Micro Chapter 9

Front 1

Restriction enzymes

Back 1

a special class of DNA cuttin enzymes that exist in many bacteria. their names are derived from the microbe in which they were first discovered
they all cut DNA at specific recognition sites (the cell that contains the enzymes, methylates its own DNA at those sites)
the recognition sites are often palindromic

Front 2

most often the restriction enzyme produces...?

Back 2

staggered (sticky) ends, but sometimes blunt ends are produced.

Front 3

Pneumocystis jirovecii was thought to be a protozoan until DNA analysis showed it is a fungus. Why does it matter whether an organism is classified as a protozoan or a fungus?

Back 3

The organism is HIV. Its is important if you are creating theraputic agents to kill it.

Front 4

Taxonomy

Back 4

The science of classifying organisms;Provides universal names for organisms;Provides a reference for identifying organisms

Front 5

Systematics, or Phylogeny

Back 5

The study of the evolutionary history of organisms;All Species Inventory (2001–2025)
To identify all species of life on Earth

Front 6

Placing Bacteria

Back 6

1735-Kingdoms Plantae and Animalia
1961-Prokaryote defined as cell in which nucleoplasm is not surrounded by a nuclear membrane
1978-Two types of prokaryotic cells found

Front 7

This is a model of what?

Back 7

A model of the orgin of Eukaryotes. It also demenstrates endosymbiotic theory. Also, the enfolding of plasma membrane resulted in the ....? Mitochondria came from?
Plastids " " ?

Hint 7

1) endomembran system
2) rickettsias
3) Plastids

Front 8

Endosymbiotic Theory

Back 8

a model for the evolution of eukaryotes which states that organelles arose from prokaryotic cells living inside a host prokaryote.

Front 9

What organism is this and requires what to survive?

Back 9

Cyanophora paradoxa, that requires its endosymbiont to survive. or pharsed another way eukaryotic host and the bacterium require each other for survival, provides a modern example of how eukaryotic cells might have evolved.

Front 10

What is this showing a picture of?

Back 10

Fossilized Prokaryotes. and what prokaryote and how many year old?

Hint 10

3.5 million years ago-cyanobacteria

Front 11

most microorganisms are not readily_________ but there are _______.

Back 11

fossilized, exceptions

Front 12

The exception of microorganisms that can fossilze are....?

Back 12

marine protists in White Cliffs of Dover, England
-stromatolites
-fossilzed cyanobacteria in rocks in Western Australia.

Front 13

A is a picture of what?

Back 13

A picture of fossilzed bacteria n rocks of Western Australia betw. 3.0-3.5 billion years ago.

Front 14

This is a picture of what?

Back 14

stromatolites that still....?

Hint 14

exist but were more plentiful in earlier Earth history

Front 15

Name the sections starting clockwise at the the twelve ockle position.

Back 15

formation of the earth, orgin of prokaryotes, orgin of oxygenating photosynthesis, orgin of Eukaryotes, Emergence of Animals

Front 16

Phylogenetics

Back 16

each species retain some characteristics of its ancestor. Also grouping organisms according to common properties that a group of organisms evolved from a common ancestor such as anatomy, fossils, and rRNA (most important).

Front 17

Taxon (taxa - plural)

Back 17

a taxonomic category

Front 18

phylogeny

Back 18

the study of the evolutionary history of organisms; hierarchy reflects evolutionary phylogenetic relationships

Front 19

systematics

Back 19

the study of phylogenetic classification

Front 20

Carl Woese’s work with...

Back 20

small subunit ribosomal RNA (16S RNA): 3 domains, Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya

Front 21

Those responsibly for naming organism and give name approval are?

Back 21

International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (animals)
International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (plants)
International Committee on Systematic Bacteriology - Bacteriological Code

Front 22

Klebsiella pneumoniae, what the source of genus name and specific epithet?

Back 22

Honors Edwin Klebs;The disease

Front 23

Pfiesteria piscicida what the source of genus name and specific epithet?

Back 23

Honors Lois Pfiester;Disease in fish

Front 24

Salmonella typhimurium what the source of genus name and specific epithet?

Back 24

Honors Daniel Salmon;Stupor (typh-) in mice (muri-)

Front 25

Streptococcus pyogenes what the source of genus name and specific epithet?

Back 25

Chains of cells (strepto-);Forms pus (pyo-)

Front 26

Penicillium chrysogenum what the source of its genus name and source of specific epithet?

Back 26

Tuftlike (penicill-);Produces a yellow (chryso-) pigment

Front 27

Trypanosoma cruzi what the source of its genus name and source of specific epithet?

Back 27

Corkscrew-like (trypano-, borer; soma-, body);Honors Oswaldo Cruz

Front 28

Taxonomic Hierarchy

Back 28

Domain,Kingdom, phylum,class, order, family, genus,Species (Did King philip come over for great sex)

Front 29

Within a species there is generally a...?

Back 29

70% chromosomal DNA similarity
And a 99% similarity in the gene for the small subunit ribosomal RNA (ss rRNA; 16S rRNA)

Front 30

Eukaryotic species

Back 30

A group of closely related organisms that breed among themselves

Front 31

Fungi are?

Back 31

Chemoheterotrophic; unicellular or multicellular; cell walls of chitin; develop from spores or hyphal fragments

Front 32

Viral species

Back 32

Population of viruses with similar characteristics that occupies a particular ecological niche; not composed of cells

Front 33

Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology

Back 33

Provides identification schemes for identifying bacteria and archaea

Front 34

Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology

Back 34

Provides phylogenetic information on bacteria and archaea

Front 35

Morphological characteristics

Back 35

Useful for identifying eukaryotes

Front 36

Differential staining

Back 36

Gram staining, acid-fast staining

Front 37

Biochemical tests

Back 37

Determines presence of bacterial enzymes

Front 38

Serology

Back 38

uses immune responses in blood serum to identify microbes; serological testing can differentiate between strains within a species - serotypes, serovars, biovars

Front 39

antiserum

Back 39

solutions of antibodies that bind to medically important microbes are available commercially , a blood derived fluid containing antibodies.

Front 40

slide agglutination test

Back 40

clumping occurs when bacteria bind to antigen, which helps identify that antigen.

Front 41

What test is this showing?

Back 41

Slide agglutination test

Front 42

Which picture is direct and indirect in this test for ELISA test?

Back 42

left to right: direct, indirect

Front 43

Western blotting

Back 43

gel electrophoresis of serum proteins

Front 44

Borrelia burgdorferi

Back 44

(causes Lyme’s disease) is often diagnosed by Western blot

Front 45

Phage typing

Back 45

used to look for similarities among bacteria
useful in tracing the origin and cause of a disease outbreak
determines to which phages a bacterium is susceptible;phages are usually highly selective and can infect certain strains within a species
used to determine sources of food-associated infections

Front 46

What test is this?

Back 46

Phage typing

Front 47

DNA fingerprinting

Back 47

Electrophoresis of restriction enzyme digests

Front 48

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

Back 48

specific segments can be amplified to billions of copies in a couple hours

Front 49

Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis

Back 49

is a technique composed of urea and fomanide and helps see differences betw. amplicons.

Front 50

The two strands on an amplicon are kept from completely denaturing by a

Back 50

GC clamp that is added to one end.

Front 51

Pyrosequencing

Back 51

is a technique that can produce 500 million base pairs of sequence in a day.

Front 52

This is a picture of what? use?

Back 52

Used to identify bacteria

Front 53

What this a picture of?

Back 53

A Cladogram