor.

Back 108

Serial dilution.

Front 109

(Measuring bacterial growth.) _____ ______ Is a modification of the plate count technique. Known volumes are vacuum filtered through a membrane with a poor size small enough to trap microorganisms. The membrane is transferred to a petri plate containing an appropriate growth medium. Colonies are counted after incubation.

Back 109

Membrane filtration.

Front 110

(Measuring bacterial growth.) _____ _____ _____ Is the method of accounting cells based on an indirect detection of cell density, commonly used to estimate and compare cell densities in a culture. The foremost approach is a measure the turbidity or cloudiness of a sample of bacteria in a liquid suspension.

Back 110

Indirect cell count.

Front 111

(Measuring bacterial growth.) ______ _______ This is a specialized slide designed for counting the bacterial cells in a measured volume of sample. A grid is etched on the slide to facilitate precision and counting.

Back 111

Petroff-Hausser/Counting Chamber.

Front 112

(Measuring bacterial growth.) _____ ______ Is an electric cell counting device that detects and counts changes in electrical resistance in a saline solution… It does this when a cell passes through a small opening in the inside container wall a detector automatically counts the number of cells passing through the opening.

Back 112

Coulter Counter.

Front 113

(Measuring bacterial growth.) _____ ______ A count of viable or alive cells. It is based on the principle that viable cells replicate and give rise to visible colonies when incubated under suitable conditions for the specimen.

Back 113

Plate count.

Front 114

(Measuring bacterial growth.) ______ ________ Involves diluting a fixed volume of cells mixed with dilution solution using the previous dilution as an inoculum. The result is dilution of the original culture by an exponentially growing factor.

Back 114

Serial dilution.

Front 115

(Measuring bacterial growth.) _____ ______ Is a modification of the plate count technique. Known volumes are vacuum filtered through a membrane with a poor size small enough to trap microorganisms. The membrane is transferred to a petri plate containing an appropriate growth medium. Colonies are counted after incubation.

Back 115

Membrane filtration.

Front 116

(Measuring bacterial growth.) _____ _____ _____ Is the method of accounting cells based on an indirect detection of cell density, commonly used to estimate and compare cell densities in a culture. The foremost approach is a measure the turbidity or cloudiness of a sample of bacteria in a liquid suspension.

Back 116

Indirect cell count.

Front 117

(Measuring bacterial growth.) ______ = cloudiness.

Back 117

Turbidity.

Front 118

(Measuring bacterial growth.) ______ _______ This is a specialized slide designed for counting the bacterial cells in a measured volume of sample. A grid is etched on the slide to facilitate precision and counting.

Back 118

Petroff-Hausser/Counting Chamber.

Front 119

(Measuring bacterial growth.) _____ ______ Is an electric cell counting device that detects and counts changes in electrical resistance in a saline solution… It does this when a cell passes through a small opening in the inside container wall a detector automatically counts the number of cells passing through the opening.

Back 119

Coulter Counter.

Front 120

(Measuring bacterial growth.) _____ ______ A count of viable or alive cells. It is based on the principle that viable cells replicate and give rise to visible colonies when incubated under suitable conditions for the specimen.

Back 120

Plate count.

Front 121

(Measuring bacterial growth.) ______ ________ Involves diluting a fixed volume of cells mixed with dilution solution using the previous dilution as an inoculum. The result is dilution of the original culture by an exponentially growing factor.

Back 121

Serial dilution.

Front 122

(Measuring bacterial growth.) _____ ______ Is a modification of the plate count technique. Known volumes are vacuum filtered through a membrane with a poor size small enough to trap microorganisms. The membrane is transferred to a petri plate containing an appropriate growth medium. Colonies are counted after incubation.

Back 122

Membrane filtration.

Front 123

(Measuring bacterial growth.) _____ _____ _____ Is the method of counting cells based on an indirect detection of cell density, commonly used to estimate and compare cell densities in a culture. The foremost approach is a measure the turbidity or cloudiness of a sample of bacteria in a liquid suspension.

Back 123

Indirect cell count.

Front 124

(Measuring bacterial growth.) ______ = cloudiness.

Back 124

Turbidity.

Front 125

(Measuring bacterial growth.) A _________ Is commonly used to measure the turbidity of a bacterial cell suspension as an indirect measure of cell density. This tool uses a light to measure optical density.

Back 125

Spectrophotometer.

Front 126

_____ ______ in bacteria is when bacteria talk to each other, are multicellular, can distinguish self from other, and develop strategies to impede/improve...

Back 126

Quorum sensing.

Front 127

Where would biofilms form in the environment/What are some environmental influences?

Back 127

Biofilms form on a variety of environmental surfaces such as industrial conduit’s and water treatment plants to rocks in river beds. Almost any surface in a liquid environment containing minimal nutrients will eventually develop a biofilm.

Front 128

____ _____ ______ Are secreted by organisms in a biofilm. This represents a large part of the biofilm, 50 to 90% of the total dry mass of a biofilm. It also plays a key role in maintaining the integrity and function of a biofilm and shelters it from predators.

Back 128

Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS)

Front 129

______ _____ is the mechanism by which cells in a biofilm a coordinate their activities in response to environmental stimuli. It enables micro organisms to detect their cell density through the release and binding of small, diffusible molecules.

Back 129

Quorum sensing..

Front 130

A ______ _______ helps us observe different requirements for a molecular oxygen, bacteria is grown in these..

Back 130

Thyoglycolate tube.

Front 131

______ ______ Contains a low percentage of agar to allow motile bacteria to move throughout the medium.

Back 131

Thioglycolate medium.

Front 132

(Thioglycolate medium.) Obligate aerobes...

Back 132

Cannot grow without an abundant supply of oxygen.

Front 133

(Thioglycolate medium.) Obligate anaerobes...

Back 133

Are killed by oxygen!

Front 134

(Thioglycolate medium.) _____ _____ are organisms that thrive in the presence of oxygen but also grow and its absence by relying on fermentation or anaerobic respiration, if there is a super bowl electron acceptor other than oxygen and the organism is able to perform anaerobic respiration.

Back 134

Facultive anaerobes.

Front 135

(Thioglycolate medium.) Aerotolerant anaerobes...

Back 135

Indifferent to the presence of O2.

Front 136

(Thioglycolate medium.) ________ : Bacteria that require a minimum level of oxygen for growth, about 1 to 10%, well below the 21% found in the atmosphere.

Back 136

Microaerophiles.

Front 137

_______ is an enzyme that converts hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen.

2 H2O2 —> 2 H2O + O2

Back 137

Catalase.

Front 138

_________ are bacteria that grow best in a higher concentration of CO2 and a lower concentration of oxygen than present in the atmosphere.

Back 138

Capnophiles.

Front 139

______ are microorganisms that grow optimally at pH less than 5.55.

Back 139

Acidophiles.

Front 140

Most bacteria are _____ and grow optimally around the pH of 7.

Back 140

Neutrophils.

Front 141

Most bacteria are _____ and grow optimally around the pH of 7.

Back 141

Neutrophils.

Front 142

______ are micro organisms that grow best at pH between 8.0 and 10.5.

Back 142

Alkaliphiles.

Front 143

_______ are cold loving micro organisms that can grow at zero Celsius and below, have optimum growth temperature close to 15 Celsius, and usually do not survive at temperatures above 20 Celsius. They are found in permanently cold environments, as an example: deep waters of oceans.

Back 143

Psychrophiles.

Front 144

_______ are cold loving micro organisms that can grow at zero Celsius and below, have optimum growth temperature close to 15 Celsius, and usually do not survive at temperatures above 20 Celsius. They are found in permanently cold environments, as an example: deep waters of oceans.

