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78 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Connective and supportive tissue arrise from which of the following: endoderm, mesoderm, or ectoderm
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mesoderm
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The basic 4 functions of connective tissue include
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structural support
defense mechanism delivery/storage of nutrients repair |
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Structurally connective tissue cells are (close/far apart) and separated by lots of ____
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far apart separated by lots of intercellular material
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What are the four main components of connective tissue that make up the ECM (extracellular matrix)
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Cells (fixed or mobile)
Fibers (3 types) Ground Substance Tissue Fluid |
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Do the connective tissue cells usually have a basement membrane?
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No, CT cells are usually lacking a basement membrane
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What are the main components of CT's ground substance?
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proteoglycans, glycoproteins, fiber precursor molecules
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Name three examples of fixed (or resident) connective tissue cells
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Fibroblast/ Fibrocyte
Macrophage (from monocytes) Mast cell Pericyte Adipocyte Mesenchymal cells |
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Name three examples of mobile (or transient) cells
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plasma cells
lymphocyte polymorphonuclear (PMN) cells--- neutrophils Eosinophil Basophil macrophages (can be both? or the ones not from monocytes?) |
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What is the major resident cell found in ordinary (NOT cartilage or bone) connective tissue cells? What is this cell types main role?
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Fibroblasts: responsible for
synthesizing the matrix which is made of many different proteoglycans and fibers whose synthesis is quite involved. In c.t., you usually see only the nucleus of the fibroblast |
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What are some distinguishing characteristics of the fibroblast nucleus? Distinguish b/w active and nonactive firbroblasts:
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The nucleus of the fibroblast is ‘football shaped’
and, in the most active fibroblasts, vesicular with a nucleolus. Inactive fibroblasts are known as ‘fibrocytes,’ and their nuclei are darker and more flattened |
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Fibroblast function to synthesize mainly
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elastin and collagen
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A Macrophage is part of what system
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the mononucear phagocyte system MPS
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Macrophages perform two main roles
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phagocytosis and antigen presentation
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Describe the nucleus and cytoplams of the macrophage cell
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round or indented, vesicular and usually abundant cytoplasm
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Mast cells are involved in ____responses and produce___and ____
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allergic responses and wound repair, producing heparin, histamine
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Describe how you could distinguish a mast cell and what stain it is positive for
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round cell, granulated cytoplasm that are positive staining with toluidine blue
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Mast cell mediators are important for( increasing/ decreasing )vascular permeability and inducing bronchiole (constriction or relaxation)
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increasing permeability and constricting bronchiole
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What are pericytes? Where are they located? What type of nucleus
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stem cells for small blood vessels (mesodermally derived tissues) located along capillaries and venules
vesicular nucleus |
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Name three locations where fixed macrophages (MPS cells) can be found
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in the lymph nodes (which have both free and fixed)
In bone marrow In the spleen (which has both free and fixed) |
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Name the Monomuclear Phagocyte System (MPS) cells found in these organs:
connective tissue liver lung bone serous cavities |
connective tissue- histiocyte
liver-Kupffer cell lung- alveolar macrophage bone- osteoclasts serous cavities- leural and peritoneal macrophages |
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How do you distinguish lymphocytes?
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seen in c.t. as small, dark, round nuclei (as is usually the case, you only
see the nucleus in c.t.). |
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Can you tell the difference b/w
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You cannot tell the difference between these when you look at an
H&E stained section |
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What are the two broad classes of lymphocytes
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T lymphocytes (thymus derived; participate
in ‘cell mediated’ reactions) and B lymphocytes (bone marrow derived; participate in ‘humoral’ or antibody mediated reactions). |
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Describe the plasma cell cytoplasm and nucleus:
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cytoplasm is abundant basophilic, round
nucleus is cart wheel like and eccentrically positioned with clumps of chromatin making the cartwheel |
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What is the role of plasma cells and what are they the activated from of?
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They secrete a lot of antibody and develop from activated B cells
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Plasma cells and Mast cells are the exception to the general rule of idnetifying connective tissue cells because
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you can see more than their nucleus (granules in mast cells and cytoplasm of plasma cells)
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Why is the cytoplasm of plasm cells visible
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It is very darkly basophilic since there is a lot of RER (for protein synthesis)
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Neutrophils are also known as
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heterophils, PMNs or polymorphononuclear cells
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Describe the appearance of Neutrophils in H&E
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multi-lobulated, small, dark nuclei.
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What are the neutrophils role in cells
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they participate in inflammatory defense reactions and are capable of phagocytosis of small particles
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What does the cytoplasm of PMNs/ neutrophils contain?
