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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Two parts of metabolism |
Catabolism Anabolism |
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Catabolism |
Processes that degrade compounds to release energy Cells capture energy to make ATP |
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Anabolism |
Biosynthetic processes Assemble subunits of macromolecules Use ATP to drive reactions |
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Chemoorganotrophs |
Obtain energy from organic compounds Depend on activities of phosynthetic organisms |
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Metabolic pathways |
Series of chemical reactions that convert starting compound to end product |
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What do enzymes do? |
Biological catalysts: speed up conversion of substrate into product by lowering the activation energy Reactions would occur without it, but very slowly |
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Activation energy |
Energy required to start a reaction |
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Enzymes have an active site, what does this mean? |
Substrates can bind weakly to active site of enzymes Can be induced fit (enzyme change shape) Enzyme is not used up and can drive infinite reactions Enzymes are highly specific for substrate |
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Cofactors |
Can assist enzymes |
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Coenzymes |
Organic cofactors |
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Allosteric regulation |
Enzyme activity controlled by binding to Allosteric site, which is different from the active site Distorts enzyme shape and therefore prevents or enhances binding |
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Enzyme inhibitor |
Site to which inhibitor binds determines type. Two types of inhibition: 1. Competitive inhibitor 2. Non-competitive inhibitor |
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Competitive inhibitor |
Binds to active site of enzyme Concentration dependent, blocks substrate |
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Non-competitive inhibitor |
Binds to a different site than the active site Allosteric inhibitors are one example |
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Role of ATP (made during Catabolism ) |
Energy currency of the cell |
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Three processes to generate ATP |
1. Substrate-level phosphorylation (exergonic rxn) 2. Oxidative phosphorylation (proton motive force) |
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Electron carriers |
The ways in which energy is harvested during Catabolism. Electrons are transferred to these. Include: NAD+/NADH, NADP+/NADPH, and FAD/FADH2 |
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Precursor metabolites |
Intermediates of Catabolism that can be used in anabolism Serve as carbon skeletons for building macromolecules |
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What do the three central metabolic pathways do, and what are they ? |
Oxidize glucose to CO2 1. Glycolysis 2. Pentose phosphate pathway 3. Tricarboxylic acid cycle (Krebs cycle) |
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Glycolysis |
Splits glucose (6C) to make two pyruvates (3C)
Generates modest ATP (yields 2), reducing power, precursor metabolites (2 NADH) |
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Pentose phosphate pathway |
Primary role is production of precursor metabolites (NADPH) |
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Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle (KREBS) |
Completes oxidation of glucose Generates reducing power (electron carriers), precursor metabolites, ATP, FADH2, NADH, CO2 |
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Respiration |
Transfers electrons from glucose to electron transport chain (NEED OXYGEN IF AEROBIC) |
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Aerobic respiration |
O2 is terminal electron acceptor |
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Anaerobic respiration |
Molecule other than O2 as terminal electron acceptor |
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Transition step of the metabolic pathway |
CO2 is removed from pyruvate Electrons transfer to NAD+ reduced to NADH and H+ Takes place in the cytoplasm in prokaryotes and the mitochondria of eukaryotes |
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What does respiration do? |
Uses reducing power (NADH FADH2) generated during glycolysis, transition phase and TCA cycle to generate ATP |
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What generates the proton motive force |
Electron transport chain |
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Slide 29 |
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B |
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C |
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D |
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