Back 144

Psychrophiles.

Front 145

_______ Are known as “middle loving” and are adapted to moderate temperatures with optimal growth temperatures ranging from room temp, about 20 Celsius, to about 45 Celsius. As an example: normal human body pathogens.

Back 145

Mesophiles.

Front 146

_______ are cold loving micro organisms that can grow at zero Celsius and below, have optimum growth temperature close to 15 Celsius, and usually do not survive at temperatures above 20 Celsius. They are found in permanently cold environments, as an example: deep waters of oceans.

Back 146

Psychrophiles.

Front 147

_______ Are known as “middle loving” and are adapted to moderate temperatures with optimal growth temperatures ranging from room temp, about 20 Celsius, to about 45 Celsius. As an example: normal human body pathogens.

Back 147

Mesophiles.

Front 148

_________ are Micro organisms characterized by growth ranges from 80 Celsius to 110 Celsius with some extreme samples that survive temps above 121 Celsius, the average temp of an auto clave.

Back 148

Hyperthermophiles.

Front 149

_______ are cold loving micro organisms that can grow at zero Celsius and below, have optimum growth temperature close to 15 Celsius, and usually do not survive at temperatures above 20 Celsius. They are found in permanently cold environments, as an example: deep waters of oceans.

Back 149

Psychrophiles.

Front 150

_______ Are known as “middle loving” and are adapted to moderate temperatures with optimal growth temperatures ranging from room temp, about 20 Celsius, to about 45 Celsius. As an example: normal human body pathogens.

Back 150

Mesophiles.

Front 151

_________ are Micro organisms characterized by growth ranges from 80 Celsius to 110 Celsius with some extreme samples that survive temps above 121 Celsius, the average temp of an auto clave.

Back 151

Hyperthermophiles.

Front 152

_______ are organisms that grow at optimum temps of 50°C to 80°C. They are heat loving and do not multiply at room temperature.

Back 152

Thermophiles.

Front 153

_______ are cold loving organisms that can grow at zero Celsius and below, have optimum growth temperature close to 15 Celsius, and usually do not survive at temperatures above 20 Celsius. They are found in permanently cold environments, as an example: deep waters of oceans.

Back 153

Psychrophiles.

Front 154

_______ Are known as “middle loving” and are adapted to moderate temperatures with optimal growth temperatures ranging from room temp, about 20 Celsius, to about 45 Celsius. As an example: normal human body pathogens.

Back 154

Mesophiles.

Front 155

_________ are organisms characterized by growth ranges from 80 Celsius to 110 Celsius with some extreme samples that survive temps above 121 Celsius, the average temp of an auto clave.

Back 155

Hyperthermophiles.

Front 156

_______ are organisms that grow at optimum temps of 50°C to 80°C. They are heat loving and do not multiply at room temperature.

Back 156

Thermophiles.

Front 157

Organisms that prefer to live in salty environments are called _____ organisms.

Back 157

Halophilic.

Front 158

Organisms that prefer to live in salty environments are called _____ organisms.

Back 158

Halophilic.

Front 159

Organisms that do not prefer to live in salty environments but are capable of surviving there are called _________ organisms.

Back 159

Haloduric.

Front 160

_________ is a condition in which the cell membrane and cytoplasm of a cell shrink away from the cell wall, it occurs when bacteria with rigid cell walls are placed in a hypertonic solution.

Back 160

Plasmolysis.

Front 161

If a bacterial cell is placed into a hypotonic solution, it may not burst (because of the rigid cell wall). If it does burst, the cytoplasm escapes. This process is known as _______.

Back 161

Plasmoptysis.

Front 162

________ is When a bacterial cell burst and only the cytoplasm escapes.

Back 162

Plasmoptysis.

Front 163

(Barometric pressure.) Microbes that can survive in high atmospheric pressure are known as ______ or _____.

Back 163

Piezophiles; barophiles.

Front 164

(Barometric pressure.) Microbes that can survive in high atmospheric pressure are known as ______ or _____.

Back 164

Piezophiles; barophiles.

Front 165

(Media used for bacterial growth.) ______ : supports the growth of many micro organisms. Example: TSA nutrient agar.

Back 165

All purpose/general media.

Front 166

(Barometric pressure.) Microbes that can survive in high atmospheric pressure are known as ______ or _____.

Back 166

Piezophiles; barophiles.

Front 167

(Media used for bacterial growth.) ______ : supports the growth of many micro organisms. Example: TSA nutrient agar.

Back 167

All purpose/general media.

Front 168

(Media used for bacterial growth.) ______ : used in the identification of bacteria and are supplemented with dyes, PH indicators, or antibiotics.

Back 168

Specialized media.

Front 169

(Barometric pressure.) Microbes that can survive in high atmospheric pressure are known as ______ or _____.

Back 169

Piezophiles; barophiles.

Front 170

(Media used for bacterial growth.) ______ : supports the growth of many micro organisms. Example: TSA nutrient agar.

Back 170

All purpose/general media.

Front 171

(Media used for bacterial growth.) ______ : used in the identification of bacteria and are supplemented with dyes, PH indicators, or antibiotics.

Back 171

Specialized media.

Front 172

(Media used for bacterial growth.) ______ : has special nutrients like vitamins, growth factors to promote growth of fastidious organisms.

Back 172

Enriched media.

Front 173

(Barometric pressure.) Microbes that can survive in high atmospheric pressure are known as ______ or _____.

Back 173

Piezophiles; barophiles.

Front 174

(Media used for bacterial growth.) ______ : supports the growth of many micro organisms. Example: TSA nutrient agar.

Back 174

All purpose/general media.

Front 175

(Media used for bacterial growth.) ______ : used in the identification of bacteria and are supplemented with dyes, PH indicators, or antibiotics.

Back 175

Specialized media.

Front 176

(Media used for bacterial growth.) ______ : has special nutrients like vitamins, growth factors to promote growth of fastidious organisms.

Back 176

Enriched media.

Front 177

(Media used for bacterial growth.) ______ : Contains extracts and digests of yeast, meats, or plants. The precise chemical composition of the medium is not known.

Back 177

Complex media.

Front 178

(Barometric pressure.) Microbes that can survive in high atmospheric pressure are known as ______ or _____.

Back 178

Piezophiles; barophiles.

Front 179

(Media used for bacterial growth.) ______ : supports the growth of many micro organisms. Example: TSA nutrient agar.

Back 179

All purpose/general media.

Front 180

(Media used for bacterial growth.) ______ : used in the identification of bacteria and are supplemented with dyes, PH indicators, or antibiotics.

Back 180

Specialized media.

Front 181

(Media used for bacterial growth.) ______ : has special nutrients like vitamins, growth factors to promote growth of fastidious organisms.

Back 181

Enriched media.

Front 182

(Media used for bacterial growth.) ______ : Contains extracts and digests of yeast, meats, or plants. The precise chemical composition of the medium is not known.

Back 182

Complex media.

Front 183

(Media used for bacterial growth.) ______ : distinguishes between different groups of bacteria on basis of bio chemical characteristics.

Back 183

Differential media.

Front 184

(Barometric pressure.) Microbes that can survive in high atmospheric pressure are known as ______ or _____.

Back 184

Piezophiles; barophiles.

Front 185

(Media used for bacterial growth.) ______ : supports the growth of many micro organisms. Example: TSA nutrient agar.

Back 185

All purpose/general media.

Front 186

(Media used for bacterial growth.) ______ : used in the identification of bacteria and are supplemented with dyes, PH indicators, or antibiotics.

Back 186

Specialized media.

