Micro Chapter 5: Eukaryotic Cells And Microorganisms

Front 1

When were the first eukaryotic cells on earth?

Back 1

Approx 2 billion years ago

Front 2

Symbiosis

Back 2

Eukaryotic organelles originated from prokaryotic cells trapped inside of them

Front 3

T/F: Animals have no cell wall.

Back 3

True

Front 4

Characteristics of a cell wall

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rigid
provide structure & shape
different chemically from prokaryotic cell walls.

Front 5

Cytoplasmic Membrane

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Bilayer of phospholipids with protein molecules embedded

Defines interior from exterior

Front 6

Why is it important that the cytoplasmic membrane is selectively permeable?

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Can't let everything in. What's the point of having a membrane.

Front 7

The nucleus is the _________ _____ of the cell.

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control center

Front 8

Where is the nucleolus and what happens there?

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In the nucleus and performs rRNA synthesis.

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The chromatin in the nucleus is ________ and ________.

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open and unwound

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Ribosomes

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Protein Synthesizers
Some scattered in the cytoplasm and cytoskeleton.
Others associated with RER.
Composed of large and small subunits of ribonucleoprotein.

Front 11

What is the cytoskeleton?

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Provides structure, moving structures inside cell, and moving cell

Front 12

Microfilaments

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Thin protein strands.
Some active in amoeboid motion.
Ex: Actin

Front 13

Microtubules

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Biggest of three filaments inside cell.
Long, hollow tubes.
Maintains shape & transports substances.

Front 14

Macroscopic fungi

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see with the naked eye

Front 15

Microscopic fungi

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Need a microscope to see.

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Yeasts

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Round oval shape
Unique mode of asexual reproduction

Front 17

Hyphae

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Long, threadlike cells
Some are dimorphic (2 shapes)
Fig 5.15

Front 18

Fungal Nutrition:
Saprobes

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like decaying matter

Front 19

Fungi's general method of obtaining nutrition:

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Penetrates the substrate
Secretes enzymes
Breaks down the enzymes into small molecules

Front 20

Mycelium

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the woven, intertwining mass of hyphae that makes up the body or colony of a mold. Single-cell strand

Front 21

Vegetative hyphae (mycelia)

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normal life cycle of fungus

Fig 5.18

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Reproductive (fertile) hyphae

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responsible for the production of spores. These spores are not as resistant as bacterial endospore.

Front 23

Reproductive Strategies and Spore Formation of Fungi

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-propagate by growth of hyphae or fragmentation (hyphae breaks off and keeps growing)
- 1' reproductive mode is production of spores (large diversity of spores)

Front 24

Sexual spores of Fungi

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Can be sexual or asexual. They have lots of options

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One reason fungi specimens are hard to grow and identify is because:

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they need to be isolated on special types of media

Front 26

One common way to identify fungi

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Usually use sexual spore-forming structures and spores

Front 27

Other characteristics that contribute to identification of fungi

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Hyphal type
Colony texture and pigmentation
Physiological characteristics
Genetic makeup

Front 28

T/F: Fungi are not capable of photosynthesis.

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True
They do not contain chlorophyl

Front 29

Do fungi need a host to live?

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NO, nearly all are free-living.

Front 30

How do humans become infected with a pathogenic fungi?

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Usually occurs through accidental contact of compromised immune system.

Front 31

Other than infections, what are fungi involved in?

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Allergies, poisoning, agricultural damage.

Front 32

Benefits of fungi:

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Decomposing organic matter and returning essential minerals to the soil

Helps plants absorb water and nutrients

Front 33

Fungi is used in the production of:

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Antibiotics
Alcohol
Organic acids
Vitamins

Front 34

Two major taxonomic categories of The Protists

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Subkingdom Algae
Subkingdom Protozoa

Front 35

General definition of Protists

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Any unicellular or colonial organism that lacks true tissues

Front 36

How many species of protozoa are there?

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~ 65,000
Most are harmless, few are parasites

Front 37

Form & Function of Protozoa

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-most are single cells
-contain major organelles
-cytoplasm divided
-some ciliate and flagellates working like primitive nervous system
**no cell wall

Front 38

Ectoplasm of protozoa

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clear outer layer involved in locomotion, feeding, and protection

cytoplasm

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Endoplasm of protozoa

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granular inner region housing the nucleus, mitochondria, and food and contractile vacuoles

cytoplasm

Front 40

Protozoa nutrition

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-heterotrophic (don't photosynthsis)
-require food in complex organic form (take off chunks of stuff)
-scavengers
-parasitic species can live on fluids or tissues of hosts

Front 41

Protozoa Habitat

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Fresh and marine water
Soil
Plants
Animals

Front 42

Styles of locomotion for protozoa

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pseudopods, flagella, or cilia

Front 43

Pseudopods

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Amoeboid motion
Can serve as feeding structures

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Flagella

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From one to several
Some attached along the length of the cell by the undulating membrane

Front 45

Cilia

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Mostly distributed over the entire surface of the cell
Form characteristic patterns

Front 46

Life cycles of protozoa

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Some exist only in trophozoite stage (active stage).

Others alternate between trophozoite and cyst (although not protozoa form cysts)

Front 47

Reproduction of protozoa

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-Ciliates participate in conjugation. -They just come up against each other, no pilis.
-Can do asexual, some do sexual.

Front 48

What is classification of protozoa based on?

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Method of Motility
Method of Reproduction
Stages in life cycle

Front 49

Mastigophora

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Motility primarily by flagella
Single nucleus
Most form cysts and are free-living
Most are solitary

Front 50

Sarcodina

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Amoebas
Pseudopods
Asexual reproduction by fission (split)
Mostly uninucleate
Usually form cysts
Most free-living

Front 51

Ciliophora

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Ciliated
Trophozoites mobile by cilia
Some have cilia in tufts for feeding and attachment
Most develop cysts
Show relatively advanced behavior (communication)
Majority are free-living and harmless

Front 52

Apicomplexa

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Sporozoa
Complex life cycles
Important in transmission of infections
Entire group is parasitic

Front 53

Protozoan Identification and Cultivation

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Shape and size of cell
Number of nuclei
Can be cultivated on artificial media or in laboratory animals

Front 54

Pathogenic Flagellates

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Trypanosomes
neurological pathogens
ex: Chagas diseases

Front 55

Infective Amoebas

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Entamoeba

Fourth most common protozoan infection in the world
AKA: amoebic dysentery

Front 56

The Parasitic Helminths

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Two major groups: Flatworms and Roundworms

Adults large enough to be seen with the naked eye

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Flatworms

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Thin
Often segmented
"good parasites"- they don't kill hosts

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proglotid

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section of flatworm that is full of eggs

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Roundworms

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Unsegmented worms

Front 60

General Worm Morphology

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-Most organs are those of the reproductive tract.
-Fundamental digestive, excretory, nervous and muscular systems.
-Have thick cuticles- can withstand digestive acids.

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Nematodes

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Separate sexes

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Trematodes

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separated sexes or hermaphoditic

Front 63

What is an intermediate (Secondary) host for worms?

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Usually where larval development occurs. Example would be pigs before it gets to humans.

Front 64

Helminth Classification and Identification

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Shape
Size
Degree of development of various organs
Presence of hooks, suckers, or other special structures
Mode of reproduction
Kinds of hosts
Appearance of eggs and larvae