Micro Cumulative Study Final Test#1

Front 1

Developed Small pox immunization

Back 1

Edward Jenner

Front 2

Sought a "magic bullet" to destroy pathogen

Back 2

Paul Ehrlich

Front 3

Discovered penicllin

Back 3

Alexander Flemming

Front 4

Pioneered aseptic surgery

Back 4

Joseph Lister

Front 5

Father of Epidemiology (cholera in London)

Back 5

John Snow

Front 6

Pioneered asepsis by discovering that handwashing prevented streptococcal infections in obstetric patients

Back 6

Ignaz Semmelweis

Front 7

Pioneered cultivation of bacteria on solid media

Back 7

Robert Koch

Front 8

Disproved the theory of spontaneous generation of microorganisms with swan neck flasks

Back 8

Louis Pasteur

Front 9

First person to see bacteria

Back 9

Antoni Leeuwenhoek

Front 10

Disproved the theory of spontaneous generation of flies from meat (father of scientific method)

Back 10

Francesco Redi

Front 11

Which of the following microorganisms is noted for its variety of locomotive structures?

Back 11

protozoa

Front 12

Fungi:

Back 12

can be yeasts, are eurkaryotic, and can be molds

Front 13

The person who proposed that all celular life belongs to one of 3 domains (bacteria, archaea, eukaryea) based upon RNA sequence is...

Back 13

Karl Woese

Front 14

Which would a typical cell membrane be least permeable?

Back 14

Hydrogen H+ ion

Front 15

Which of the following organisms are responsible for red tides involved in shell fish poisoning?

Back 15

algae

Front 16

short, numerous, non-motile projections used for adherence

Back 16

fimbriae

Front 17

Made of tubulin in eukaryotes

Back 17

flagella

Front 18

Responsible for motility in spirochetes

Back 18

axial filaments

Front 19

Central role in conjugation

Back 19

pili

Front 20

Means "sugar-cup"; most often composed of polysaccharides

Back 20

Glycocalyx

Front 21

The endosymbiotic theory explains its presence in the cell

Back 21

mitochondrion

Front 22

Composed of RNA and protein; role in protein synthesis

Back 22

ribosomes

Front 23

Polysaccharide chains crosslinked by short peptides.

Back 23

peptidoglycan

Front 24

The main permeability barrier of the cell.

Back 24

Cell membrane

Front 25

Resting structure built for survival in harsh conditions

Back 25

endospore

Front 26

All of the following statements concerning prokaryotic flagella are TRUE EXCEPT:

Back 26

composed of tubulin

Front 27

Which of the following terms is not associated with bacterial cell walls?

Back 27

Chitin

Front 28

Gram + or Gram neg.,BOTH or acid fast?
Teichoic acids

Back 28

Gram + bacteria only

Front 29

Gram + or Gram neg.,BOTH or acid fast?
Glycopolysaccharide

Back 29

Gram - bacteria only

Front 30

Gram + or Gram neg.,BOTH or acid fast?
Peptidoglycan

Back 30

Gram +, Gram -, and Acid Fast

Front 31

Gram + or Gram neg.,BOTH or acid fast?
Will appear blue after an acid-fast stain

Back 31

Gram + and Gram -

Front 32

Cells of the genus mycoplasma lack which of the following?

Back 32

cell wall

Front 33

A red blood cell is placed in a hypertonic solution

Back 33

crenation

Front 34

An RBC is placed in hypotonic solution

Back 34

swell, then burst (lysis)

Front 35

A plant cell is placed in hypertonic solution

Back 35

plasmolysis

Front 36

A plant cell is placed into hypotonic solution

Back 36

Nothing happens

Front 37

An RBC is placed in isotonic solution

Back 37

Nothing happens

Front 38

An object measures .5 micrometers. This is equivalent to...

