Micro Chapter 5

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ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN, ELECTRON TRANSPORT SYSTEM

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A SERIES OF COMPOUNDS THAT TRANSFER ELECTRONS FROM ONE COMPOUND TO ANOTHER, GENERATING ATP BY OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION

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FERMENTATION TEST

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METHOD USED TO DETERMINE WHETHER A BACTERIUM OR YEAST FERMENTS A SPECIFIC CARBOHYDRATE; USUALLY PERFORMED IN A PEPTONE BROTH CONTAINING THE CARBOHYDRATE, A pH INDICATOR, AND AN INVERTED TUBE TO TRAP GAS

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HOMOLACTIC

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DESCRIBING AN ORGANISM THAT PRODUCES ONLY LACTIC ACID FROM FERMENTATION; E.G., STREPTOCOCCUS

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NONCOMPETITIVE INHIBITOR

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AN INHIBITORY CHEMICAL THAT DOES NOT COMPETE WITH THE SUBSTRATE FOR AN ENZYME'S ACTIVE SITE

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LUCIFERASE

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X

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FLAVOPROTEIN

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A PROTEIN CONTAINING THE COENZYME FLAVIN; FUNCTIONS AS AN ELECTRON CARRIER IN ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAINS

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CHLOROSOME

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PLASMA MEMBRANE FOLDS IN GREEN SULFUR BACTERIA CONTAINING BACTERIOCHLOROPHYLLS

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CHEMOAUTOTROPH

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AN ORGANISM THAT USES AN INORGANIC CHEMICAL AS AN ENERGY SOURCE AND CO2 AS A CARBON SOURCE

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CHEMIOSMOSIS

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A MECHANISM THAT USES A PROTON GRADIENT ACROSS A CYTOPLASMIC MEMBRANE TO GENERATE ATP

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AEROBE

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AN ORGANISM REQUIRING MOLECULAR OXYGEN (O2) FOR GROWTH

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KREBS CYCLE

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A PATHWAY THAT CONVERTS TWO-CARBON COMPOUNDS TO CO2, TRANSFERRING ELECTRONS TO NAD+ AND OTHER CARRIERS; ALSO CALLED TRICARBOXYLIC ACID (TCA) CYCLE OR CRITIC ACID CYCLE

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LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION

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A CATABOLIC PROCESS, BEGINNING WITH GLYCOLYSIS, THAT PRODUCES LACTIC ACID TO REOXIDIZE NADH

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UDP-N-ACETYLGLUCOSAMINE (UDPNAc)

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A COMPOUND NECESSARY FOR THE BIOSYNTHESIS OF PEPTIDOGLYCAN

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CYCLIC PHOTOPHOSPHORYLATION

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THE MOVEMENT OF AN ELECTRON FROM CHLOROPHYLL THROUGH A SERIES OF ELECTRON ACCEPTORS AND BACK TO CHLOROPHYLL; ANOXYGENIC; PURPLE AND GREEN BACTERIAL PHOTOPHOSPHORYLATION

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FMN

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FLAVIN MONONUCLEOTIDE; A COENZYME THAT FUNCTIONS IN THE TRANSFER OF ELECTRONS IN THE ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN

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COFACTOR

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(1) THE NONPROTEIN COMPONENT OF AN ENZYME (2) A MICROORGANISM OR MOLECULE THAT ACTS WITH OTHERS TO SYNERGISTICALLY ENHANCE OR CAUSE DISEASE

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SAPROPHYTE

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AN ORGANISM THAT OBTAINS ITS NUTRIENTS FROM DEAD ORGANIC MATTER

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PHOTOPHOSPHORYLATION

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THE PRODUCTION OF ATP IN A SERIES OF REDOX REACTIONS; ELECTRONS FROM CHLOROPHYLL INITIATE THE REACTIONS

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ANOXYGENIC

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NOT PRODUCING MOLECULAR OXYGEN; TYPICAL OF CYCLIC PHOTOPHOSPHORYLATION