Front 187

(Media used for bacterial growth.) ______ : has special nutrients like vitamins, growth factors to promote growth of fastidious organisms.

Back 187

Enriched media.

Front 188

(Media used for bacterial growth.) ______ : Contains extracts and digests of yeast, meats, or plants. The precise chemical composition of the medium is not known.

Back 188

Complex media.

Front 189

(Media used for bacterial growth.) ______ : distinguishes between different groups of bacteria on basis of bio chemical characteristics.

Back 189

Differential media.

Front 190

(Media used for bacterial growth.) what are the two types of lab media?

Back 190

Synthetic or defined media, and complex or undefined media.

Front 191

(Barometric pressure.) Microbes that can survive in high atmospheric pressure are known as ______ or _____.

Back 191

Piezophiles; barophiles.

Front 192

(Media used for bacterial growth.) ______ : supports the growth of many micro organisms. Example: TSA nutrient agar.

Back 192

All purpose/general media.

Front 193

(Media used for bacterial growth.) ______ : used in the identification of bacteria and are supplemented with dyes, PH indicators, or antibiotics.

Back 193

Specialized media.

Front 194

(Media used for bacterial growth.) ______ : has special nutrients like vitamins, growth factors to promote growth of fastidious organisms.

Back 194

Enriched media.

Front 195

(Media used for bacterial growth.) ______ : Contains extracts and digests of yeast, meats, or plants. The precise chemical composition of the medium is not known.

Back 195

Complex media.

Front 196

(Media used for bacterial growth.) ______ : distinguishes between different groups of bacteria on basis of bio chemical characteristics.

Back 196

Differential media.

Front 197

(Media used for bacterial growth.) what are the two types of lab media?

Back 197

Synthetic or defined media, and complex or undefined media.

Front 198

______ or _____ media Is prepared from pure chemical substances and its exact composition is known.

Back 198

Synthetic or defined media.

Front 199

(Barometric pressure.) Microbes that can survive in high atmospheric pressure are known as ______ or _____.

Back 199

Piezophiles; barophiles.

Front 200

(Media used for bacterial growth.) ______ : supports the growth of many micro organisms. Example: TSA nutrient agar.

Back 200

All purpose/general media.

Front 201

(Media used for bacterial growth.) ______ : used in the identification of bacteria and are supplemented with dyes, PH indicators, or antibiotics.

Back 201

Specialized media.

Front 202

(Media used for bacterial growth.) ______ : has special nutrients like vitamins, growth factors to promote growth of fastidious organisms.

Back 202

Enriched media.

Front 203

(Media used for bacterial growth.) ______ : Contains extracts and digests of yeast, meats, or plants. The precise chemical composition of the medium is not known.

Back 203

Complex media.

Front 204

(Media used for bacterial growth.) ______ : distinguishes between different groups of bacteria on basis of bio chemical characteristics.

Back 204

Differential media.

Front 205

(Media used for bacterial growth.) what are the two types of lab media?

Back 205

Synthetic or defined media, and complex or undefined media.

Front 206

______ or _____ media Is prepared from pure chemical substances and its exact composition is known.

Back 206

Synthetic or defined media.

Front 207

______ or _____ media have added ingredients like digestive yeast, meat, plants. Which provide special nutrients. Exact chemical composition and amount of individual components is undefined.

Back 207

Complex or undefined media.

Front 208

_______ : The transmission of traits from one generation to the next.

Back 208

Heredity.

Front 209

_______ : The transmission of traits from one generation to the next.

Back 209

Heredity.

Front 210

______ : The entire genetic content of an organism, including its genes and other nucleotide sequences. It is all of an organisms genetic material, collectively.

Back 210

Genome.

Front 211

_______ : The transmission of traits from one generation to the next.

Back 211

Heredity.

Front 212

______ : The entire genetic content of an organism, including its genes and other nucleotide sequences. It is all of an organisms genetic material, collectively.

Back 212

Genome.

Front 213

_____: The full collection of genes that a cell contains within its genome.

Back 213

Genotype.

Front 214

_______ : The transmission of traits from one generation to the next.

Back 214

Heredity.

Front 215

______ : The entire genetic content of an organism, including its genes and other nucleotide sequences. It is all of an organisms genetic material, collectively.

Back 215

Genome.

Front 216

_____: The full collection of genes that a cell contains within its genome.

Back 216

Genotype.

Front 217

______: this is the observable traits as a result of certain genes being expressed.

Back 217

Phenotype.

Front 218

_______ : The transmission of traits from one generation to the next.

Back 218

Heredity.

Front 219

______ : The entire genetic content of an organism, including its genes and other nucleotide sequences. It is all of an organisms genetic material, collectively.

Back 219

Genome.

Front 220

_____: The full collection of genes that a cell contains within its genome.

Back 220

Genotype.

Front 221

______: this is the observable traits as a result of certain genes being expressed.

Back 221

Phenotype.

Front 222

_______ : The vast majority of an organisms genome is organized into the cells _____ , which are discrete DNA structures within cells that controls cellular activity.

Back 222

Chromosome.

Front 223

_______ : The transmission of traits from one generation to the next.

Back 223

Heredity.

Front 224

______ : The entire genetic content of an organism, including its genes and other nucleotide sequences. It is all of an organisms genetic material, collectively.

Back 224

Genome.

Front 225

_____: The full collection of genes that a cell contains within its genome.

Back 225

Genotype.

Front 226

______: this is the observable traits as a result of certain genes being expressed.

Back 226

Phenotype.

Front 227

_______ : The vast majority of an organisms genome is organized into the cells _____ , which are discrete DNA structures within cells that controls cellular activity.

Back 227

Chromosome.

Front 228

nucleic acid‘s are made up of monomer building blocks called _______, which are polymerized to form large strands.

Back 228

Nucleotides.

Front 229

_______ : The transmission of traits from one generation to the next.

Back 229

Heredity.

Front 230

______ : The entire genetic content of an organism, including its genes and other nucleotide sequences. It is all of an organisms genetic material, collectively.

Back 230

Genome.

Front 231

_____: The full collection of genes that a cell contains within its genome.

Back 231

Genotype.

Front 232

______: this is the observable traits as a result of certain genes being expressed.

Back 232

Phenotype.

Front 233

_______ : The vast majority of an organisms genome is organized into the cells _____ , which are discrete DNA structures within cells that controls cellular activity.

Back 233

Chromosome.

Front 234

nucleic acid‘s are made up of monomer building blocks called _______, which are polymerized to form large strands.

Back 234

Nucleotides.

Front 235

_____ Are segments of DNA molecules.

Back 235

Genes.

Front 236

_______ : The transmission of traits from one generation to the next.

Back 236

Heredity.

Front 237

______ : The entire genetic content of an organism, including its genes and other nucleotide sequences. It is all of an organisms genetic material, collectively.

Back 237

Genome.

Front 238

_____: The full collection of genes that a cell contains within its genome.

Back 238

Genotype.

Front 239

______: this is the observable traits as a result of certain genes being expressed.

Back 239

Phenotype.

Front 240

_______ : The vast majority of an organisms genome is organized into the cells _____ , which are discrete DNA structures within cells that controls cellular activity.

Back 240

Chromosome.

Front 241

nucleic acid‘s are made up of monomer building blocks called _______, which are polymerized to form large strands.

Back 241

Nucleotides.

Front 242

_____ Are segments of DNA molecules.

Back 242

Genes.

Front 243

_______ are small molecules of DNA that replicate independently. They are not essential for normal metabolism, growth, reproduction.

Back 243

Plasmids.

Front 244

The two DNA strands are _______, the three prime end of one strand faces the five prime end of the other. The two strands are oriented in opposite directions.

