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166 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Define Meter, millimeter, microns, and nanometers?
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Meter is 1
Millimeter 10(-3) Microns 10(-6) Nanometer 10(-9) |
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Define Symbiotic?
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Symbiotic are 2 organisms living with one another having mutual benefits.
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What does bacterium in our gut make?
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They make vitamin K for our body
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What does bacteria in the termite do?
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They digest wood in termites
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What is th difference between eukaryotes and prokaryotes
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Prokaryotes do not have a nucleus.
Eukaryotes have a nucles. Both still have DNA |
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Define microbiology.
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Study of micro oganisms not seen with the unaided eye and requires a microscope and staining techniques to visualize.
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What is refractive index?
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The degree to which light bends through or the light bending ability of a medium.
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What are the 3 factors that determine the quality of the image in the microscope?
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1) magnification
2) resolution (clarity)- light microscopy between .2 and 2 points using wavelengths) 3) contrasts (using dyes and stains) |
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What is the path of light of in the microscope? (5 steps)
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1) Illuminator
2) condenser 3) specimen 4)objective lens 5)ocular lens |
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When scanning what magnification are u in?
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4X
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When low dry what magnification are u in?
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10X
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When high dry what magnification are u in?
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40X
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When in oil immersion what magnification are u in and describe its steps?
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Oil immersion is 100X and must use oil. Can only go back and forth between 4x and100x and no other since light is adjusted to oil in 100X and not refracted properly in air. Oil immersion is used to eliminate the refractive index of air and glass which have the same refractive index.
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Who was the scientist that was the first to see bacteria in the 1600's using a single lens at 300X power?
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Anton van Leewenhoek
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What is resolution?
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the ability to distinguish between two points of = clarity
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A microscope with resolving power of 0.4 nm can distinguish between two points > or equal to ?
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0.4nm
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True or false
Shorter wavelengths provide greater resolution? |
True
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True or false
Shorter wavelengths provide lesser wavelenghts? |
False
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Shorter wavelengths provide what type resolution?
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Greater resolution
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What is brightfield illumination?
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Dark objects visible against a bright background
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What is darkfield?
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Light objects are visible against a dark background
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What is the electron microscope and TEM?
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SEM- Scanning electro microscope (.2 nanometer)
Using electrons to produce image of the specimen. TEM- Transmission electron microscope (slice in .2 microns) |
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What are the drawbacks of the electron microscope?
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1) specimen killed by preperation
2) require vacuum withing the chamber and its expensive 3) no direct visual observation on film 4)No true color because it does not use visible light waves |
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What are the advantages of electron microscope?
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They are at the very high resolution at high magnification.
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What is the SEM?
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Scanning Electron Microscope- uses a beam of electrons to scan the surface of whole specimen and reveals on surface features and up to 50,000X power
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What is the average size of the eukaryotic cell size?
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1- 10 microns
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What determined the characteristics of atoms and its atomic number? with the weight?
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Number of protons but with weight add neutrons.
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What are the 4 basic elements of life? and the 2 trace elements ones are ?
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Hydrogen , oxygen, carbon, nitrogen.
Traces are phosporous and sulfur |
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How many electrons are possible in the 1st inner shell?
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2 electrons
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How many possible electrons are possible in valence shells?
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8 or 4 pairs. Thus 2 possible electrons or one pair in inner shell and the rest are 8 or 4 pairs known as valence shells.
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What is the octet rule?
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Spaces are filled by electrons in valence shells and must have be leaders before they are paired.
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What are cations and anions?
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Cations are positive +
Anions are negative - |
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What are the PH levels scale?
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1-7 acid
7 neutral 7-14 basic |
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What is the basic ph of human blood?
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7.4 + or - 5
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How does ABC help you determine measures of PH scale?
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If they are
A= acceptors B= Bases C= Cations then they are basic (alkaline) |
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What is another word for basic?
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ALKALINE
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What is the difference dehydration between hydrolysis?
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Dehydration is the removal of water and hydrolysis is the adding water
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When you hear the end word lysis what is the enzyme or step doing?
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LYSIS is rupture or breaking apart
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What is enzyme?
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catalyst for reactions
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What is the difference dehydration between hydrolysis?
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Dehydration is the removal of water and hydrolysis is the adding water
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There are 20 amino acids and the order they are arranged determines the protein.