Back 38

500 nm

Front 39

Empty magnification results from

Back 39

increasing magnification without increasing the resolution

Front 40

Gram + or Gram neg.,BOTH or acid fast?
Mycolic Acids

Back 40

Acid fast bacteria only

Front 41

Gram + or Gram neg.,BOTH or acid fast?
Lipid A

Back 41

Gram - bacteria only

Front 42

Assume a bacterial cell has established a proton gradient, when this gradient is used to power transport of lactose into the cell, the process is most correctly termed

Back 42

symport

Front 43

Which of the following microscopes is capable of generating a 3D image of a specimen

Back 43

Scanning electron

Front 44

What color?
Gram + cells immediately following the primary stain

Back 44

purple

Front 45

What color?
Gram - cells immediately following decolorization

Back 45

colorless

Front 46

What color?
Gram - cells immediately following the primary stain

Back 46

Purple

Front 47

What color?
Gram + cells immediately following the counterstain

Back 47

Purple

Front 48

Malachite green is associated with which of the following staining procedures?

Back 48

Endospore stain

Front 49

The reason the visible light is relatively limited in its usefulness for microscopy is...

Back 49

its wavelength is too long to enable high resolution of images

Front 50

Most stains that stain bacteria well are classified as..

Back 50

basic

Front 51

THe molecule upon which an enzyme acts is known as its

Back 51

substrate

Front 52

What system?
Glucose goes in; pyruvate, ATP, and NADH come out

Back 52

glycolysis

Front 53

What system?
Acetyl CoA goes in; NADH, FADH, and GTP come out

Back 53

krebs cycle

Front 54

What system?
Hydrogen Atom "juicing" ; a proton gradient is formed

Back 54

electron transport

Front 55

What system?
Lactic acid is produced

Back 55

fermentation

Front 56

What system?
Fatty Acids are broken down, 2 carbons at a time

Back 56

beta oxidation

Front 57

What system?
Consists of cytochromes and iron sulfur proteins,

Back 57

Electron transport

Front 58

Ethyl Alcohol is produced

Back 58

fermentation

Front 59

Carbon Dioxide is, or can be, a biproduct of which of the following?

Back 59

the Krebs Cycle and Fermentation

Front 60

The synthesis of Acetyl CoA from pyruvate is a bridge step between which two pathways?

Back 60

glycolysis and the Krebs cycle

Front 61

Net ATP by lactic acid bacterium (they can only perform this fermentation)

Back 61

2

Front 62

Net ATP (aerobic bacterium) from substrate level phosphorylation only

Back 62

4

Front 63

Net ATP from oxidative phosphorylation only ( in most eurkaryotic cells)

Back 63

32

Front 64

The number of ethanol molecules produced during fermentation

Back 64

2

Front 65

The number of phosphates in ATP

Back 65

3

Front 66

The number of fatty acids in a phospholipid

Back 66

2

Front 67

The number of CO2 molecules released from the complete oxidation of one pyruvate molecule

Back 67

3

Front 68

The number of mitochondrial protons required to produce one ATP in the cytoplasm

Back 68

4

Front 69

The number of ATP equivalents produced from one turn of the Krebs Cycle starting with Acetyl CoA

Back 69

12

Front 70

Proteins are polymers of

Back 70

amino acids

Front 71

Anaerobic respiration differs from aerobic respiration in..

Back 71

the nature of the terminal electron receptor

Front 72

The primary purpose of the Krebs Cycle is to..

Back 72

remove H atoms from organic compounds and place them onto NAD and FAD

Front 73

Catalase

Back 73

is one of the fastest enzymes known

Front 74

NAD and FAD are most correctly classified as..

Back 74

hydrogen atom carriers

Front 75

Most bacterial capsules are composed of..

Back 75

polysaccharide

Front 76

Blood agar to which antibiotics inhibitory to gram - bacteria have been added is..

Back 76

selective, differential, and complex

Front 77

A fatty acid containing 16 carbons is metabolized for energy by an aerobic bacterium, what is the total net number of ATP equivalents that this fatty acid is

Back 77

129

Front 78

On couplers of oxidative phosphorylation;

Back 78

do not effect electron flow, act by dissipating the proton gradient, are hydrophobic substances like dinitral phenol and dicumarol

Front 79

Chemoheterotroph
Energy source?