Back 244

Antiparellel.

Front 245

The two DNA strands are _______, the three prime end of one strand faces the five prime end of the other. The two strands are oriented in opposite directions.

Back 245

Antiparellel.

Front 246

What are the two types of nitrogenous bases in DNA?

Back 246

Purines and Pyrimidines.

Front 247

_______ are one of the two types of nitrogen us bases in DNA. This one is two-ringed and includes adenine and guanine.

Back 247

Purine.

Front 248

_______ are one of the two types of nitrogen us bases in DNA. This one is two-ringed and includes adenine and guanine.

Back 248

Purine.

Front 249

_______ is one of the two nitrogen us bases in DNA. It is single ringed and includes cytosine and thymine.

Back 249

Pyrimidine.

Front 250

_____ ______ State that the amount of purine equals the amount of pyrimidine in a given DNA molecule. Example: adenine and thymine always have equal amounts and guanine and cytosine are always of equal amounts.

Back 250

Chargaff’s rules.

Front 251

What are the three things that the DNA structure is made up of?

Back 251

Phosphate, deoxyribose sugar, and a base.

Front 252

_____ & ____ Proposed the double helix.

Back 252

Watson and crick.

Front 253

_____ & ____ Proposed the double helix.

Back 253

Watson and crick.

Front 254

The _______ Back bones are on the outside of the double helix of DNA.

Back 254

Sugar phosphate.

Front 255

RNA is typically _____ stranded.

Back 255

Single.

Front 256

RNA contains the pyrimidine __________ instead of thymine.

Back 256

Uracil.

Front 257

Ribonucleotide’s contain the pentose sugar ________ instead of the deoxyribose found in deoxyribonucleotide.

Back 257

Ribose.

Front 258

What are the three types of RNA?

Back 258

Messenger RNA, ribosomal RNA, transfer RNA.

Front 259

What are the three types of RNA?

Back 259

Messenger RNA, ribosomal RNA, transfer RNA.

Front 260

(RNA) ______ Copy of info in DNA that is brought to the ribosome where the info is translated into a protein.

Back 260

mRNA.

Front 261

What are the three types of RNA?

Back 261

Messenger RNA, ribosomal RNA, transfer RNA.

Front 262

(RNA) ______ Copy of info in DNA that is brought to the ribosome where the info is translated into a protein.

Back 262

mRNA.

Front 263

(RNA) ______ - The protein factories of the cells.

Back 263

rRNA.

Front 264

What are the three types of RNA?

Back 264

Messenger RNA, ribosomal RNA, transfer RNA.

Front 265

(RNA) ______ Copy of info in DNA that is brought to the ribosome where the info is translated into a protein.

Back 265

mRNA.

Front 266

(RNA) ______ - The protein factories of the cells.

Back 266

rRNA.

Front 267

(RNA) ______ Brings the amino acid to the ribosome. This molecule is a single-stranded molecule that exhibits significant intracellular base pairing, giving its characteristic a 3-D shape.

Back 267

tRNA.

Front 268

Many eukaryotic cells contain _____ chromosomes

Back 268

Diploid.

Front 269

Many eukaryotic cells contain _____ chromosomes

Back 269

Diploid.

Front 270

Prokaryotic cells are _______, meaning they have _______ chromosome.

Back 270

Haploid; single.

Front 271

A DNA nucleotide contains ______, ______, & ________.

Back 271

A deoxyribose sugar, a phosphate, and a nitrogenous base.

Front 272

How many number of bonds stabilize and adenine-thymine base pair?

Back 272

2 hydrogen bonds.

Front 273

Transmission of genetic information from parent to offspring is called ______ gene transfer.

Back 273

Vertical gene transfer

Front 274

Transmission of genetic information from parent to offspring is called ______ gene transfer.

Back 274

Vertical gene transfer

Front 275

Which process produces an RNA copy of a DNA molecule?

Back 275

Transcription.

Front 276

A ________ _____ Is located on the five prime end of DNA strand.

Back 276

A phosphate group.

Front 277

__________ is the science of heredity.

Back 277

Genetics.

Front 278

The flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to protein is described as the ____ _____. (DNA —> RNA —> protein.)

Back 278

Central dogma.

Front 279

DNA — _____?____—> RNA _____?____—> Protein.

Back 279

Transcription; translation.

Front 280

Genetic elements called ______, or “jumping genes”, allow the entire sequence to independently excise from one location in a DNA molecule & integrate into DNA Elsewhere through a process called transposition.

Back 280

Transposon.

Front 281

_____: segments of DNA that have the ability to move from one location to another because they code for the enzyme transposase.

Back 281

Transposon.

Front 282

A ___ ___ ____ is the phenotype most commonly observed in nature.

Back 282

Wild type organism.

Front 283

What is meant by semi conservative replication?

Back 283

The DNA includes one parental or old strand and one new strand. (It’s like having an outfit that has one thrifted item and one new item.)

Front 284

DNA replication is ____ and prokaryotic cells. To replication forks are formed by the opening of the double stranded DNA at the origin, DNA replication occurs in both directions… Therefore DNA replication is ______.

Back 284

Bidirectional.

Front 285

(DNA replication.) ________ is the unzipping enzyme. It unzips/unwinds the two strands of DNA. It breaks the hydrogen bonds between the nitrogenous pairs

Back 285

Helicase.

Front 286

(DNA replication.) ________ is the unzipping enzyme. It unzips/unwinds the two strands of DNA. It breaks the hydrogen bonds between the nitrogenous pairs

Back 286

Helicase.

Front 287

(DNA replication.) ________ is the builder. It replicates DNA molecules to actually build a new strand of DNA.

Back 287

DNA polymerase.

Front 288

(DNA replication.) ________ is the unzipping enzyme. It unzips/unwinds the two strands of DNA. It breaks the hydrogen bonds between the nitrogenous pairs

Back 288

Helicase.

Front 289

(DNA replication.) ________ is the builder. It replicates DNA molecules to actually build a new strand of DNA.

Back 289

DNA polymerase.

Front 290

(DNA replication.) ________ is the initializer. DNA polymerase cannot Figure out where to get started without a primer. ______ makes the primer so that DNA polymerase can figure out where to go to start to work.

Back 290

Primase.

Front 291

(DNA replication.) ________ is the gluer. Helps glue DNA fragments together.

Back 291

Ligase.

Front 292

(DNA replication.) ________ is the gluer. Helps glue DNA fragments together.

Back 292

Ligase.

Front 293

______ strand: The continuously synthesize strand. The strand that is complementary to the three prime to five prime parental DNA strand.

Back 293

Leading.

Front 294

(DNA replication.) ________ is the gluer. Helps glue DNA fragments together.

Back 294

Ligase.

Front 295

______ strand: The continuously synthesize strand. The strand that is complementary to the three prime to five prime parental DNA strand.

Back 295

Leading.

Front 296

________ strand: The strand with the Okazaki fragments. Has discontinuous synthesis. Complementary to the five prime to three prime parental strand, grows away from the primer away from the replication fork.

Back 296

Lagging.

Front 297

Transcription and translation are collectively referred to as ____ _____. This is the synthesis of a specific protein with a sequence of amino acids that is encoded in the gene.

Back 297

Gene expression.

Front 298

Transcription and translation are collectively referred to as ____ _____. This is the synthesis of a specific protein with a sequence of amino acids that is encoded in the gene.

Back 298

Gene expression.

Front 299

DNA —> RNA. What is this process called.?

Back 299

Transcription

Front 300

Transcription and translation are collectively referred to as ____ _____. This is the synthesis of a specific protein with a sequence of amino acids that is encoded in the gene.