T or F |
TRUE
There are 20 amino acids and the order they are arranged determines the protein. |
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Summarize carbohydrates. (building blocks or monomer, polymer, examples)
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1. Cn(H20)n or simple sugars
2. Polysaccharide and glycosidic acid 3. Glycogen, starch, cellulose, peptidoglycen |
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Summarize proteins. (building blocks or monomer, polymer, examples)
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1) 20 amino acids
2) peptide bonds, polypeptide 3) enzymes, hormones, antibodies, structures (peptidoglycen) * can be denatured by heat, acid, or salt |
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Summarize nucleic acid. (building blocks or monomer, polymer, examples)
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1) Nucleotide (S carbon sugar) needs phosphate group, sugar and Base
2. DNA RNA 3. ATP -> ADP -> ATP ->ADP etc. chromosomes (genetic material) ribosomes, messenger RNA (copy of gene) and transfer RNA (protein synthesis) |
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Summarize lipids. (building blocks or monomer, polymer, examples)
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1) glycerols + 1,2,3 fatty acids
2) phospholipids 3) membranes and cholesterol (fat base) |
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What do protein chains (polypeptide chains) have for primary structure?
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Ammonia (NH2) and Carboxyl Group (O=C-OH)
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What do protein chains (polypeptide chains) have for secondary structure?
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1) regular helices or
2) pleats |
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What do protein chains (polypeptide chains) have for Tertiary structure?
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Disulfide bonds and hydrogen bonds between amino acids and polypeptide chain
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What do protein chains (polypeptide chains) have for quartenery structure?
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two or more polypeptide chain
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What determined the final shape of proteins?
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Amino Acids (20 of them)
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What are substrates?
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Substrates are the ones that are affected by enzymes, hormones, and other proteins
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What is the lock and key method for enzymes?
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Key is subtrate and locks are enzyme.
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What is allosteric inhibition?
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Occurs when imbalance occurs. It alters active site on enzyme (key) and inhibitor changes lock shape so subtrate (key) no longer fits.
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Summarize regulatory molecule that changes the active site (key hole) on enzyme (lock)?
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Noncompetitive inhibitor on allosteric site changes shape so subtrate no longer fits on active site
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Denaturation is unraveling the protein shape and renders it non functional. And what else causes protein denaturation?
Tor F |
TRUE
high heat low ph high salt concentration allosteric inhibition (temporary change) |
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What are the 5 nucleotides and what is the difference in DNA and RNA
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DNA (A-T G-C)
Adenine and Thymine Guanine and Cynine RNA (A-U G-C) Adenine and Uracil Guanine and Cynine |
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What are the names of fatty tails that have one tail?
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Monoglyceride
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What are the name of fatty tails that have two tails?
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diclyceride
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What are the name of fatty tails that have 3 tails?
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triglycerides
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What is the difference between saturated and non saturated fatty acids?
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no double or triple bonds on fatty tail is saturated.
Kink or double bond is unsaturated. |
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What is hydrophilic?
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water loving
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What is hydrophobic?
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water hating
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Summarize Plasma Membranes (PM)?
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1) maintain integrity of the cell
2) provide protection of external environment 3) selective permeabilty 4) anchor for filamentous appendages in prokaryotes 5)plays a role in energy production 6) Studded with protein for transport, signal receptors and adhesion. |
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What gets in plasma membranes?
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Water, gases,small non polar molecules
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T or F
Proteins move freely within membranes |
True
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What is Osmosis? (*hint Club Osmosis)
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Net movement of water from a solution of lesser solute concentration to one of greater solute concentration across a membrane which is more permeable to water than to the soluble molecules. low to high
*in Club Osmosis- everyone wants to go to the crowd* |
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What happens to cell when its hypotonic?
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Cell gets FAT
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What happens to cell when its hypertonic?
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Cell becomes Skinny
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What happens to cell when its isotonic?
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Cell is equilibriated
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G+ are subsceptible to what (2 things)?
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1) Lysozyme- digests disaccharide in peptidoglycan
2)Penicillin- inhibits synthesis of peptidoglycan (G- has less layers but has another membrane layer) |
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T or F
Age DOES NOT Lysozyme? |
FALSE
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Where do we find phospates?
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ATP, nuecleotides, phospholipids, etc.
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Summarize simple diffusion?
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Net movement of molecules down the concentration gradient (from high to low)
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Summarize facilitated diffusion?
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Aided diffusion and only down the concentration gradient (uncommon in bacteria and usually in glucose)
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Summarize active transport?
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Against the concentration gradient and requires energy common in bacteria.
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Which diffusion is considered passive transport?
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Simple diffusion, and facilitated diffusion which does not require energy.
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T or F
Phospholipid Bilayers are common to all cells |
True
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Summarize peptidoglycan?
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1) Sugar and protein and unique only to bacteria cell walls.
