Micro Chem Review

Front 1

the number that determines the properties of an element

Back 1

atomic number (# of protons in an atom)

Front 2

a pure substance that can be broken down into simpler substances (elements)

Back 2

compound

Front 3

the bond that forms when two atoms come togethere and SHARE electrons

Back 3

covalent bond

Front 4

carbon compounds like ethanol, methane; water are examples of _____ bonds

Back 4

covalent bonds

Front 5

a type of bond that often breaks apart easily in water.

Back 5

ionic bond

Front 6

type of bond between amino acids in a protein

Back 6

hydrogen

Front 7

type of bond between the nitrogenous bases in DNA and RNA

Back 7

hydrogen bond

Front 8

subatomic particle with neutral electrical charge

Back 8

neutron

Front 9

subatomic particle with electrical charge of +1 (sometimes written H+?)

Back 9

proton

Front 10

define base

Back 10

a solution with pH that is more than 7.

Front 11

bases (donate/accept) protons

Back 11

accept

Front 12

solution with increased concentration of H+

Back 12

acid

Front 13

any substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances

Back 13

atom

Front 14

smallest unit of an element

Back 14

atom

Front 15

the number of protons in an atom of an element

Back 15

atomic number

Front 16

number of protons plus neutrons in an atom

Back 16

atomic weight

Front 17

What type of solution increases the concentration of OH- (acid or base?)

Back 17

Base

Front 18

two or more elements joined together

Back 18

compound

Front 19

two monomers join together --- >One monomer eliminates an H atom; the other monomer eliminates a hydroxyl group

Back 19

Dehydration synthesis

Front 20

the removal of water to covalently link organic molecules together

Back 20

dehydration synthesis (professor's definition)

Front 21

acids (donate/accept) protons

Back 21

donate

Front 22

subatomic particle electrical charge of -1, found in orbitals around the nucleus, sometimes written e-

Back 22

electron

Front 23

Atoms with 6 or 7 electrons in their outer shell frequently (gain or lose) electrons. e.g.

Back 23

gain

Front 24

type of bond responsible for water's surface tension

Back 24

hydrogen

Front 25

type of reaction that occurs in digestion, EX: lactose is broken into two pieces by lactase enzyme

Back 25

Hydrolysis

Front 26

a complex molecule + water breaking down into smaller, simpler molecules

Back 26

Hydrolysis

Front 27

the addition of water to break apart two covalently linked organic molecules

Back 27

hydrolysis (professor's definition)

Front 28

atom with a charge (due to electrons being lost or gained)

Back 28

ion

Front 29

Sodium (Na) loses its one outer electron to become Na+ organic compound --an example of ________ bonding

Back 29

ionic

Front 30

an variation of an atom of an element which contains a different number of neutrons.

Back 30

isotope

Front 31

Atoms with 1 or 2 electrons in their outer shell frequently (gain or lose) electrons.

Back 31

lose

Front 32

the sum of the atomic weights of all atoms in a molecule.

Back 32

molecular weight

Front 33

two or more atoms joined together

Back 33

molecule

Front 34

an electron is (smaller or larger) than a proton

Back 34

much smaller

Front 35

7 is the pH of a _______ solution

Back 35

neutral

Front 36

water is an example of a _______ substance

Back 36

neutral

Front 37

the center of the atom; contains protons and neutrons

Back 37

nucleus

Front 38

usually refers to compounds which contain carbon and hydrogen

Back 38

organic compound

Front 39

The negative log of the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in solution.

Back 39

pH

Front 40

a way to measure ten-fold differences in the concentration of hydrogen ions in solution.

Back 40

pH

Front 41

Define acid

Back 41

solution with pH lower than 7

Front 42

proton, neutron, electron are the three types of ________ __________

Back 42

subatomic particles

Front 43

Something with a pH of 6 has ___-fold more H+ than something with a pH of 7.

Back 43

ten

Front 44

A lipid made up of [glycerol]+[ 2 fatty acids] + [phosphate group connected to a R group]

Back 44

phospholipid;

Front 45

What is being described by this chemical formula: NH2-

Back 45

Amino group

Front 46

made out of adenine + 3 phosphates + ribose

Back 46

ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

Front 47

A polysaccharide of glucose units; a component of plant cell walls and some fungi

Back 47

cellulose

Front 48

2 simple sugars linked together in a dehydration reaction

Back 48

disaccharide

Front 49

a carbon-hydrogen chain with a carboxyl group at the end

Back 49

Fatty acid

Front 50

Fructose is a ___ -ose

Back 50

hex

Front 51

Molecule that contains C, O, H and sometimes P and S

Back 51

lipid

Front 52

What is composed of these three parts? 5 carbon sugar+ phosphate “backbone” + nitrogenous base

Back 52

Nucleotide

Front 53

Pyramidines have ____(how many?) rings

Back 53

One

Front 54

a short chain of amino acids

Back 54

Peptide

Front 55

What component of a nucleic acid does this chemical structure represent? PO42-

Back 55

Phosphate

Front 56

In a nucleic acid, this links sugar portion of one nucleotide to another. It has a negative charge, therefore nucleic acids end up negatively charged

Back 56

Phosphate

Front 57

A molecule whose functions are cellular structures (cytoskeleton, flagella), enzymes, chemical signals, exotoxins (e.g. botulism toxin), transporters in cell membranes

Back 57

Proteins

Front 58

two or more polypeptides interacting is the _______ structure of a protein

Back 58

quaternary

Front 59

What is connected to the central carbon of an amino acid?