Back 300

Gene expression.

Front 301

DNA —> RNA. What is this process called.?

Back 301

Transcription

Front 302

______ _____ : This is when the initiation of transcription begins at a promoter, a DNA sequence onto which the transcription machinery binds and initiates transcription.

Back 302

Promoter sequence

Front 303

Transcription and translation are collectively referred to as ____ _____. This is the synthesis of a specific protein with a sequence of amino acids that is encoded in the gene.

Back 303

Gene expression.

Front 304

DNA —> RNA. What is this process called.?

Back 304

Transcription

Front 305

______ _____ : This is when the initiation of transcription begins at a promoter, a DNA sequence onto which the transcription machinery binds and initiates transcription.

Back 305

Promoter sequence

Front 306

RNA polymerase comprises of six polypeptide subunits. The sixth of the unit is known as _______ . ______ enables RNA polymerase to buy into a specific promoter, that’s allowing for the transcription of various genes.

Back 306

Sigma factor.

Front 307

Transcription and translation are collectively referred to as ____ _____. This is the synthesis of a specific protein with a sequence of amino acids that is encoded in the gene.

Back 307

Gene expression.

Front 308

DNA —> RNA. What is this process called.?

Back 308

Transcription

Front 309

______ _____ : This is when the initiation of transcription begins at a promoter, a DNA sequence onto which the transcription machinery binds and initiates transcription.

Back 309

Promoter sequence

Front 310

RNA polymerase comprises of six polypeptide subunits. The sixth of the unit is known as _______ . ______ enables RNA polymerase to buy into a specific promoter, that’s allowing for the transcription of various genes.

Back 310

Sigma factor.

Front 311

_____ _____: When the bacterial polymerase dissociates from the DNA template and frees the newly made RNA, after the gene is transcribed.

Back 311

Terminator sequence.

Front 312

What are the three steps or processes of translation?

Back 312

Initiation, elongation, and termination.

Front 313

What are the three EPA sites?

Back 313

A site, P site, & E site.

Front 314

At the ______ site TRNAs arrive.

Back 314

A.

Front 315

At the ______ site TRNAs arrive.

Back 315

A.

Front 316

At the ___ site The polypeptide chain is growing, charged tRNA molecules carrying amino acids are forming peptide bonds with the growing polypeptide chain.

Back 316

P.

Front 317

At the ______ site TRNAs arrive.

Back 317

A.

Front 318

At the ___ site The polypeptide chain is growing, charged tRNA molecules carrying amino acids are forming peptide bonds with the growing polypeptide chain.

Back 318

P.

Front 319

At the _____ site This is where the release of dissociated tRNAs occur, so that they can be recharged with free amino acids. This is where proteins exit.

Back 319

E.

Front 320

UAA, UAG, & UGA are...?

Back 320

Stop codons!

Front 321

UAA, UAG, & UGA are...?

Back 321

Stop codons!

Front 322

AUG is a...?

Back 322

Start codon.

Front 323

UAA, UAG, & UGA are...?

Back 323

Stop codons!

Front 324

AUG is a...?

Back 324

Start codon.

Front 325

The ____ ____ is the relationship between an mRNA codon and its corresponding amino acid.

Back 325

Genetic code

Front 326

UAA, UAG, & UGA are...?

Back 326

Stop codons!

Front 327

AUG is a...?

Back 327

Start codon.

Front 328

The ____ ____ is the relationship between an mRNA codon and its corresponding amino acid.

Back 328

Genetic code

Front 329

A ____ is a triplet of nucleotides whom’S mRNA defines an amino acid.

Back 329

Codon.

Front 330

UAA, UAG, & UGA are...?

Back 330

Stop codons!

Front 331

AUG is a...?

Back 331

Start codon.

Front 332

The ____ ____ is the relationship between an mRNA codon and its corresponding amino acid.

Back 332

Genetic code

Front 333

A ____ is a triplet of nucleotides whom’S mRNA defines an amino acid.

Back 333

Codon.

Front 334

The ____ ____ translates each nucleotide triplet in mRNA into an amino acid or a termination signal in a protein.

Back 334

Genetic codes.

Front 335

UAA, UAG, & UGA are...?

Back 335

Stop codons!

Front 336

AUG is a...?

Back 336

Start codon.

Front 337

The ____ ____ is the relationship between an mRNA codon and its corresponding amino acid.

Back 337

Genetic code

Front 338

A ____ is a triplet of nucleotides whom’S mRNA defines an amino acid.

Back 338

Codon.

Front 339

The ____ ____ translates each nucleotide triplet in mRNA into an amino acid or a termination signal in a protein.

Back 339

Genetic codes.

Front 340

______ codons code for an amino acid. 61 of the 64 possible triplets, codons, code for amino acids.

Back 340

Sense codons.

Front 341

UAA, UAG, & UGA are...?

Back 341

Stop codons!

Front 342

AUG is a...?

Back 342

Start codon.

Front 343

The ____ ____ is the relationship between an mRNA codon and its corresponding amino acid.

Back 343

Genetic code

Front 344

A ____ is a triplet of nucleotides whom’S mRNA defines an amino acid.

Back 344

Codon.

Front 345

The ____ ____ translates each nucleotide triplet in mRNA into an amino acid or a termination signal in a protein.

Back 345

Genetic codes.

Front 346

______ codons code for an amino acid. 61 of the 64 possible triplets, codons, code for amino acids.

Back 346

Sense codons.

Front 347

______/_____ Codons are the three of the 64 triplets that do not code for amino acids, they terminate protein synthesis, releasing the polypeptide from the translation machinery.

Back 347

Nonsense/stop codons.

Front 348

UAA, UAG, & UGA are...?

Back 348

Stop codons!

Front 349

AUG is a...?

Back 349

Start codon.

Front 350

The ____ ____ is the relationship between an mRNA codon and its corresponding amino acid.

Back 350

Genetic code

Front 351

A ____ is a triplet of nucleotides whom’S mRNA defines an amino acid.

Back 351

Codon.

Front 352

The ____ ____ translates each nucleotide triplet in mRNA into an amino acid or a termination signal in a protein.

Back 352

Genetic codes.

Front 353

______ codons code for an amino acid. 61 of the 64 possible triplets, codons, code for amino acids.

Back 353

Sense codons.

Front 354

______/_____ Codons are the three of the 64 triplets that do not code for amino acids, they terminate protein synthesis, releasing the polypeptide from the translation machinery.

Back 354

Nonsense/stop codons.

Front 355

The ____ codon, AUG, specifies the amino acid methionine, which initiates translation.

Back 355

Start codon.

Front 356

UAA, UAG, & UGA are...?

Back 356

Stop codons!

Front 357

AUG is a...?

Back 357

Start codon.

Front 358

The ____ ____ is the relationship between an mRNA codon and its corresponding amino acid.

Back 358

Genetic code

Front 359

A ____ is a triplet of nucleotides whom’S mRNA defines an amino acid.

Back 359

Codon.

Front 360

The ____ ____ translates each nucleotide triplet in mRNA into an amino acid or a termination signal in a protein.

Back 360

Genetic codes.

Front 361

______ codons code for an amino acid. 61 of the 64 possible triplets, codons, code for amino acids.

Back 361

Sense codons.

Front 362

______/_____ Codons are the three of the 64 triplets that do not code for amino acids, they terminate protein synthesis, releasing the polypeptide from the translation machinery.

Back 362

Nonsense/stop codons.

Front 363

The ____ codon, AUG, specifies the amino acid methionine, which initiates translation.

Back 363

Start codon.