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eosinophilic granules
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Eosinophils
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visible red color
bilobed nuclei; since they have reddish granules you can sometimes see the cytoplasm. |
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Basophils
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visible blue color
semi segmented/ bi-lobed nuclei |
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What is the main fiber type found in most supporting tissues
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collagen (most abundant protein in the human body)
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How many types of collagen are found in connective/supportive tissue
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Type I, II, III, IV, VII
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Type I collagen is found in ____
and is/ is not visible wiht light microscope |
Fibrous supporting tissue (dermis of skin, tendons, ligaments and bone, can range from loose to dense)
Can be seen with LM |
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Type II collagen is found in _____and consits of____
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hyaline cartilage adn consists of fine fibrils which are dispersed around ground substance
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Type III collagen makes up the fiber type known as _____. This is found
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Reticulin. Forms the reticular supporting meshwork of highly cellular tissue like liver, bone marrow and lymphoid organ
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Type IV collagen is unique in that it does not form ____but rather a ____and important constituent of ____
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does not form fibrils, more meshlike structure and constituent of basement membrane
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Type VII collagen
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forms anchoring fibrils that link to basement membrane
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Elastin is synthesized by ____, is arranged in ______, and found in _____ where it confers stretching and elastic recoil
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synthesized by fibroblasts, arranged in fibers and or discontinuous sheets, found in skin, lung, and blood vessels
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Type I collagen is produced by
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mature fibroblasts
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A silver stain is required to see Type____ collagen which are considered to be____philic
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retcular fibers/ type III collagen
argyrophilic |
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Type III (reticular CT ) collagen is found in
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hemopoietic and lymphatic organs
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How can you distinguish Elastic Fibers in H&E
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stain brighter pink than collagen and are more branched or wavy
shinier than smooth muscle |
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Elastin is synthesized by ____, is arranged in ______, and found in _____ where it confers stretching and elastic recoil
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synthesized by fibroblasts, arranged in fibers and or discontinuous sheets, found in skin, lung, and blood vessels
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Name four functions of the ground substance
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fills space b/w cells and fibers
-acts as a physical barrier -acts as modulator for cell functions such as growth -Contain/house proteoglycans (GAGs) |
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Type I collagen is produced by
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mature fibroblasts
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What is a GAG?
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tthe main CHO compent of proteoglycans
glycosaminoglycans A polysaccharide which contains amino sugars example: chondroitin sulfate, dermatan sulfate, keratan sulfate (most are basic/highly sulfated ) Exception is the acid gag hyaluronate (or hyaluronic acid) |
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A silver stain is required to see Type____ collagen which are considered to be____philic
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retcular fibers/ type III collagen
argyrophilic |
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THe most common GAG of connective tissue is
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Hyaluronic Acid (unsulfated) important in cartilage
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Type III (reticular CT ) collagen is found in
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hemopoietic and lymphatic organs
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Other glycoproteins (besides GAGs) that can be found in the ground substance include
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fibronectin, chondronectin, laminin
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How can you distinguish Elastic Fibers in H&E
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stain brighter pink than collagen and are more branched or wavy
shinier than smooth muscle |
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How does the interstitial fluid get around the cells to make up the ECM
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blood vessels travel in the connective tissue and the fluid leaves the circulatory system and flows around the cell, maintained by hydrostatic and colloid osmotic pressure
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Name four functions of the ground substance
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fills space b/w cells and fibers
-acts as a physical barrier -acts as modulator for cell functions such as growth -Contain/house proteoglycans (GAGs) |
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What is a GAG?
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tthe main CHO compent of proteoglycans
glycosaminoglycans A polysaccharide which contains amino sugars example: chondroitin sulfate, dermatan sulfate, keratan sulfate (most are basic/highly sulfated ) Exception is the acid gag hyaluronate (or hyaluronic acid) |
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THe most common GAG of connective tissue is
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Hyaluronic Acid (unsulfated) important in cartilage
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Other glycoproteins (besides GAGs) that can be found in the ground substance include
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fibronectin, chondronectin, laminin
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How does the interstitial fluid get around the cells to make up the ECM
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blood vessels travel in the connective tissue and the fluid leaves the circulatory system and flows around the cell, maintained by hydrostatic and colloid osmotic pressure
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Most GAGs are (positive/negatively) charged and the expection is ____which is not as large as a (-/+) charged GAG and also not
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Negatively charged
exept Hyaluronic acid which has much less of a - charge and is nonsulfanated |
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The Cartilage ECM contains proteoglycan aggregates and the _______makes the cartilage resilient and compressible
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negatively charged hydrated GAGS
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Mesenchymal CT is only found in the _______
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embryo
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What are the mesenchymal cells present in adults (stem cells)
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Pericytes and Satelite cells
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What is the shape of pericytes and/or satelite cells
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spindle-shaped with a large vesicular nucleus
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What is the most abundant connective tissue found in the body
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loose irregular CT
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Loose Irregular CT conaints ___fiber types in a _____arrangement and can be described as a strong/delicate/ rigid/flexible) tissue
Examples of Loose Irregular CT |
all fiber types (collagen most obvious and abundant)
Loose arrangement -delicate and flexible Superficial fascia, mesenteries, lamina propria of gut |
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Dense Irregular Connective Tissue is found where and more ___than loose irregular
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found in dermis, organ capsules, capsule of adrenal gland, and has fibers more densely packed
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Dense Regular CT is arranged _____ and has ____cells flattened b/w the fibers
Examples of Dense Regular CT includes |
Fiber arranged in a regular, parallel manner, contains fibrocytes (mature fibroblasts)
ex: Tendons, ligaments, and aponeuroses, eye (sclera and cornea) |
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Does dense regular CT have a rich or poor blood supply and innervation
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poor blood supply
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Dense Regular Elastic CT tends to be more___ and similar to dense regular except for ___fibers. Examples include
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more wavy, has elastin fibers
Found in nuchal ligament and aorta |
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In adipose tissue the main cell you would see on a H&E slide would be a(an)____
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adipocyte
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How would you describe the arrangement of adipose tissue
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cells arranged singly, in clusters or in masses.
Adipocytes have a basal lamina**** |
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Brown adipose tissue is associated with and can be distinguished by
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active energy metabolism
rich in mitochondria and capillaries with relatively large nucleus |
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F = ?
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Fibroblast
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macrophage
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marcrophage
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pericyte (holding capillary cell/ surrounding it)
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plasma and lymphocyte
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plasma and lymphocyte cell
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