Back 59

R group

Front 60

What are the components of ATP?

Back 60

Ribose + adenine + 3 phosphates

Front 61

A fatty acid with only single bonds between carbons

Back 61

saturated

Front 62

Hydrogen bonding with the H from the amino group and the O from the carboxyl groups is the _______ structure of a protein

Back 62

Secondary

Front 63

The alpha helix or beta pleated sheet is the _______ structure of a protein

Back 63

Secondary

Front 64

A lipid made up of 3 carbon glycerol and 3 fatty acids: ______ aka _______

Back 64

simple lipid aka fats or triglyceride

Front 65

A polysaccharide of glucose units; used as an energy source for organisms; used as energy storage for plants

Back 65

starch

Front 66

3-D structure of polypeptide due to R group interactions is the _______ structure of a protein

Back 66

Tertiary

Front 67

Names of the 3 pyramidines; used in which nucleic acid(s)?

Back 67

cytosine (used in DNA and RNA), Uracil (RNA only), Thymine (DNA only)

Front 68

A fatty acid with double or triple bonds between carbons, which put kinks into molecular structure

Back 68

Unsaturated fatty acid

Front 69

________, the building blocks of _______, are being described: [amino group]+ [carboxyl group] + [R group connected to central carbon]

Back 69

amino acid, proteins

Front 70

How is ATP’s energy released?

Back 70

By hydrolysis of the high energy bonds between phosphates

Front 71

Glucose is a ____-ose

Back 71

hex

Front 72

the long hydrocarbon chain makes the a fatty acid (soluble/insoluble) in water

Back 72

insoluble

Front 73

Example of a disaccharide: glucose + galactose=

Back 73

lactose, milk sugar

Front 74

In a nucleic acid, this contains nitrogen in a ring and can form hydrogen bonds

Back 74

Nitrogenous base

Front 75

Adenine and guanine are (purines/pyramidines)

Back 75

Purines

Front 76

a weak acid with chemical structure –COOH

Back 76

carboxyl

Front 77

A lipid with 4 connected carbon rings, not composed of fatty acids, hydrophobic

Back 77

Sterols

Front 78

Molecule whose main functions in living things are energy storage, cell membrane components, hormones

Back 78

lipids

Front 79

Names of the two purines; used in which nucleic acid(s)?

Back 79

adenine and guanine; both are used in RNA and DNA

Front 80

building block of proteins

Back 80

amino acids

Front 81

functions as energy “currency”; stores and provides chemical energy

Back 81

ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

Front 82

A molcules whose functions are energy sources, energy storage, carbon sources, cell structure.

Back 82

carbohydrate

Front 83

Molecule whose name means carbon + water

Back 83

carbohydrate

Front 84

Molecule composed of C, H, O with the chemical formula (CH2O)n

Back 84

carbohydrate

Front 85

What is being described by this chemical formula: COOH

Back 85

Carboxyl group

Front 86

A polysaccharide that composes bacterial cell walls

Back 86

peptoglycan

Front 87

destruction of the three dimensional structure of a protein

Back 87

denaturation

Front 88

What is the 5 carbon surgar in the nucleotide for DNA?

Back 88

Deoxyribose

Front 89

genetic code, template for making proteins; sequence is important!

Back 89

DNA

Front 90

A monosaccharide with 6 carbons

Back 90

hexose

Front 91

Release of energy from ATP: ATP + H2O -----> ADP + Pi + energy…what type of chemical reaction is this?

Back 91

Hydrolysis

Front 92

What chemical reaction is shown here? ATP: ATP + H2O -----> ADP + Pi + energy

Back 92

Hydrolysis of energy from ATP

Front 93

Carbohydrates are usually (hydrophobic, hydrophilic)

Back 93

hydrophilic

Front 94

A hydrophobic molecule

Back 94

lipid

Front 95

Cholesterol, which is a major component of cell membranes, is a ______(type of molecule) called a ________ (subtype)

Back 95

lipid, sterol

Front 96

monomer of a nucleic acid

Back 96

nucleotide

Front 97

Ribose, the sugar in RNA, is a ___-ose

Back 97

pent

Front 98

A monosaccharide with 5 carbons

Back 98

pentose

Front 99

special type of covalent bond by dehydration synthesis between 2 amino acids

Back 99

Peptide bond

Front 100

a long chain of amino acids

Back 100

Polypeptide

Front 101

3 or more simple sugars linked together

Back 101

polysaccharide

Front 102

The sequence of amino acids is the _______ structure of a protein

Back 102

Primary

Front 103

Thymine and Uracil are (purines/pyramidines)

Back 103

Pyramidines

Front 104

a fatty acid is (always/rarely) found by itself

Back 104

rarely

Front 105

What is the 5 carbon sugar in the nucleotide for RNA?

Back 105

Ribose

Front 106

The second of two primary nucleic acids; important in helping to make proteins

Back 106

RNA

Front 107

Examples of this type of fatty acid are fats that are solid at room temperature, such as shortening, butter, animal fat

Back 107

saturated

Front 108

Example of a disaccharide: glucose +fructose=

Back 108

sucrose/cane sugar/table sugar

Front 109

Examples of this type of fatty acid are oils from plants that are liquid at room temperature

Back 109

unsaturated fatty acid.