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PHOSPHORYLATION

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THE ADDITION OF A PHOSPHATE GROUP TO AN ORGANIC MOLECULE

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PENTOSE PHOSPHATE PATHWAY

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A METABOLIC PATHWAY THAT CAN OCCUR SIMULTANEOUSLY WITH GLYCOLYSIS TO PRODUCE PENTOSES AND NADH WITHOUT ATP PRODUCTION; ALSO CALLED HEXOSE MONOPHOSPHATE SHUNT

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AMINATION

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THE ADDITION OF AN AMINO GROUP

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CYTOCHROME OXIDASE

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AN ENZYME THAT OXIDIZES CYTOCHROME C

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AEROBIC RESPIRATION

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RESPIRATION IN WHICH THE FINAL ELECTRON ACCEPTOR IN THE ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN IS MOLECULAR OXYGEN (O2)

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PURPLE SULFUR BACTERIA

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GAMMA-PROTEOBACTERIA; STRICTLY ANAEROBIC AND PHOTOTROPHIC; USE REDUCED SULFUR COMPOUNDS AS ELECTRON DONORS FOR CO2 FIXATION

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FAD

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FLAVIN ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE; A COENZYME THAT FUNCTIONS IN THE REMOVAL AND TRANFER OF HYDROGEN IONS (H+) AND ELECTRONS FROM SUBSTRATE MOLECULES

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PURPLE NONSULFUR BACTERIA

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ALPHA-PROTEOBACTERIA; STRICTLY ANAEROBIC AND PHOTOTROPHIC; GROW ON YEAST EXTRACT IN DARK; USE REDUCED ORGANIC COMPOUNDS AS ELECTRON DONORS FOR CO2 FIXATION

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RIBOZYME

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AN ENZYME CONSISTING OF RNA THAT SPECIFICALLY ACTS ON STRANDS OF RNA TO REMOVE INTRONS AND SPLICE TOGETHER THE REMAINING EXONS

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RESPIRATION

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A SERIES OF REDOX REACTIONS IN A MEMBRANE THAT GERNERATES ATP; THE FINAL ELECTRON ACCEPTOR IS USUALLY AN INORGANIC MOLECULE

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UBIQUINONE

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A LOW-MOLECULAR WEIGHT, NONPROTEIN CARRIER IN AN ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN; ALSO CALLED COENXZME Q

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DECARBOXYLATION

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THE REMOVAL OF CO2 FROM AN AMINO ACID

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FERMENTATION

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THE ENZYMATIC DEGRADATION OF CARBOHYDRATES IN WHICH THE FINAL ELECTRON ACCEPTOR IS AN ORGANIC MOLECULE, ATP IS SYNTHESIZED BY SUBSTRATE-LEVEL PHOSPHORYLATION, AND O2 IS NOT REQUIRED

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LIPASE

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AN ENZYME THAT BREAKS DOWN TRIGLYCERIDES INTO THEIR COMPONENT GLYCEROL AND FATTY ACIDS

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ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION

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RESPIRATION IN WHICH THE FINAL ELECTRON ACCEPTOR IN THE ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN IS AN INORGANIC MOLECULE OTHER THAN MOLECULAR OXYGEN (O2); FOR EXAMPLE, A NITRATE ION OR CO2

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DEHYDROGENATION

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THE LOSS OF HYDROGEN ATOMS FROM A SUBSTRATE

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REDUCTION

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THE ADDITION OF ELECTRONS TO A MOLECULE

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CALVIN-BENSON CYCLE

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THE FIXATION OF CO2 INTO REDUCED ORGANIC COMPOUNDS; USED BY AUTOTROPHS

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OXIDATION

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THE REMOVAL OF ELECTRONS FROM A MOLECULE

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PARASITE

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AN ORGANISM THAT DERIVES NUTRIENTS FROM A LIVING HOST

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HETEROLACTIC

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DESCRIBING AN ORGANISM THAT PRODUCES LACTIC ACID AND OTHER ACIDS OR ALCOHOLS AS END-PRODUCTS OF FERNENTATION; E.G., ESCHERICHIA

