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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What kind of gland is the liver?
What developmental layer does it arise from? |
Compound tubular
It arises from an epithelial bud of the endoderm in the primitive gut. The epithelial bud becomes the parenchyma, or hepatocytes. The mesenchymal tissue surrounding the bud becomes vasculature surrounding the organ. |
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What are the five liver functions?
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Synthesis, secretion, excretion, biotransformation, and metabolism.
Plasma proteins, clotting factors, sugars, lipids, urea and ketone bodies are all synthesized in the liver. It secretes bile salts and bile acids, and excretes bile pigments. It metabolizes lipids, lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates. |
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Define hepatic lobule
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A portal area around a central vein.
Many of them make up a lobe. |
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What is a portal triad?
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The bile duct, portal vein, and hepatic arteries clustering at the points of the hexagons.
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Describe the different cells covering the liver.
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The lobules are covered by loose connective tissue.
The fibrous capsule around the liver is dense irregular connective tissue with elastic fibers. This is covered with mesothelial cells. |
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What is the eponymous name for fixed, stellate macrophages?
Where are they located? |
von Kupffer cells.
They are located on endothelial cells. |
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What else are fat storage cells called?
What do they store? What do they produce? Where are they located? |
Ito cells
They store vitamin A They produce reticular fibers, hepatocyte growth factor. They are located in the perisinusoidal space. |
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What is the eponymous name for the perisinusoidal space?
What is located within them? |
The space of Disse
Fat storage cells are located within them. |
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What connective tissue is between the hepatocytes?
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Reticular connective tissue.
Scant in all species. It is confined to parts of the perisinusoidal space. |
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What do you call the connection point between two hepatocytes?
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The bile canaliculi. Made of invaginations of the hepatocyte.
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What is the relationship between hepatocytes and sinusoids?
***NEED TO KNOW*** |
Every hepatocyte touches a sinusoid, at least in one place.
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What is in the perisinusoidal spaces of the liver?
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Cells, reticular fibers, hepatocyte microvilli
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Into what do the sinusoids empty?
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The central vein
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What is a unique feature of liver cell anatomy?
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Binucleate cells. This is indicative of these cells regenerative nature.
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What do bile canaliculi feed into? What type of epithelium lines them?
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They feed into biliary (or intralobular) ductules then interlobular bile ducts (part of the portal triad), then intrahepatic, extrahepatic ducts.
The epithelium is simple squamous in the canaliculi, then becomes cuboidal in the interlobular ducts and even columnar as the ducts get larger, in intrahepatic bile duct. |
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Where are the bile canaliculi located?
What is another name for the biliary ductules? What are the interlobular bile ducts a part of? |
Between hepatocytes.
Biliary ductules are also called intralobular bile ducts. The interlobular bile ducts are a part of the portal triad. |
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What four things make up the portal canal?
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Interlobular CT, portal triad, nerves, small lymphatic vessels.
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What is contained within the portal triad?
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Hepatic artery, hepatic portal vein, interlobular bile duct.
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Do the nerves in the portal canal go into the lobules?
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No.
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Which blood source flowing into the liver provides the most volume?
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Hepatic artery - 20% - oxygen-rich
Hepatic portal vein - 80% - nutrient-rich, oxygen-poor (why compromised blood supply to the liver is so dangerous) |
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Describe the path of blood draining from the central vein to the caudal vena cava. (two steps in between)
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central vein to sublobar veins to hepatic veins to caudal vena cava.
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Are the nerve fibers of the liver primarily myelinated or nonmyelinated?
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Nonmyelinated.
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What are the three concepts of liver lobules?
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Classical or morphological - six sided around the central vein focused on blood and bile flows. Center is central vein, corners are portal triads.
Portal or secretory - triangular shaped around the central vein focused on bile flow. Hepatic acinus or vascular - diamond shaped from portal triads to central vein describing oxygenation - peripheral, intermediate, centrolobular. |
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Why would hypoxic animals show necrosis around the center vein?
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As described by the hepatic acinus or vascular concept of the liver, the least oxygenated blood is in the centrolobular area nearest to the central vein.
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What type of WBC is predominantly seen in hepatitis?
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Neutrophils
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What are the four histological layers of the gall bladder? (tunica and that jazz)
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The simple columnar epithelium.
The lamina propria-submucosa. The tunica muscularis (smooth). The tunica serosa. |
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What are the functions of the gall bladder?
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To store, concentrate, acidify, and deliver bile to the duodenum.
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What is the gall bladder a diverticulum of?
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The common bile duct.
Which is itself a diverticulum of the primitive gut. |
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Describe the path of bile into and out of the gall bladder.
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Into: hepatic ducts to common hepatic duct to cystic duct to gall bladder.
Out of: cystic duct to (maybe common hepatic duct to) common bile duct to duodenum. |
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What is the effect of cholecystokinin on the gall bladder?
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It causes the smooth muscle of the gall bladder to contract and the sphincter of the common bile duct to relax letting bile into the duodenum.
Release is stimulated by food entering the mouth. |
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What species don't have gall bladders? (she mentioned five)
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Horse, rat, camelids, deer, pigeons
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The gall bladder mucosa of dogs and ruminants look very similar, what is the difference?
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The tunica mucosa is so folded that the invaginations look like simple glands, but dogs and cats don't have glands in their gall bladder, whereas ruminants do.
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What surface modifications does the lamina epithelialis mucosa of the gall bladder have?
What type of epithelium is it? |
A microvilli brush border and goblet cells.
It is simple columnar epithelium. |
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What is the tunica serosa of the gall bladder lined by?
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Mesothelial cells.
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What is the difference between the clear cells and dark cells in the gall bladder?
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The clear cells are goblet cells. The dark cells are the processing cells doing the concentrating.
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