Front 364

______ are a heritable change in the DNA sequence of an organism. They are errors in the sequence of DNA.

Back 364

Mutations.

Front 365

_____ mutations are when one base pair is affected and most commonly occurs when one base is substituted or replaced by another there are three different types of ______ mutation.

Back 365

Point mutation.

Front 366

_____ mutations are when one base pair is affected and most commonly occurs when one base is substituted or replaced by another there are three different types of ______ mutation.

Back 366

Point mutation.

Front 367

________ Mutations create new sequence of codons, nucleotide triplets are displaced after the mutation. It involves the insertion or deletion of one or more bases, which results in a shift of the reading frame.

Back 367

Frameshift.

Front 368

Mutation rate can be increased by exposing cells to physical or chemical agents called ______.

Back 368

Mutagens.

Front 369

A ________ is the organism containing the mutation.

Back 369

Mutant.

Front 370

What are three types of chemical mutagens?

Back 370

Nucleotide altering, nucleotide analogs, and intercalating agents.

Front 371

What are three types of chemical mutagens?

Back 371

Nucleotide altering, nucleotide analogs, and intercalating agents.

Front 372

(Chemical mutagens.) ______ ______ look like nucleotides and disrupt DNA and RNA replication.

Back 372

Nucleotide analog’s.

Front 373

What are three types of chemical mutagens?

Back 373

Nucleotide altering, nucleotide analogs, and intercalating agents.

Front 374

(Chemical mutagens.) ______ ______ look like nucleotides and disrupt DNA and RNA replication.

Back 374

Nucleotide analog’s.

Front 375

(Chemical mutagens.) ______ ______ Chemicals like nitrous acid alter the structure of nuclear tides and result in base pair substitutions and missense mutation’s.

Back 375

Nucleotide altering

Front 376

What are three types of chemical mutagens?

Back 376

Nucleotide altering, nucleotide analogs, and intercalating agents.

Front 377

(Chemical mutagens.) ______ ______ look like nucleotides and disrupt DNA and RNA replication.

Back 377

Nucleotide analog’s.

Front 378

(Chemical mutagens.) ______ ______ Chemicals like nitrous acid alter the structure of nuclear tides and result in base pair substitutions and missense mutation’s.

Back 378

Nucleotide altering

Front 379

(Chemical mutagens.) ______ ______ introduce a typical spacing between base pairs, resulting in DNA polymerase introducing either a dilation or an Insertion, leading to a potential friend shift mutation. Think: in between.

Back 379

Intercalating agents.

Front 380

What are three types of chemical mutagens?

Back 380

Nucleotide altering, nucleotide analogs, and intercalating agents.

Front 381

(Chemical mutagens.) ______ ______ look like nucleotides and disrupt DNA and RNA replication.

Back 381

Nucleotide analog’s.

Front 382

(Chemical mutagens.) ______ ______ Chemicals like nitrous acid alter the structure of nuclear tides and result in base pair substitutions and missense mutation’s.

Back 382

Nucleotide altering

Front 383

(Chemical mutagens.) ______ ______ introduce a typical spacing between base pairs, resulting in DNA polymerase introducing either a dilation or an Insertion, leading to a potential friend shift mutation. Think: in between.

Back 383

Intercalating agents.

Front 384

What are two types of radiation mutagens?

Back 384

Ionizing radiation and non-ionizing radiation.

Front 385

What are three types of chemical mutagens?

Back 385

Nucleotide altering, nucleotide analogs, and intercalating agents.

Front 386

(Chemical mutagens.) ______ ______ look like nucleotides and disrupt DNA and RNA replication.

Back 386

Nucleotide analog’s.

Front 387

(Chemical mutagens.) ______ ______ Chemicals like nitrous acid alter the structure of nuclear tides and result in base pair substitutions and missense mutation’s.

Back 387

Nucleotide altering

Front 388

(Chemical mutagens.) ______ ______ introduce a typical spacing between base pairs, resulting in DNA polymerase introducing either a dilation or an Insertion, leading to a potential friend shift mutation. Think: in between.

Back 388

Intercalating agents.

Front 389

What are two types of radiation mutagens?

Back 389

Ionizing radiation and non-ionizing radiation.

Front 390

________ radiation May lead to the formation of single stranded and double stranded breaks in the sugar phosphate backbone of DNA, As well as to the modification of bases.

Back 390

Ionizing radiation.

Front 391

What are three types of chemical mutagens?

Back 391

Nucleotide altering, nucleotide analogs, and intercalating agents.

Front 392

(Chemical mutagens.) ______ ______ look like nucleotides and disrupt DNA and RNA replication.

Back 392

Nucleotide analog’s.

Front 393

(Chemical mutagens.) ______ ______ Chemicals like nitrous acid alter the structure of nuclear tides and result in base pair substitutions and missense mutation’s.

Back 393

Nucleotide altering

Front 394

(Chemical mutagens.) ______ ______ introduce a typical spacing between base pairs, resulting in DNA polymerase introducing either a dilation or an Insertion, leading to a potential friend shift mutation. Think: in between.

Back 394

Intercalating agents.

Front 395

What are two types of radiation mutagens?

Back 395

Ionizing radiation and non-ionizing radiation.

Front 396

________ radiation May lead to the formation of single stranded and double stranded breaks in the sugar phosphate backbone of DNA, As well as to the modification of bases.

Back 396

Ionizing radiation.

Front 397

________ radiation Like ultraviolet light can lead to the formation of thiamine dimmers, which can stall replication and transcription and introduce frameshift or point mutations.

Back 397

Non-ionizing radiation.

Front 398

What are three types of chemical mutagens?

Back 398

Nucleotide altering, nucleotide analogs, and intercalating agents.

Front 399

(Chemical mutagens.) ______ ______ look like nucleotides and disrupt DNA and RNA replication.

Back 399

Nucleotide analog’s.

Front 400

(Chemical mutagens.) ______ ______ Chemicals like nitrous acid alter the structure of nuclear tides and result in base pair substitutions and missense mutation’s.

Back 400

Nucleotide altering

Front 401

(Chemical mutagens.) ______ ______ introduce a typical spacing between base pairs, resulting in DNA polymerase introducing either a dilation or an Insertion, leading to a potential friend shift mutation. Think: in between.

Back 401

Intercalating agents.

Front 402

What are two types of radiation mutagens?

Back 402

Ionizing radiation and non-ionizing radiation.

Front 403

________ radiation May lead to the formation of single stranded and double stranded breaks in the sugar phosphate backbone of DNA, As well as to the modification of bases.

Back 403

Ionizing radiation.

Front 404

________ radiation Like ultraviolet light can lead to the formation of thiamine dimmers, which can stall replication and transcription and introduce frameshift or point mutations.

Back 404

Non-ionizing radiation.

Front 405

(Point mutation.) 3 types... _____ : has no effect on the protein sequence.

Back 405

Silent.

Front 406

What are three types of chemical mutagens?

Back 406

Nucleotide altering, nucleotide analogs, and intercalating agents.

Front 407

(Chemical mutagens.) ______ ______ look like nucleotides and disrupt DNA and RNA replication.

Back 407

Nucleotide analog’s.

Front 408

(Chemical mutagens.) ______ ______ Chemicals like nitrous acid alter the structure of nuclear tides and result in base pair substitutions and missense mutation’s.

Back 408

Nucleotide altering

Front 409

(Chemical mutagens.) ______ ______ introduce a typical spacing between base pairs, resulting in DNA polymerase introducing either a dilation or an Insertion, leading to a potential friend shift mutation. Think: in between.

Back 409

Intercalating agents.

Front 410

What are two types of radiation mutagens?

Back 410

Ionizing radiation and non-ionizing radiation.

