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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Adsorption
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- A process of adhering one molecule onto the surface of another molecule One of six phases (first) in animal virus multiplication. Binding of virus to specific molecule on host cell.
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Assembly –
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The phase of a virus’s reporductive cycle during which the newly made components are assembled into viral particles. One of six phases (fifth) in animal virus multiplication. New viral particles constructed.)
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Bacteriophages
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A virus that specifically infects bacteria.
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Baltimore Classification System
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Allows all viruses to be classified based on how the viral genome is converted to mRNA (7 classes are recognized)
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Budding
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See exocytosis. exocytosis - The process that releases enveloped viruses from the membrane of the host's cytoplasm.
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Capsid
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The protein covering of a virus' nucleic acid core. Capsids exhibit symmetry due to the regular arrangement of subunits called capsomers. See icosahedron. icosahedron - A regular geometric figure having 20 surfaces that meet to form 12 corners. Some virions have capsids that resemble icosahedral crystals.
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Capsomers
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A subunit of the virus capsid shaped as a triangle or disc.
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Cell culture
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- Also known as Tissue Culture – Cultured cells grow in sheets that support viral replication and permit observation of cytopathic effect. In Vitro (meaning: experiments performed in test tubes or other artificial environments) cultivation systems that make it possible to propagate most cultures.
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Cytopathic effects
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The degenerative changes in cells associated with virus infection. Examples: the formation of multinucleate giant cells (Negri bodies), the prominent cytoplasmic inclusions of nerve cells infected by rabies virus.
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e Plaques
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blank
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Endocytosis
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The process whereby solid and liquid materials are taken into the cell through membrane invagination and engulfment into a vesicle
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Enveloped viruses
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- A virus whose nucleocapsid is enclosed by a membrane derived in part from the host cell. It usually contains exposed glycoprotein spikes specific for the virus.
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Exocytosis
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The process that releases enveloped viruses from the membrane of the host's cytoplasm.
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Genome
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The complete set of chromosomes and genes in an organism
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Helical capsids
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(helical - Having a spiral or coiled shape.) Said of certain virus capsids and bacteria.
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Host
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Organism in which smaller organisms or viruses live, feed, and reproduce.
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Host range
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The limitation imposed by the characteristics of the host cell on the type of virus that can successfully invade it.
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Icosahedron
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A regular geometric figure having 20 surfaces that meet to form 12 corners. Some virions have capsids that resemble icosahedral crystals.
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Inclusion bodies
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inclusion - A relatively inert body in the cytoplasm such as storage granules, glycogen, fat, or some other aggregated metabolic product. Also called inclusion body.
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Induction
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Process by which an individual accumulates data or facts and then formulates a general hypothesis that accounts for those facts.
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Induced mutation
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Any alteration in DNA that occurs as a consequence of exposure to chemical or physical mutagens.
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Inducible enzyme
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An enzyme that increases in amount in direct proportion to the amount of substrate present.
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Inducible operon
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An operon that under normal circumstances is not transcribed. The presence of a specific inducer molecule can cause transcription of the operon to begin.
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Lyse
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To burst.
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Lysin
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A complement-fixing antibody that destroys specific targeted cells. Examples: hemolysin and bacteriolysin.
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Lysis
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The physical rupture or deterioration of a cell. Disintegration of a cell by rupture of its plasma membrane.
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Lysogenic conversion
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Phage genes in the bacterial chromosome can cause production of toxins, enzymes or morphological changes that alter pathology.
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Lysogenic conversion
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Phage genes in the bacterial chromosome can cause production of toxins, enzymes or morphological changes that alter pathology.
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Lysogeny
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The indefinite persistence of bacteriophage DNA in a host without bringing about the production of virions. A lysogenic cell can revert to a lytic cycle, the process that ends in lysis. Results in the spread of the virus without killing the host cell.
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Naked viruses
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A virus that consists only of a nucleocapsid. It has no envelope.
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Nucleocapsid
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In viruses, the close physical combination of the nucleic acid with its protective covering, (the capsid).
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Obligate intracellular parasites- obligate
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Without alternative; restricted to a particular characteristic. Example: An obligate parasite survives and grows only in a host; an obligate aerobe must have oxygen to grow; an obligate anaerobe is destroyed by oxygen.
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intracellular parasite
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A microbe that invades within a cell's structure to carry out its life cycle.
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Oncogenic viruses
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Mammalian viruses capable of initiating tumors.
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Penetration
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One of six phases (second) in animal virus multiplication. Genome enters host cell (3 mechanisms).
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Persistent infections
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Cell harbors the virus and is not immediately lysed. Can be chronic (productive) or Latent state (non-productive)
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Prions
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A concocted word to denote “proteinaceous infectious agent”; a cytopathic protein associated with the slow-virus spongiform encephalopathies of humans and animals.
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Prophage
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– A lysogenized bacteriophage; a phage that is latently incorporated into the host chromosome instead of undergoing viral replication and lysis.
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Release
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One of six phases (sixth) in animal virus multiplication. Assembled viruses are released by budding (exocytosis) or cell lysis (natural or artificial)
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Satellite viruses
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Viruses that depend on other viruses for replication
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Spikes
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(peplomers) A receptor on the surface of certain enveloped viruses that facilitates specific attachment to the host cell.
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Spongiform Encephalopathies
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transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE) - Progressive brain infections caused by unusual pathogens called prions, leading to loss of brain structure and function.
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Synthesis
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One of six phases (fourth) in animal virus multiplication. Viral components are produced.
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Temperate phages
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A bacteriophage that enters into a less virulent state by becoming incorporated into the host genome as a prophage instead of in the vegetative or lytic form that eventually destroys the cell.
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Transformation
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In microbial genetics, the transfer of genetic material contained in “naked” DNA fragments from a donor cell to a competent recipient cell.
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Transmissible
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Diseases associated with non-cellular infectious agents known as prions that are NOT viruses. These diseases are spread from host to host by direct contract, contaminated food or other means
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Uncoating or Uncoated
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The process of removal of the viral coat and release of the viral genome by its newly invaded host cell. One of six phases (third) in animal virus multiplication. The viral nucleic acid is released from the capsid. Once inside the cell, the nucleic acid or neucleocapsid is realsed by the actions of enzymes in the cytoplasm that dissolve the vesicle wall.
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Viral genome
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Either DNA or RNA but never both.An elementary virus particle in its complete morphological and thus infectious form. A virion consists of the nucleic acid core surrounded by a capsid, which can be enclosed in an envelope.
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Viroids
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An infectious agent that, unlike a virion, lacks a capsid and consists of a closed circular RNA molecule. Although known viroids are all plant pathogens, it is conceivable that animal versions exist. short pieces of RNA, no protein coat.
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Virus
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Microscopic, acellular agent composed of nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat.
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