2) shaped like a weave and completely permeable 3) had rows of simple sugars connected by chains of amino acids. Sugars are NAG- NAM and peptide bonds tetrapeptide side chain and peptide cross bridges 3) |
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If we mention teichoic acid or lipoteichoic acid , is it referring to gram positive or negative walls?
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Gram positive + cell wall.
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How many cell wall layers do gram + and gram - have?
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Gram + have 25 layers
Gram - have 1 layers |
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T or F
In the cell wall (gram +)teichioc and lipo teichoic acids anchors it all to protein membranes. |
True
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Summarize LPS (liposaccharide)
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LPS (liposaccharide)
sits in outer membane with sugar outside and fat inside and causes indo toxic shock- |
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Summarize the gram - (negative) cell wall.
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1) its like sandwhich phospholipid bilayer + peptidoglycan + peptidoglycan with perilasm as mayo in between the inner and outer membrane
2) 1st bilayer have porein protein that are different than transport proteins and LPS (lipopolysaccharide *cause of indo toxic shock) - looks like sperm with head digging in 3) inner membrane has transport proteins 4) in between outer and inner membrane is periplasm with the peptidoglycan |
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In gram stains- what colors differentiate gram + (positive) and gram - (negative)?
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Blue/ Violet gram positive
Pink gram Negative |
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What are the steps in Gram Stains?
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1) Primary Stain (Huckers Crystal Violet)
2) Mordant (Gram's Iodine) *thickens crystal violet so that they cannot excape and g+ retains crystal violet color 3) Decolorizer (Alcohol) *tightens peptidoglycen 4) Counterstain (Safranin) |
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What are the 3 features of light microscopy?
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1)magnification
2) contrast light adjustment 3) clarity or resolution |
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Cells are stained
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1) increase visibility and contrast
2) differentiate between cells 3) highlight structures |
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Where are young cells located in g+ bacteria?
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Outer portion of AGAR
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As a G+ cell ages and the cell wall degrades, and how might that affect its staining property?
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Old g+ leakier and behaves and looks like a g- (pink stain)
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What are the 3 domains of life and its 2 cell structures?
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Prokarya, Archae, and Eukarya
and the two cell structures are gram + (positive) and gram - (negative) |
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What is the relative size and difference of bacterial and eukaryotic cells?
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Prokayotic cells are 1-10 microns
and Eukaryotes are 10-100 microns |
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Summarize multicellular arrangements? pairs, chains, packets, and clusters
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1) Pair (diplococci, diplobacilli)
2) Chains (streptococci, streptobacilli) 3) Packets (Sarcinae) 4) Clusters (Staphylococci) |
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Summarize the cell structures of Prokaryotes?
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1) no membrane bound organelles or nucleus
2) Dna is double stranded helix, circular, supercoiled 3) Bonded by hydrogen |
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T or F
Gross colonial morphology means seeing the color of the cell with the naked eye |
T or F
Gross colonial morphology means seeing the SHAPE of the cell with the naked eye |
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Summarize the morphology (shape of bacteria) that is round like a circle?
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Circle-
COCCUS |
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Summarize the morphology (shape of bacteria) that is round like a ROD?
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Rod
BACILLUS |
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Summarize the morphology (shape of bacteria) that is round like a a short roundish Pellet?
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short roundish pellet
COCCOBACILLUS |
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Summarize the morphology (shape of bacteria) that is round like a Bendy (x1 curve) Rod?
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Bendy (x1 curve) Rod
VIBRIO |
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Summarize the morphology (shape of bacteria) that is round like a long rod with more than one curve?
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long rod with more than one curve
SPIRILLUM |
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Summarize the morphology (shape of bacteria) that is round like a long twisty rod?
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long twisty rod
SPIROCHETE |
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What is the role of Ribosomes?
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Protein Synthesis
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T or F
Animal cells have cell walls |
False
No animal cells have cell walls |
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T or F
Peptidoglycen does not exist in Eukaryotes. |
True
Peptidoglycen does not exist in eukaryotes but it is still called cell walls. |
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Summarize Glycocalyx
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1) External to cell wall
2) Sticky polysaccharide coat Its a capsule, slime layer, diffused and irregular looking 3) Its function is to protect against of phagocytosis and enables cell attachement, *glycocalyx surrounds cell for protection for stickness. |
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T or F
Capsules resist stains. |
True
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T or F
An example of slime layer is dental plaque |
True
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Summarize Prokaryotes: Filamentous Appendages
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1) Fimbrae attached to protein hook
2) anchored in both plasma membrane and cell walls 3) It is powered by proton pumps withing plasma membranes powered by proton motive forces that creates own energy (ATP) for power |
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What are the functions of Prokaryotes: Filamentous Appendages?