Front 411

________ radiation May lead to the formation of single stranded and double stranded breaks in the sugar phosphate backbone of DNA, As well as to the modification of bases.

Back 411

Ionizing radiation.

Front 412

________ radiation Like ultraviolet light can lead to the formation of thiamine dimmers, which can stall replication and transcription and introduce frameshift or point mutations.

Back 412

Non-ionizing radiation.

Front 413

(Point mutation.) 3 types... _____ : has no effect on the protein sequence.

Back 413

Silent.

Front 414

(Point mutation.) 3 types... _____ :Results in amino acid substitution.

Back 414

Missense

Front 415

What are three types of chemical mutagens?

Back 415

Nucleotide altering, nucleotide analogs, and intercalating agents.

Front 416

(Chemical mutagens.) ______ ______ look like nucleotides and disrupt DNA and RNA replication.

Back 416

Nucleotide analog’s.

Front 417

(Chemical mutagens.) ______ ______ Chemicals like nitrous acid alter the structure of nuclear tides and result in base pair substitutions and missense mutation’s.

Back 417

Nucleotide altering

Front 418

(Chemical mutagens.) ______ ______ introduce a typical spacing between base pairs, resulting in DNA polymerase introducing either a dilation or an Insertion, leading to a potential friend shift mutation. Think: in between.

Back 418

Intercalating agents.

Front 419

What are two types of radiation mutagens?

Back 419

Ionizing radiation and non-ionizing radiation.

Front 420

________ radiation May lead to the formation of single stranded and double stranded breaks in the sugar phosphate backbone of DNA, As well as to the modification of bases.

Back 420

Ionizing radiation.

Front 421

________ radiation Like ultraviolet light can lead to the formation of thiamine dimmers, which can stall replication and transcription and introduce frameshift or point mutations.

Back 421

Non-ionizing radiation.

Front 422

(Point mutation.) 3 types... _____ : has no effect on the protein sequence.

Back 422

Silent.

Front 423

(Point mutation.) 3 types... _____ :Results in amino acid substitution.

Back 423

Missense

Front 424

(Point mutation.) 3 types... _____ : substitutes a stop codon for an amino acid.

Back 424

Nonsense.

Front 425

X-rays and gamma rays are in example of what type of radiation?

Back 425

Ionizing radiation.

Front 426

X-rays and gamma rays are in example of what type of radiation?

Back 426

Ionizing radiation.

Front 427

This type of radiation is dangerous and has the capacity to break bonds, what type of radiation is this?

Back 427

Ionizing radiation.

Front 428

X-rays and gamma rays are in example of what type of radiation?

Back 428

Ionizing radiation.

Front 429

This type of radiation is dangerous and has the capacity to break bonds, what type of radiation is this?

Back 429

Ionizing radiation.

Front 430

This type of radiation involves UV light. What type of radiation is this?

Back 430

Non-ionizing radiation.

Front 431

X-rays and gamma rays are in example of what type of radiation?

Back 431

Ionizing radiation.

Front 432

This type of radiation is dangerous and has the capacity to break bonds, what type of radiation is this?

Back 432

Ionizing radiation.

Front 433

This type of radiation involves UV light. What type of radiation is this?

Back 433

Non-ionizing radiation.

Front 434

During _____ _____ formation, the two adjacent thymines become covalently linked and, if left unrepaired, both DNA replication and transcription are stalled at this point. DNA polymerase may proceed and replicate the _____ _____ incorrectly, potentially leading to frameshift or point mutations.

Back 434

Thymine dimmer.

Front 435

Which type of radiation may lead to a thymine dimmer?

Back 435

Non-ionizing radiation.

Front 436

A _____ _____ is a covalently bonded complex of two adjacent thymines on a single strand of DNA.

Back 436

Thymine dimmer

Front 437

What are two ways to repair thymine dimmers?

Back 437

Light repair and dark repair.

Front 438

(Repair of thymine dimers.) _____ repair: occurs through photoreactivation in the presence of visible light. In photoreactivation, the enzyme photolyase binds to the thymine and, in the presence of visible light, breaks apart the dimmer, restoring the base pairing of the thymines with complementary adenines on the opposite DNA strand.

Back 438

Light repair or “direct repair”

Front 439

(Repair of thymine dimers.) _____ repair: enzymes remove the pyrimidine dimmer & replace it with the correct nucleotide.

Back 439

Dark repair “nucleotide excision repair”

Front 440

The _____ _____ is a method that uses bacteria for rapid, inexpensive screening of the carcinogenic potential of new chemical compounds. Used to identify mutagenic, potentially carcinogenic chemicals.

Back 440

Ames Test.

Front 441

Replica plating is a technique used to detect _______. ______ Have a mutation in a gene encoding enzyme in the biosynthesis pathway of a specific nutrient such as an amino acid. It is able to grow in a medium that has the nutrient it is supposed to utilize, but can’t make.

Back 441

Auxotrophs.

Front 442

_____ _______ transfer Is the transmission of genetic information from generation to generation. Example: primary fission.

Back 442

Vertical gene transfer.

Front 443

_____ _______ transfer Is the transmission of genetic information from generation to generation. Example: primary fission.

Back 443

Vertical gene transfer.

Front 444

_____ _______ transfer Is the introduction of genetic material from one organism to another organism within the same generation. It is always between two bacteria. It is an important way to Produce genetic diversity.

Back 444

Horizontal gene transfer.

Front 445

_____ _______ transfer Is the transmission of genetic information from generation to generation. Example: primary fission.

Back 445

Vertical gene transfer.

Front 446

_____ _______ transfer Is the introduction of genetic material from one organism to another organism within the same generation. It is always between two bacteria. It is an important way to Produce genetic diversity.

Back 446

Horizontal gene transfer.

Front 447

What are the three primary mechanisms of horizontal gene transfer?

Back 447

Transformation, transduction, and conjugation.

Front 448

_____ _______ transfer Is the transmission of genetic information from generation to generation. Example: primary fission.

Back 448

Vertical gene transfer.

Front 449

_____ _______ transfer Is the introduction of genetic material from one organism to another organism within the same generation. It is always between two bacteria. It is an important way to Produce genetic diversity.

Back 449

Horizontal gene transfer.

Front 450

What are the three primary mechanisms of horizontal gene transfer?

Back 450

Transformation, transduction, and conjugation.

Front 451

(Horizontal gene transfer mechanisms.) Describe what is involved in transformation.

Back 451

The competent cell takes DNA directly from the environment. This foreign DNA may be dead.

Front 452

_____ _______ transfer Is the transmission of genetic information from generation to generation. Example: primary fission.

Back 452

Vertical gene transfer.

Front 453

_____ _______ transfer Is the introduction of genetic material from one organism to another organism within the same generation. It is always between two bacteria. It is an important way to Produce genetic diversity.

Back 453

Horizontal gene transfer.

Front 454

What are the three primary mechanisms of horizontal gene transfer?

Back 454

Transformation, transduction, and conjugation.

Front 455

(Horizontal gene transfer mechanisms.) Describe what is involved in transformation.

Back 455

The competent cell takes DNA directly from the environment. This foreign DNA may be dead.

Front 456

(Horizontal gene transfer mechanisms.) Describe what happens in transduction.

Back 456

A bacterial phage inject DNA that is a hybrid of viral DNA and DNA from a previously infected bacterial cell. The genes are transferred between cells by means of a virus. The lytic cycle leads to General transduction. The lysogenic cycle leads to specialized transaction.

Front 457

_____ _______ transfer Is the transmission of genetic information from generation to generation. Example: primary fission.

Back 457

Vertical gene transfer.