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LIGHT-INDEPENDENT (DARK) REACTIONS

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THE PROCESS BY WHICH ELECTRONS AND ENERGY FROM ATP ARE USED TO REDUCE CO2 TO SUGAR; SEE CALVIN-BENSON CYCLE

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LIGHT (LIGHT-DEPENDENT) REACTION

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THE PROCESS BY WHICH LIGHT ENERGY IS USED TO CONVERT ADP AND PHOSPHATE TO ATP; PHOTOPHOSPHORYLATION

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OXYGENIC

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PRODUCING OXYGEN, AS IN PLANT AND CYANOBACTERIAL PHOTOSYNTHESIS

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GREEN SULFUR BACTERIA

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GRAM-NEGATIVE, NONPROTEOBACTERIA; STRICTLY ANAEROBIC AND PHOTOTROPHIC; NO GROWTH IN DARK; USE REDUCED SULFUR COMPOUNDS AS ELECTRON DONORS FOR CO2 FIXATION

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METABOLISM

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THE SUM OF ALL THE CHEMICAL REACTIONS THAT OCCUR IN A LIVING CELL

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TRANSAMINATION

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THE TRANSFER OF AN AMINO GROUP FROM AN AMINO ACID TO ANOTHER ORGANIC ACID

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HALOENZYME

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X

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FEEDBACK INHIBITION

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INHIBITION OF AN ENZYME IN A PARTICULAR PATHWAY BY THE ACCUMULATION OF THE END-PRODUCT OF THE PATHWAY; ALSO CALLED END-PRODUCT INHIBITION

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OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION

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THE SYNTHESIS OF ATP COUPLED WITH ELECTRON TRANSPORT

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HETEROTROPH

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AN ORGANISM THAT REQUIRES AN ORGANIC CARBON SOURCE; ALSO CALLED ORGANOTROPH

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OXIDATION-REDUCTION

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A COUPLED REACTION IN WHICH ONE SUBSTANCE IS OXIDIZED AND ONE IS REDUCED; ALSO CALLED REDOX REACTION

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GLYCOLYSIS

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THE MAIN PATHWAY FOR THE OXIDATION OF GLUCOSE TO PYRUVIC ACID; ALSO CALLED EMBDEN-MEYERHOF PATHWAY

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PHOTOTROPH

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AN ORGANISM THAT USES LIGHT AS ITS PRIMARY ENERGY SOURCE

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ANABOLISM

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ALL SYNTHESIS REACTIONS IN A LIVING ORGANISM; THE BUILDING OF COMPLEX ORGANIC MOLECULES FROM SIMPLER ONES

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CHEMOTROPH

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AN ORGANISM THAT USES OXIDATION-REDUCTION REACTIONS AS ITS PRIMARY ENERGY SOURCE

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CATABOLISM

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ALL DECOMPOSITION REACTIONS IN A LIVING ORGANISM; THE BREAKDOWN OF COMPLEX ORGANIC COMPOUNDS INTO SIMPLER ONES

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ALLOSTERIC INHIBITION

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THE PROCESS IN WHICH AN ENZYME'S ACTIVITY IS CHANGED BECAUSE OF BINDING TO THE ALLOSTERIC SITE

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ENTNER-DOUDOROFF PATHWAY

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AN ALTERNATE PATHWAY FOR THE OXIDATION OF GLUCOSE TO PYRUVIC ACID

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NAD+

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A COENZYME THAT FUNCTIONS IN THE REMOVAL AND TRANSFER OF HYDROGEN ION (H+) AND ELECTRONS FROM SUBSTRATE MOLECULES

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PHOTOSYNTHESIS

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THE CONVERSION OF LIGHT ENERGY FROM THE SUN INTO CHEMICAL ENERGY; THE LIGHT-FUELED SYNTHESIS OF CARBOHYDRATE FROM CARBON DIOXIDE (CO2)

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CARBON FIXATION

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THE SYNTHESIS OF SUGARS BY USING CARBONS FROM CO2; CALVIN-BENSON CYCLE