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1) Flagella = motility
2) Pili = Attachement and DNA transfer 3) Fimbriae = Attachement |
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Summarize the 3 parts of the filamentous Appendages?
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1) Filament (curved) helicopter motion
2) Hook (bendy hook) 3) Anchor or basal body (in PM and is powered by a proton pump) |
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What is chemotaxis?
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The movement of bacterium towards or away from chemical stimuli.
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What is the Flaggelar arrangement Monotrichous ?
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Monotrichous
ONE FLAGELLA |
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What is the Flaggelar Amphitrichous ?
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Amphitichous
TWO FLAGELLAR IN BOTH ENDS |
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What is the Flaggelar arrangement Lophotrichous?
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Lophotrichous
ONE END MULTIPLE FLAGELLA |
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What is the Flaggelar arrangement Petrichous?
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Peritrichous
MULTIPLE FLAGELLA SURROUND CELL |
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What is the Flaggelar arrangement Axial Filaments ?
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Axial Filaments
Flagella anchored at end; Spiral around cell; rotate causing corkscrew motion |
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In Flagella Stains we utilize what to thicken flagella for staining and viewing?
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We utilize Mordant to thicken flagella until visible under Leifson's Flagella Stain.
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Summarize Bacterial Inclusions
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1)concentrations within the cytoplasm (not membrane bound)
2) Various types found in bacteria 3) metachromatic granules (volutin) are reserves of inorganic phosphates for use in synthesis of biological molecules of growth. 4) metachromasy- more acidic than the rest of the cytoplasm and it reacts differently to the dyes |
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Where does ribosomes synthesis occurs in Eukaryotic cell?
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In nucleolus
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How many layers does the nucleus have?
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It has two diphosphid bi layer
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What are chromatins?
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Free floating cells in cytoplasm awaiting mitosis.
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T or F
Eukaryotic cells are fibrous and the acting filaments can be found in muscles as well that helps maintain strength |
True
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In Eukaryotes; Flagella and Cilia are?
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1) Functions is motility
2) Uses ATP from mitochondria 3)Originate within the cell 4) Covered with plasma membrane along the entire length like sperm. *Cilia is a shorter flagella* |
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Summarize mitochondria and chloroplasts.
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1) its size and shape is like a bean
2)Circular DNA 3)70S ribosomes 4) Independant reproduction by binary fission 5)Energy production factory * has inner and outer membrane and matrix and cristae (like a cross) |
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What are endosymbiotic theory?
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Mitochondria which has bacterial properties became a part of eukaryotic cells 2.5 billion years ago.
*chloroplasts have both mitochondria and chloroplasts for energy. |
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Summarizes endosphore: unique to bacteria (not a form of cell division).
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1) Highly resistant
2) Sporulation- process by which a vegetative cells becomes an edosphore 3) Germination- process by which endosphores becomes a vegetative cell (can mutlpily) *stains malachite green * usually makes in soil and usually only Bacillus and Clostridium |
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What is sporulation?
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Vegetative cell to endospores
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What is Germination?
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Endospores into vegetative cells.
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T or F
Endospores are a form of cell division. |
FALSE
Endospores are unique to bacteria and are NOT a form of cell division |
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What color is endospores in a differential stain and negative stain ?
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Endospores are green and mother cells are pink in differential stain and in negative stains endosphores are white.
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T or F
Waxes are lipids and non polar. |
True
Mycrobacteria has myxolic acid which is a wax and are lipids and non polar. |
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There are special stains for certain cells that use heat to fice into some cells. What are these two stains?
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1) Acid Fast Stain- differential in Mycobacteria (FUSIA color using carbolfusion dye causes TB)
2) Schaeffer Fulton- differential for endospores (2 dyes green endosphores and pink mother cells) |
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What is an ascospores?
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Fungal Yeast saccharomuces cerevisiae
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Summarize the difference in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes in size?
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Prokayotes: .2 - 10 microns
Eukaryotes: 10-100 microns |
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Summarize the difference in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes in cell envelope?
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Prokayotes: .plasma membrane, cell wall glycocalyx
Eukaryotes: PM, cell wall/envelope (only in fungi and plants), glycocalyx, cholesterol (imparts strength and fluidity) |
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Summarize the difference in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes in Cell wall structure?
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Prokayotes: .g+, g- (peptidoglycen) wall less, mycolic acid
Eukaryotes: no peptidoglycen |
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Summarize the difference in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes in chromosomes?
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Prokayotes: .single, circular, supercoiled
Eukaryotes: linear, multiples, organized around histomes (spools) |
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Summarize the difference in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes in organelles?