Front 458

_____ _______ transfer Is the introduction of genetic material from one organism to another organism within the same generation. It is always between two bacteria. It is an important way to Produce genetic diversity.

Back 458

Horizontal gene transfer.

Front 459

What are the three primary mechanisms of horizontal gene transfer?

Back 459

Transformation, transduction, and conjugation.

Front 460

(Horizontal gene transfer mechanisms.) Describe what is involved in transformation.

Back 460

The competent cell takes DNA directly from the environment. This foreign DNA may be dead.

Front 461

(Horizontal gene transfer mechanisms.) Describe what happens in transduction.

Back 461

A bacterial phage inject DNA that is a hybrid of viral DNA and DNA from a previously infected bacterial cell. The genes are transferred between cells by means of a virus. The lytic cycle leads to General transduction. The lysogenic cycle leads to specialized transaction.

Front 462

(Horizontal gene transfer mechanisms.) The _____ cycle leads to specialized transduction. The ______ cycle leads to general transduction.

Back 462

Lysogenic; lytic.

Front 463

_____ _______ transfer Is the transmission of genetic information from generation to generation. Example: primary fission.

Back 463

Vertical gene transfer.

Front 464

_____ _______ transfer Is the introduction of genetic material from one organism to another organism within the same generation. It is always between two bacteria. It is an important way to Produce genetic diversity.

Back 464

Horizontal gene transfer.

Front 465

What are the three primary mechanisms of horizontal gene transfer?

Back 465

Transformation, transduction, and conjugation.

Front 466

(Horizontal gene transfer mechanisms.) Describe what is involved in transformation.

Back 466

The competent cell takes DNA directly from the environment. This foreign DNA may be dead.

Front 467

(Horizontal gene transfer mechanisms.) Describe what happens in transduction.

Back 467

A bacterial phage inject DNA that is a hybrid of viral DNA and DNA from a previously infected bacterial cell. The genes are transferred between cells by means of a virus. The lytic cycle leads to General transduction. The lysogenic cycle leads to specialized transaction.

Front 468

(Horizontal gene transfer mechanisms.) The _____ cycle leads to specialized transduction. The ______ cycle leads to general transduction.

Back 468

Lysogenic; lytic.

Front 469

(Horizontal gene transfer mechanisms.) Describe what happens in conjugation.

Back 469

DNA is transferred between cells through a cytoplasmic bridge after a conjugation pilus draws into cells close enough to form the bridge. Basically it is the use of conjugation pilus to transfer genes between cells.

Front 470

_____ _______ transfer Is the transmission of genetic information from generation to generation. Example: primary fission.

Back 470

Vertical gene transfer.

Front 471

_____ _______ transfer Is the introduction of genetic material from one organism to another organism within the same generation. It is always between two bacteria. It is an important way to Produce genetic diversity.

Back 471

Horizontal gene transfer.

Front 472

What are the three primary mechanisms of horizontal gene transfer?

Back 472

Transformation, transduction, and conjugation.

Front 473

(Horizontal gene transfer mechanisms.) Describe what is involved in transformation.

Back 473

The competent cell takes DNA directly from the environment. This foreign DNA may be dead.

Front 474

(Horizontal gene transfer mechanisms.) Describe what happens in transduction.

Back 474

A bacterial phage inject DNA that is a hybrid of viral DNA and DNA from a previously infected bacterial cell. The genes are transferred between cells by means of a virus. The lytic cycle leads to General transduction. The lysogenic cycle leads to specialized transaction.

Front 475

(Horizontal gene transfer mechanisms.) The _____ cycle leads to specialized transduction. The ______ cycle leads to general transduction.

Back 475

Lysogenic; lytic.

Front 476

(Horizontal gene transfer mechanisms.) Describe what happens in conjugation.

Back 476

DNA is transferred between cells through a cytoplasmic bridge after a conjugation pilus draws into cells close enough to form the bridge. Basically it is the use of conjugation pilus to transfer genes between cells.

Front 477

(Horizontal gene transfer mechanisms: conjugation.) the __________ indicates that a third fertility factor is present. It is a bacterial plasmid that has the genes encoding the ability to conjugate.

Back 477

F plasmid.

Front 478

(Horizontal gene transfer mechanisms: conjugation.) __________ are the donor cells containing the F plasmid, capable of forming an F pilus.

Back 478

F+ cells.

Front 479

(Horizontal gene transfer mechanisms: conjugation.) __________ are the donor cells containing the F plasmid, capable of forming an F pilus.

Back 479

F+ cells.

Front 480

(Horizontal gene transfer mechanisms: conjugation.) _________ are the cells lacking an F plasmid, they are also called the recipient cells.

Back 480

F - cells.

Front 481

(Horizontal gene transfer mechanisms: conjugation.) __________ are the donor cells containing the F plasmid, capable of forming an F pilus.

Back 481

F+ cells.

Front 482

(Horizontal gene transfer mechanisms: conjugation.) _________ are the cells lacking an F plasmid, they are also called the recipient cells.

Back 482

F - cells.

Front 483

(Horizontal gene transfer mechanisms: conjugation.) ___________ cells occur when the F plasmid occasionally integrates into the bacterial chromosome through recombination between the plasmid and the chromasome, forming an ______ cell.

Back 483

HFR cell.

Front 484

(Horizontal gene transfer mechanisms: conjugation.) __________ are the donor cells containing the F plasmid, capable of forming an F pilus.

Back 484

F+ cells.

Front 485

(Horizontal gene transfer mechanisms: conjugation.) _________ are the cells lacking an F plasmid, they are also called the recipient cells.

Back 485

F - cells.

Front 486

(Horizontal gene transfer mechanisms: conjugation.) ___________ cells occur when the F plasmid occasionally integrates into the bacterial chromosome through recombination between the plasmid and the chromasome, forming an ______ cell.

Back 486

HFR cell.

Front 487

(Horizontal gene transfer mechanisms: conjugation.) ______ Cells are created when imprecise excision of the F plasmid from the chromosomes of an HFR cell occurs. The cell only has part of the genetic material, not all F plasmid. Cannot reproduce.

Back 487

F’ cell. “F prime”

Front 488

In bacteria and Archaea, structural proteins with related functions are usually encoded together with an a genome in a block called a(n) ________. This region includes both the promoter and the operator. It is important in gene regulation.

Back 488

Operon.

Front 489

What are the two types of operons?

Back 489

Repressible (trp) and inducible (lac).

Front 490

A ________ operon are transcribed continually until deactivated by repressor’s. No trp = RNA synthesis proceeds. Yes trp = RNA synthesis is blocked.

Back 490

Repressible operon.

Front 491

A ________ operon are transcribed continually until deactivated by repressor’s. No trp = RNA synthesis proceeds. Yes trp = RNA synthesis is blocked.

Back 491

Repressible operon.

Front 492

A ________ operon must be activated by inducers. No lac = no transcribing. Yes lac = yes transcribing.

Back 492

Inducible operon.

Front 493

A ________ operon are transcribed continually until deactivated by repressor’s. No trp = RNA synthesis proceeds. Yes trp = RNA synthesis is blocked.

Back 493

Repressible operon.

Front 494

A ________ operon must be activated by inducers. No lac = no transcribing. Yes lac = yes transcribing.

Back 494

Inducible operon.

Front 495

A ________ operon are transcribed continually until deactivated by repressor’s. No trp = RNA synthesis proceeds. Yes trp = RNA synthesis is blocked.

Back 495

Repressible operon.

Front 496

A ________ operon must be activated by inducers. No lac = no transcribing. Yes lac = yes transcribing.

Back 496

Inducible operon.