Micro E 1

Front 1

Difference gram - and gram+

Back 1

Hint 1

Gram negative: Notice Lipid A is endotoxin, and LPS-- large molecules penetrate the outer membrane of gram neg. bacteria relatively slowly which accounts for relatively high antibiotic resistance.

Gram positive: notice teichoic acid embedded in cell walls

Front 2

Transposons, transposable elements “jumping genes”

Back 2

have 2 characteristics:

1) Inverted repeat (IR): on both sides reading 5’ to 3’ (all polymerases read in a 5’ to 3’ direction)
2) A coding for transposase – an enzyme that cuts itself out of the sequence, and the whole thing gets injected somewhere else… maybe a plasmid.

Front 3

Archaea

Back 3

have pseudopeptidoglycan and S- layer (not regular peptidoglycan). Lysozyme cannot break beta 1,3 linkages from archaea. We have no defense, fortunately they don’t cause disease.
Lysozyme can break down the beta 1,4 peptidoglycan linkages in bacteria.

Front 4

steps of gram stain

Back 4

Front 5

Negative stain technique

Back 5

Front 6

Differences between exotoxins and endotoxins

Back 6