Back 79

energy source: organic compounds

Front 80

Chemoheterotroph
Carbon source?

Back 80

carbon source: organic compounds

Front 81

Photoautotroph
Energy Source?

Back 81

energy source: light

Front 82

Photoautotroph
Carbon Source?

Back 82

carbon source: CO2

Front 83

Which of the following ingredients is characteristic of a complex medium?

Back 83

Beef Extract

Front 84

How many times more acid is a tomato (pH=4.3), than blood (pH=7.3)

Back 84

1000X

10 x 10 x 10 = 1000 X's

Front 85

Capnophiles grow best in

Back 85

high concentrations of CO2

Front 86

Forty organisms with the generation time of 20 minutes, are allowed to multiply for 6 hours. How many organisms are present?

Back 86

1.05 * 10^7

Front 87

One organism develops into 1.07 * 10^9 organisms in 6 hours. What is the generation time?

Back 87

12 minutes

Front 88

During the lag phase, organisms are...

Back 88

synthesizing necessary enzymes

Front 89

Water activity of a substance is lowered by...

Back 89

adding salt, adding sugar, removing water

Front 90

For a mesophile, the optimum temperature for an organism is..

Back 90

always closer to its maximum then it's minimum

Front 91

TEST TUBES
Evenly spread out

Back 91

Aerotolerant anaerobe

Front 92

TEST TUBES
All clumped on bottom

Back 92

obligate anaerobe

Front 93

TEST TUBES
Floating in a clump toward top

Back 93

Microaerophile

Front 94

TEST TUBES
Most clumped on top, but spreads out all the way to bottom

Back 94

facultative aerobes

Front 95

Halophiles require

Back 95

increase salt

Front 96

Match enzyme to each activity:
2(H2O2) goes to >>>>> 2(H2O) + 02

Back 96

Catalase

Front 97

Match enzyme to each activity:
H2O2 + NADH + H goes to >>>>> 2(H2O) + NAD

Back 97

peroxidase

Front 98

Match enzyme to each activity:
O2 + O2 + 4H goes to>>>>> 2(H2O2)

Back 98

Superoxide dismutase

Front 99

Petri dishes, agar, and staining originated in his lab

Back 99

Robert Koch

Front 100

Discovered streptomycin; coined term "antibiotic"

Back 100

Selman Waksman

Front 101

First to propose the concept of spontaneous generation

Back 101

Aristotle

Front 102

Prevented surgical infections by using mists of phenol

Back 102

Joseph Lister

Front 103

Father of epidemiology (cholera in London)

Back 103

John Snow

Front 104

Pioneered asepsis by discovering that hand washing prevented puerperal fever in obstetric patients

Back 104

Ignaz Semmelweis

Front 105

Developed the first differential strain of bacteria

Back 105

Christian Gram

Front 106

Developed the first rabies vaccine

Back 106

Louis Pasteur

Front 107

First person to see bacteria

Back 107

Antoni Leeuwenhoek

Front 108

Developed the first sulfa drug (prontosil) in late 1930's

Back 108

Gerhard Domagk

Front 109

Which of the following microorganisms is classified by the types of spores it produces?

Back 109

Fungi

Front 110

The archaea are an example of which of the following types of microbes?

Back 110

Prokaryotes

Front 111

Numerous, short bristle-like projections important in biofilms

Back 111

Fimbriae

Front 112

The rigid and strong part of the bacterial cell wall

Back 112

Peptidoglycan

Front 113

Responsible for motility in spirochetes

Back 113

Axial filaments

Front 114

Have a central role in conjugation

Back 114

pili

Front 115

A highly formed glycocalyx, firmly attached to the cell

Back 115

Capsule

Front 116

80s in eukaryotes; 70s in prokaryotes

Back 116

Ribosomes

Front 117

One of two organelles explained by the endosymbiotic theory

Back 117

Chloroplasts

Front 118

Can be monotrichous, amphitrichous, or peritrichous

Back 118

Flagella

Front 119

Composed of phospholipids and protein

Back 119

Cell membrane

Front 120

Very dehydrated and almost ametabolic; survival stage

Back 120

Endospore

Front 121

A photosynthetic bacterium moving toward a light source would:

