Micro Exam 1

Front 1

Discovered penicillin

Back 1

Fleming

Front 2

Retested strep and effects of penicillin

Back 2

Flore and Chain

Front 3

Transmission Electron Microscope

Back 3

Ruska

Front 4

Scanning Electron Microscope

Back 4

Knoll

Front 5

Sulfa drugs

Back 5

Domagk

Front 6

Discovered that DNA is genetic material, and that material is transmitted from parent to offspring

Back 6

Avery, Mcleod, and McCarty

Front 7

Discovered the structure of DNA (double helix)

Back 7

Watson and Crick (Franklin)

Front 8

Polio virus vaccine using killed virus

Back 8

Salk

Front 9

Polio virus vaccine using live virus

Back 9

Saben

Front 10

Interferon, which are the group of proteins produced to warn other cells of invasion

Back 10

Isaacs and Lindenmann

Front 11

Discovered the structure of antibodies; Recognized that specific foreign bodies (antigens) call the immune system to action

Back 11

Edelman and Porter

Front 12

Worked with monoclonal antibodies, which is the technique used to make copies; Helped produce anti-venom

Back 12

Millstein

Front 13

Worked with Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) which was used to make several copies of a particular segment of DNA for studying

Back 13

Mullis

Front 14

Antibody Molecular Genetics; Studied how our immune system works; How do we recognize something as "foreign"

Back 14

Tonegawa

Front 15

All living things can be divided based on these two things

Back 15

energy source

carbon source

Front 16

What are the two energy sources?

Back 16

Phototrophs=light
Chemotrophs= org/inorganic compounds

Front 17

What are the two carbon sources

Back 17

Autotrophs=Use CO2
Heterotrophs=Other organisms

Front 18

Example of photoautotrophs

Back 18

*Photosynthetic bacteria
Instead of water in photosynthesis, they use sulfur, and produce sulfur

Algae
Green plants

Front 19

Example of photoheterotrophs

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Purple and green non-sulfur bacteria
*Pigment captures energy in light
*Photosynthesize using organic compounds instead of H2O

Front 20

Example of Chemoautotrophs

Back 20

H bacteria
S bacteria
Fe bacteria
Nitrifying bacteria
* Tells where they get their energy (what type of compound)

Front 21

Example of Chemoheterotrophs

Back 21

Most bacteria
All Fungi
All Protozoans
All animals

Front 22

Who created the five kingdoms in 1960's, and what are they?

Back 22

Whittaker
Monera
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia

Front 23

Who created the three "superkingdoms" or domains, and what are they?

Back 23

Woese, Fox;
Bacteria (typical prokaryotic cells)
Archaea (atypical prokaryote, found in extreme conditions)
Eukarya-

Front 24

What is the three domain classification based on?

Back 24

RNA similarities; genetics
Illustrates how life is thought to have arisen
Bacteria gave rise to mitochondria

Front 25

How are viruses classified?

Back 25

Based on host
Ex. Bacterial (bacteriophage)

Front 26

Divisions of a kingdom

Back 26

Kingdom, Phylums, Classes, Orders, Families, Genera (Genus), Species
"King Philip Came Over For Ginger Snaps"

Front 27

Human nomenclature

Back 27

Kingdom animalia, Phylum chordata, Class mammalia, Order primate, Family hominidae, Genera homo, Species sapiens "wise man"

Front 28

Binomial nomenclature use which two categories?

Back 28

Genus and species
eg Escherichia Coli (Researcher name, lives in colon

Micrococcus luteus (little berry, yellow)

Front 29

Species definition for microbiology

Back 29

Collection of strains sharing phenotypic and genotypic properties

*A strain is a population of cells that descend from a single cell or pure culture isolate"

Front 30

What is resolution?

Back 30

Minimum distance between two points that you can still distinguish that they are two separate points (resolve them)

Front 31

In resolution formula, the smaller the number on top is (lambda), what is true?

Back 31

The closer the two points can be

Front 32

The _____ the numerical aperature (n.a.), the better resolution

Back 32

higher; refers to objective lens

Front 33

lambda refers to what?

Back 33

wavelength of light

Different colors have different wavelengths

Front 34

What does pH measure?

Back 34

H+ ions

Front 35

A chemical stain has to have what two things?

Back 35

A chromagen (pigment; gives color)

An auxochrome, which allows chromagen to stick to the cell

Front 36

An acidic stain binds to what?

Back 36

Positive cell component e.g. many proteins

Eosin

Front 37

A basic stain binds to what?

Back 37

Negative cell components e.g. cell wall, nucleic acids

Crystal violet, safranin

Front 38

A negative stain shows what?

Back 38

A ghostly image on a dark background. The stain is repelled from the cell surface. e.g. nigrosin, india ink

You get to see the natural size and shape of the cell because the stain has not bound to it.

