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29 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Making an exact duplicate of the DNA involves __ different enzymes
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30
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DNA replication
Begins at ______ |
an origin of replication (bacterial)
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An RNA primer is synthesized by ______
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primase
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DNA Replication
DNA polymerase III adds nucleotides in a ____ direction |
5′ to 3′ direction
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DNA polymerase I removes the ___ primers and replaces them with ___
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RNA, DNA
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When replication forks meet, ____ link the DNA fragments along the ______ to complete the synthesis.
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ligases, lagging strand
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Eucaryotic Transcription and Translation
Transcription occurs in the ____ and translation occurs in the ______ |
nucleus, cytoplasm.
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Eucaryotic ___ encodes a single protein, unlike bacterial ___ which encodes many
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mRNA, mRNA
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Eucaryotic DNA contains ____ which have to be spliced out of the final mRNA transcript.
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introns
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Give examples of drungs that affect transcription
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Actinomycin D
Chloroquine Broad spectrum quinolines Azidothymidine (AZT) and acyclovir |
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Translation
Ribosomes assemble on the 5′ end of a ______ |
mRNA transcript
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Translation
A tRNA molecule with the ____ _____ and ____ amino acid enters the P site of the ribosome and binds to the mRNA. |
complementary anticodon, methionine
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Translation Termination
Give 3 examples of termination codons |
UAA, UAG, and UGA
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Give examples of ABX that affect translation
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Aminoglycosides
Chloramphenicol Tetracyclines Erythromycin |
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In procaryotes this regulation is coordinated by _____, a set of genes, all of which are regulated as a single unit
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operons
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What are the two types of operons?
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Inducible, repressible
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inducible –
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operon is turned ON by substrate
catabolic operons- enzymes needed to metabolize a nutrient are produced when needed |
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repressible –
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genes in a series are turned OFF by the product synthesized
anabolic operon –enzymes used to synthesize an amino acid stop being produced when they are not needed |
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Lactose Operon: Inducible Operon
Made of 3 segments, what are they? |
Regulator- gene that codes for repressor
Promoter and operator control sites Structural genes- 3 genes each coding for an enzyme needed to catabolize lactose |
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The lac operon is normally ___
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off, Lactose turns the operon on
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The tryptophan operon is normally __
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on, will be turned off when nutrient is no longer needed
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Genetic recombination-definition
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an organism acquires and expresses genes that originated in another organism
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Give the 3 means for genetic recombination in bacteria
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Conjugation
Transformation Transduction |
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Definition of conjugation
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transfer of a plasmid or chromosomal fragment from a donor cell to a recipient cell via a direct connection
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Give the steps of conjugation...
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Gram-negative cell donor has a fertility plasmid (F plasmid, F′ factor) that allows the synthesis of a conjugation (sex) pilus
recipient cell is a related species or genus without a fertility plasmid donor transfers fertility plasmid to recipient through pilus |
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Definition of transformation...
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chromosome fragments from a lysed cell are accepted by a recipient cell
Donor and recipient cells can be unrelated Useful tool in recombinant DNA technology |
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Definition of transduction
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bacteriophage serves as a carrier of DNA from a donor cell to a recipient cell
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Transposons
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Special DNA segments that have the capability of moving from one location in the genome to another
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Give the 3 rearrangements of transposons.
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one chromosome site to another,
from a chromosome to a plasmid, from a plasmid to a chromosome |