Back 121

-Tumble less
-have longer runs

Front 122

Gram + or Gram neg.,BOTH or acid fast?
Teichoic Acids

Back 122

Gram-positive bacteria only

Front 123

Gram + or Gram neg.,BOTH or acid fast?
Lipopolysaccharide

Back 123

Gram-negative bacteria only

Front 124

Gram + or Gram neg.,BOTH or acid fast?
Peptidoglycan

Back 124

Gram-negative bacteria, Gram-positive bacteria, and Acid-fast bacteria

Front 125

Gram + or Gram neg.,BOTH or acid fast?
Lipid A

Back 125

Gram-negative bacteria

Front 126

Gram + or Gram neg.,BOTH or acid fast?
Several layers of wax-like lipid

Back 126

Acid-fast bacteria

Front 127

Gram + or Gram neg.,BOTH or acid fast?
Over 90% of the cell wall is peptidoglycan

Back 127

Gram-positive bacteria

Front 128

Which of the following would not be found in a prokaryotic cell?

Back 128

Centrioles

Front 129

An RBC is placed into a hypertonic solution

Back 129

Crenation

Front 130

A bacterial cell is placed into a hypotonic solution

Back 130

Nothing Happens

Front 131

A bacterial cell is placed into a hypertonic solution

Back 131

Plasmolysis

Front 132

An RBC is placed in an isotonic solution

Back 132

Nothing Happens

Front 133

A red blood cell (RBC) is placed in a hypotonic solution

Back 133

Swell then burst (lysis)

Front 134

An object measures 200 μm(micrometers). This is equivalent to:

Back 134

- 0.2 mm
- 0.02 cm
- 200,000 nm

Front 135

Which of the following objective lenses would be least likely found on a typical light microscope?

Back 135

1000x

Front 136

Immersion oil is needed with oil immersion lenses because:

Back 136

- It minimizes light loss due to refraction
- It has the same refractive index as glass
- It increases the numerical aperture

Front 137

All of the following are associated with an electron microscope except:

Back 137

Prism

Front 138

What color?
Gram-positive cells immediately following decolorization

Back 138

Purple

Front 139

What color?
Gram-negative cells immediately following the counter-stain

Back 139

Pink

Front 140

What color?
Gram-negative cells immediately following the mordant

Back 140

Purple

Front 141

Gram-positive cells after all the steps of the Gram stain
What color?

Back 141

Purple

Front 142

The endospore stain and the Gram stain have all the following in common except a:

Back 142

mordant

Front 143

Carl Woese proposed the concept of the 3 domains based upon differences in genes for which cellular molecule?

Back 143

rRNA

Front 144

Which of the following microorganisms is noted for its variety of locomotive structures?

Back 144

Protozoa

Front 145

The reason visible light is relatively limited in its usefulness for microscopy is:

Back 145

Its wavelength is too long to enable very high resolution images

Front 146

All of the following microscopes are limited to magnifications of about 2,000x except:

Back 146

Scanning tunneling

Front 147

Most stains that stain bacteria well are classified as:

Back 147

Basic

Front 148

An organic cofactor for an enzyme is known as a:

Back 148

Coenzyme

Front 149

To which of the following substances would a typical cell membrane be least permeable?