Front 39

Invented compound microscope

Back 39

Janssen

Front 40

Used compound microscope to describe cells in cork; described plant cells

Back 40

Hooke

Front 41

Believed in spontaneous generations; One of the first to test the hypothesis "maggots from flies"

Back 41

Redi

Front 42

Considered the father of microbiology; Described protozoa, bacteria; Called them animalcules

Back 42

Van Leeuwenhook

Front 43

First known smallpox vaccine

Back 43

Jenner

Front 44

Discovered that boiled broth must have air to become contaminated; Covered broth does not become cloudy

Back 44

Spallaazani

Front 45

Proposed cell theory; Stated that the cell is the basic unit of life, and all organisms are made of 1 or more cells

Back 45

Schleiden and Schwann

Front 46

First to research hand washing in hospitals

Back 46

Semmelweiss

Front 47

Expanded on cell theory; All cells are from prior cells

Back 47

Virchow

Front 48

Developed the rabies vaccine; Dealt a death blow to spontaneous generation; demonstrated that contamination comes from air, not from broth

Back 48

Pasteur

Front 49

Genetics and inheritence info from between cells; Worked with pea plants

Back 49

Mendel

Front 50

Dust particles can carry microorganisms; Some microorganisms have two forms- heat sensitive and heat resistant

Back 50

Tyndall

Front 51

Discovered endospores (form that can withstand heating)

Back 51

Cohn

Front 52

Germ theory; germs cause infection; Developed criteria for determining the 4 steps for infections (spreadable) disease *postulates

Back 52

Koch

Front 53

What are the 5 basic components of a eukaryotic cell?

Back 53

Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
Inclusions
Organelles
Cell Wall (surrounds cell membrane)

Front 54

Functions of cell membrane

Back 54

Boundary
Semipermeable membrane
Protein receptor-communication to outside world, other cells through chemcals

Front 55

Function of cytoplasm

Back 55

Shape movement of material inside cell; highway along wire; rearranged attached to cell membrane, causing entire cell to move

Front 56

Function of Inclusions

Back 56

Storage
i.e. melanin/ glycogen

Front 57

Function of nucleus

Back 57

Contain DNA, genes and chromosomes; instructions for the cell. Each nucleus has one or more nucleoli which contain RNA and serve as sites for the assembly of ribosomes

Front 58

Function of ribosomes

Back 58

Proteins made there; protein synthesis

Front 59

Function of endoplasmic reticulum

Back 59

Extensive system that forms numerous tubes and plates in the cytoplasm. 2 types- smooth, to make lipids, and rough, to manufacture protein.

Front 60

Function of mitochondria

Back 60

Powerhouse of the cell; They have 2 membranes. The inner membrane is extensively folded to form cristae.

They carry out the oxidative reactions that capture energy in ATP

Front 61

Function of Golgi complex (apparatus)

Back 61

Protein travels through here, being modified; Ready to get shipped; More finished form

Front 62

Function of lysosomes

Back 62

Not found in prokaryotic cells;

Digestive enzymes, gets rid of materials; Happens inside membranes, don't destroy surrounding areas

Front 63

Function of peroxisomes

Back 63

Convert hydrogen peroxide into water in both plant and animal cells

Front 64

function of centrioles

Back 64

Animals have, plants do not; Pair, made up of microtubules; chromosomes line up in middle, migrate to centrioles, stretch all the way across cells, pulls apart, cell division

Front 65

Function of flagella

Back 65

Long, few, motility- whipping motion

Front 66

Function of cilia

Back 66

Short, many, motility- sweeping. Due to the large number, they can move much more rapidly than those with flagella

Cilia on some cells can also propel fluids, dissolved particles, bacteria, mucus, and so on past the cell, which is a great defense mechanism

Front 67

In which organisms are cell walls found?

Back 67

Plants, fungi, bacteria, and algae

**Not in animals or protozoa

Front 68

Meaning of "species" with sexually reproducing organisms

Back 68

They are the same species if they can reproduce, and their offspring can also reproduce

Front 69

List and explain the two aspects to consider about a microscope

Back 69

1. Magnification- makes object larger, but not clearer

2. Resolution- The minimum distance between 2 points that you can still tell that they are two separate points (resolve them)

Front 70

How are chemical stains categorized?

Back 70

Negative- repelled from cell surface, stains background, ghostly image, and you can see their natural size and shape

Positive- Attracted to the cell components, stain the cell, and are further subdivided into acidic (bind to many proteins) and basic (bind to cell wall, nucleic acids) **more common

Front 71

Example of acidic stain

Back 71

eosin

Front 72

Example of basic stain

Back 72

Crystal violet, safranin

Front 73

Example of negative stain

Back 73

nigrosin, India ink

Front 74

Llist three examples of a differential stain

Back 74

Gram stain- CV, Gram's iodine, safranin
Acid Fast Stain- Carbol Fuchsin, Methylene blue,
Spore Stain- Malachite Green, Safranin

Front 75

What is the difference between simple and differential staining?