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Prokayotes: .no membrane bound
Eukaryotes: many membrane bound |
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Summarize the difference in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes in DNA?
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Prokayotes: .cytoplasm, loosely called nucleoid
Eukaryotes: nucleus, double walled/membranes, pores |
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Summarize the difference in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes in cytoskeleton?
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Prokayotes: no cytoskeleton
Eukaryotes: has cytoskeletons and gives shape and internal transport |
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Summarize the difference in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes in size?
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Prokayotes: .2 - 10 microns
Eukaryotes: 10-100 microns |
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Summarize the difference in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes in flagella?
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Prokayotes: .extracellular (outside PM), Function motility using proton motor force, Fimbria for attachement only
Eukaryotes: intracellular has cilia (shorter flagella) for mobility, uses ATP from mitochondria |
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Summarize the difference in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes in mitochondria?
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Prokayotes: None
Eukaryotes: YES ATP synthesis, double membrane |
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Summarize the difference in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes in Chromosomes?
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Prokaryotes: 70S
Eukaryotes: 80S |
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Summarize the difference in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes in cell division?
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Prokaryotes:binary division results in two indentical cells
Eukaryotes:1) mitosis- body cells divide and 2) meiosis- sexual reproduction resulting in gametes |
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T or F
Enzymes changes in reactions |
FALSE
Enzymes remains unchanged in reaction |
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Catabolism + Anabolism =
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Catabolism + Anabolism = Metabolism
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Summarize anabolism
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Anabolism (energy giver)
Anabolic reactions transfer energy from ATP to complex molecules ATP -> complex = ADP + P |
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Summarize catabolism
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CATABOLISM (Energy Maker)
catabolic reactions transfer energy from complex molecules to ATP Complex -> simple = ATP |
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Summarize Oxidation
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Oxidation
when a molecule loses and electron and loss hydrogen using oxidizing agent and are often called dehydrations. |
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Summarize Reduction
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Oxidation
when a molecule gains an electron and gains hydrogen using reduction agent and are often called hydrations. |
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What are the 3 ways to make ATP?
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1) Substrate- level phosphorylation (using the environment)
2) Oxidative Phosphorulation (sugar) 3) Photophosphorylation |
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What is the enzyme responsible for ATP synthesis?
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ATP synthase
ADP + P = ATP |
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Catabolic and anabolic reactions that can do both are what?
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AMPHIBOLIC
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During Pathways of prokaryotic glucose catabolism: what are the two types of respiration?
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Areobic- oxygen is final acceptor
Anaerobic- inorganic nitrate or sulfate is final acceptors. |
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During Pathways of prokaryotic glucose catabolism: what is the other type catabolism in the absence of oxygen but not anaerobic respiration?
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Fermentation; (no O2 present)
in the absence of oxygen and various organic molecules are final electron acceptors |
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During Pathways of prokaryotic glucose catabolism: what is the subtrate of choice and is the product to be used for the next reaction?
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GLUCOSE
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T or F
E.Coli can use both respiration and fermentation catabolism. |
TRUE
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What is glycolysis?
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Breaking down of glucose
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Proton pumps create and electrochemical gradient across a plasma membrane. This movement is known as?
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CHEMIOSMOSIS
*protons release energy as they move down the gradient throught the channel created by ATP synthase |
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What are the two chemiosmosis powers?
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1. oxidative phosphoroliation
2. Bacterial Flagella (proton motive force in flagella) |
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Where does the Krebs Cycle and the ETC takes place in eukaryotic prokaryotic take place?
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In prokayotes- Mitochondrial Matrix and Etc inner membrane
In Eukaryotes- ETC in plasma membrance everything else occurs in cytoplasm. |
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What goes in and out in stage 1 Glycolysis? (*hint PAN)
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In= Glucose
Out= (PAN) 2 Pyruvate 2 ATP 2 NADH |
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What goes in and out in stage 2 Krebs Cycle Proper? (*hint PANC)
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In= (PANC) 2 Pyruvates
Out= 2 Acetyl Coa 2 NADH 2 Co2 |
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What goes in and out in stage 3 Krebs Cycle Proper? (*hint AANFC)
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In= (AANFC) 2 Acetyl Coa
Out= 2 ATP 6 NADH 2 FADH 4 Co2 |
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What goes in and out in stage 4 Electron Transport Chain? (*hint Add everything with two exceptions)
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IN= (NF) 10 NADH
2 FADH Out= 34 + 4 -> 38 ATP 6 H20 in ETC everything in stage 3 Krebs Cycle Proper goes IN and we get 6 H20 and 34 ATP |
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cut
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el corte, la incisión, la cortadura
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