Back 149

Hydrogen ion (H+)

Front 150

What system?
Means "sugar-splitting"

Back 150

Glycolysis

Front 151

What system?
Acetyl Co-A goes in; NADH, FADH2, and GTP come out

Back 151

Krebs cycle

Front 152

What system?
Electrons are passed through membrane proteins, finally to O2

Back 152

Electron transport chain

Front 153

What system?
The 2 pathways that produce carbon dioxide

Back 153

Krebs cycle and fermentation

Front 154

What system?
Acetyl Co-A molecules are generated

Back 154

Beta oxidation

Front 155

What system?
The 2 pathways that are capable of substrate-level phosphorylation

Back 155

Krebs cycle and glycolysis

Front 156

The process exploited most often in the production of foods; many different possible end-products are produced

Back 156

fermentation

Front 157

All of the following are produced routinely during aerobic respiration except:

Back 157

ethyl alcohol

Front 158

Anaerobic respiration differs from aerobic respiration in:

Back 158

the nature of the terminal electron acceptor

Front 159

Which of the following produces NAD+ from NADH?

Back 159

- Fermentation
- The electron transport chain

Front 160

What is Catalase:

Back 160

- Is one of the fastest enzymes known
- Breaks down hydrogen peroxide to form oxygen gas and water
- Is found in bacteria only capable of respiration

Front 161

The number of fatty acids in a common fat?

Back 161

3

Front 162

Net ATP equivalents from the intermediate step only (don't include Acetyl-CoA)

Back 162

6

Front 163

The number of phosphates in ADP

Back 163

2

Front 164

The net ATP equivalents from oxidative phosphorylation only, in an aerobic bacterium

Back 164

34

Front 165

The number of lactic acid molecules produced during fermentation

Back 165

2

Front 166

The total net number of ATP equivalents produced by an aerobic bacterium

Back 166

38

Front 167

Number of ATP equivalents in one NADH molecule

Back 167

3

Front 168

The number of CO2 molecules released from the complete oxidation of one pyruvate molecule

Back 168

3

Front 169

The number of CO2 molecules released from glycolysis

Back 169

0

Front 170

NAD and FAD are:

Back 170

- Dinucleotides
- Essential in respiration
- Hydrogen atom carriers

Front 171

Peritrichous flagellation denotes:

Back 171

numerous flagella all around the cell

Front 172

Chemoautotroph
(energy source)

Back 172

Inorganic Compounds

Front 173

A fatty acid containing 18 carbons is metabolized for energy by an aerobic bacterium. What is the total net number of ATP equivalents that this fatty acid is worth?

Back 173

146

Front 174

Chemoautotroph
(Carbon Source)

Back 174

Carbon Dioxide

Front 175

Photoheterotroph
(energy source)

Back 175

light

Front 176

Photoheterotroph

Back 176

organic compounds

Front 177

Nutrient agar (contains beef extract) to which antibiotics have been added is:

Back 177

-Selective
- Complex

Front 178

Psychrophiles grow best in:

Back 178

The cold

Front 179

Ten organisms with a generation time of 30 minutes are allowed to multiply for 10 hr. How many organisms are present?

Back 179

1.05 x 10^7

Front 180

100 organisms develop into 1.6 million organisms in 4 hours, 40 minutes. What is the generation time?

Back 180

20 mins

Front 181

During the log phase, organisms are:

Back 181

Growing at an optimal rate

Front 182

Water activity of a substance is lowered by:

Back 182

- Adding salt
- Adding sugar
- Removing water

Front 183

For a mesophile, the minimum temperature of an organism is:

Back 183

The temperature below which the organism will not grow

Front 184

H2O2 --> 2H2O + O2

Back 184

Catalase

Front 185

H2O2 + NADH+H --> 2H20 + NAD

Back 185

peroxidase

Front 186

O2- + O2- + 4H+ --> 2H202

Back 186

Superoxide Dismutase

Front 187

Inhibitors of oxidative phosphorylation

Back 187

Stop Electron flow

Front 188

The most accurate way to quantify the number of microbes in a fluid is:

Back 188

Membrane-filtration

Front 189

Glycine betaine, ectoine, sucrose, trehalose, and mannitol are all:

Back 189

compatible solutes

Front 190

Cells of the genus Mycoplasma lack which of the following?

Back 190

A cell wall

Front 191

In an anaerobic jar, which two gasses are produced by the envelpe to which water is added?

Back 191

CO2 and H+

Front 192

Lyophilization is best described as:

Back 192

Freeze Drying