Back 75

With a simple stain, you only see the basic morphology...overall shape

With a differential stain you are able to "differentiate" between different kinds of cells, and see the different parts of the cell

Front 76

List and describe the two fungal cell types

Back 76

Yeasts- round cells, asexual reproduction by budding

e.g. brewer's yeast

Hyphae (Hi-Fee)- Long, threadlike, form mycelium (intertwined weblike structure)

e.g. molds

Front 77

Structural types of hyphae

Back 77

Septate ( divided into segments) or nonseptate (one long continuous cell)

Front 78

Functional types of hyphae

Back 78

Vegetative (i.e. mycelium)- Network of filaments (mat) that digest, absorb nutrients; They release enzymes into the soil or fruit (strawberry) which breakdown the food

Reproductive (also called aerial because they stick up in the air)- Produce spores, and these spores germinate to form hyphae

Front 79

List and define the two types of asexual fungal spores

Back 79

Sporangiospores- released when sac ruptures

Conidiospores- Pinch off from hyphae, carried off by air currents; No Sac

Front 80

List and define the three types of sexual fungal spores

Back 80

Zygospore- Hyphae of 2 opposite strains fuse to form diploid zygote...eventually forms sporangium, and rupture of this releases sporangiospores (pic on bread)

Ascospores- Male, female sexual organs fuse, and produce diploid (ascus) sac

Basidiospores- haploid spores formed by meiosis within basidium (The basidia comes from the gill on the underside of a mushroom)

Front 81

Anytime you see "myc", it means what?

Back 81

Fungi

Front 82

What is the subkingdom of fungi that we are concerned with?

Back 82

Amastigomycota- these are the land dwellers (terrestrial)

Front 83

What are the four subdivisions of the subkingdom amastigomycota?

Back 83

Zygomycota-mostly nonseptate
Ascomycota-septate
Basidiomycota- Incomplete septate (don't completely compartmentalize)

*Top three reproduce both asexually and sexually; named after the sexual fungal spores
Deuteromycota* Only asexual
-septate hyphae

Front 84

Example of Zygomycota?

Back 84

Black bread mold (genus Rhizopus)

The sexual spores form zygospores, the asexual spores form mostly sporangiospores

Front 85

Example of Ascomycota?

Back 85

Penicillin-genus Penicillium
Brewer's yeast- genus Saccharomyces

The sexual spores form ascospores, the asexual spores form conidiospores (pinch off)

Front 86

Example of basidiomycota

Back 86

Mushrooms, rusts (plant pathogens)

Sexual spores form basidiospores, asexual spores form conidiospores

Front 87

Example of Deuteromycota

Back 87

Vaginal yeast and thrush (genus Candida albicans)

Front 88

List and describe the two subkingdoms of protists

Back 88

Algae-like plants

Protozoa- like animals

Front 89

Characteristics of Algae

Back 89

Photosynthetic
most have cell wall
flagella common
many have eyespots (light sensitive)
fresh and salt water
main components of plankton
some are terrestrial (rocks, soil and plants)

Front 90

Characteristics of Protozoa

Back 90

Single celled
lack chloroplasts
lack cell walls
heterotrophic
most are motile (pseudopods, flagella, cilia)
Many have a 2 stage life cycle ( trophozoite, where they swim around, feeding; Cyst, where they hibernate and can survive harsh conditions)
Both sexual and asexual

Front 91

Nutritional requirements of photoautotrophs

Back 91

Light
CO2

Front 92

Nutritional requirements of chemoautotrophs

Back 92

Chemicals; inorganic compounds

CO2

Front 93

Nutritional requirements of photoheterotrophs

Back 93

Light
Organic Compounds

Front 94

Nutritional requirements of chemoheterotrophs

Back 94

Chemicals
Organic compounds

Front 95

Worked with fertilization, and concluded that it is the male and female parts that come together. Also studied mitosis, and argued that new nuclei can only come from existing nuclei

Back 95

Hartwig and Strasberger

Front 96

Vaccination during WW1 used bacteria that were present in host to make vaccines

Back 96

Wright

Front 97

~Whooping Cough; Discovery of factors in blood serum that destroy bacteria; Serology- Study of immune reactions in body fluids

Back 97

Bordet

Front 98

Discovers some strains of pneumococci mutate; Injected mice with live and heat killed. Theorized that something had transformed harmless to virulent

Back 98

Griffith

Front 99

Discovers blood agglutination and 4 majory blood types

Back 99

Landsteiner

Front 100

The cell nucleus serves as the basis for inheritence; Theory of heredity- Emphasized meiosis

Back 100

Weisman

Front 101

Studied fertilization; male and female come together; Mitosis- new nuclei can only come from existing nuclei; Coined cytoplasm and nucleoplasm

Back 101

Hartwig and Strasberger