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SATURATION

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THE CONDITION IN WHICH THE ACTIVE SITE ON AN ENZYME IS OCCUPIED BY THE SUBSTRATE OR PRODUCT AT ALL TIMES

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CHEMOHETEROTROPH

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AN ORGANISM THAT USES ORGANIC MOLECULES AS A SOURCE OF CARBON AND ENERGY

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ALCOHOL FERMENTATION

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A CATABOLIC PROCESS, BEGINNING WITH GLYCOLYSIS, THAT PRODUCES ETHYL ALCOHOL TO REOXIDIZE NADH

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COMPETITIVE INHIBITOR

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A CHEMICAL THAT COMPETES WITH THE NORMAL SUBSTRATE FOR THE ACTIVE SITE OF AN ENZYME

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ENZYME-SUBSTRATE COMPLEX

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A TEMPORARY UNION OF AN ENZYME AND ITS SUBSTRATE

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GREEN NONSULFUR BACTERIA

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GRAM-NEGATIVE, NONPROTEOBACTERIA; ANAEROBIC AND PHOTOTROPHIC; USE REDUCED ORGANIC COMPOUNDS AS ELECTRON DONORS FOR CO2 FIXATION

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COENZYME

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A NONPROTEIN SUBSTANCE THAT IS ASSOCIATED WITH AND THAT ACTIVATES AN ENZYME

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AMPHIBOLIC PATHWAY

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A PATHWAY THAT IS BOTH ANABOLIC AND CATABOLIC

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PHOTOAUTOTROPH

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AN ORGANISM THAT USES LIGHT AS ITS ENERGY SOURCE AND CARBON DIOXIDE (CO2) AS ITS CARBON SOURCE

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ACTIVE SITE

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A REGION ON AN ENZYME THAT INTERACTS WITH THE SUBSTRATE

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DEAMINATION

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THE REMOVAL OF AN AMINO GROUP FROM AN AMINO ACID TO FORM AMMONIA; AMMONIFICATION

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ANAEROBE

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AN ORGANISM THAT DOES NOT REQUIRE MOLECULAR OXYGEN (O2) FOR GROWTH

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METABOLIC PATHWAY

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A SEQUENCE OF ENZYMATICALLY CATALYZED REACTIONS OCCURRING IN A CELL

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NONCYCLIC PHOTOPHOSPHORYLATION

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THE MOVEMENT OF AN ELECTRON FROM CHLOROPHYLL TO NAD+; PLANT AND CYANOBACTERIAL PHOTOPHOSPHORYLATION

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AUTOTROPH

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A MUTANT MICROORGANISM WITH A NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENT THAT IS ABSENT IN THE PARENT

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BETA OXIDATION

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THE REMOVAL OF TWO CARBON UNITS FROM A FATTY ACID TO FORM ACETYL CoA

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NADP+

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A COENZYME SIMILAR TO NAD+

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ALLOSTERIC SITE

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THE SITE ON AN ENZYME AT WHICH A NONCOMPETITIVE INHIBITOR BINDS

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CYTOCHROME

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A PROTEIN THAT FUNCTIONS AS AN ELECTRON CARRIER IN CELLULAR RESPIRATION AND PHOTOSYNTHESIS

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SUBSTRATE-LEVEL PHOSPHORYLATION

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THE SYNTHESIS OF ATP BY DIRECT TANS FER OF A HIGH-ENERGY PHOSPHATE GROUP FROM AN INTERMEDIATE METABOLIC COMPOUND TO ADP

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DENATURATION

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A CHANGE IN THE MOLECULAR STRUCTURE OF A PROTEIN, USUALLY MAKING IT NONFUNCTIONAL

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PHOTOHETEROTROPH

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AN ORGANISM THAT USES LIGHT AS ITS ENERGY SOURCE AND AN ORGANIC CARBON SOURCE

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APOENZYME

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THE PROTEIN PORTION OF AN ENZYME, WHICH REQUIRES ACTIVATION BY A COENZYME

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COENZYME A (CoA)

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A COENZYME THAT FUNCTIONS IN DECARBOXYLATION