Micro Chapter 2

Front 1

Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes

(traits)

Back 1

Prokaryotes:

- no nucleus

-circular DNA

-small (.5 microns-10 microns)

-includes archaea & bacteria

Eukaryotes:

-true nucleus

-membrane-bound organelles

-linear DNA

-Large (10-microns--meters)

-sexual reproduction common

Front 2

3 domains

Back 2

1. archaea

2. prokaryotes

3. eukaryotes

Front 3

peptidoglycan

Back 3

Protein/carbohydrate complex that makes up cell walls of bacteria

Archaea don't have it

Front 4

3 main groups of Archaea

Back 4

1. Extreme thermophiles

2. Halophiles

3. Methanogens (use methane as a carbon source)

Front 5

Composition of Eukaryotic cell walls

Back 5

Plants = cellulose

Fungi = chitin

Animals = phospholipid bilayer

Front 6

Protists (3 major groups)

Back 6

1. Slime molds (fungus-like protists; absorb nutrients; not photosynthetic)

2. Protozoa (pre-animals, consume nutrients)

3. Algae & plankton (pre-plant, photosynthetic)

ALL EUKARYOTES

Front 7

Viruses (traits)

Back 7

--acellular; debate over whether living or nonliving

--protein capsule + DNA or RNA (optional envelope)

--Must have host to complete life tasks

--Phages attack bacteria; viruses attack eukaryotes

Front 8

Scanned probe microscope

Back 8

enables you to see 3-D structure of organism

Front 9

3 Methods of Studying Microbes

Back 9

1. Staining (gram positive and gram negative, acid-fast)

2. Culturing/Plating (important in isolation)

3. Indicators (common with coliform tests)

Front 10

Chemistry definition

Back 10

Study of interaction between atoms and molecules

Front 11

Atoms

Back 11

Basic unit of element; has same physical and chemical properties as the element

Front 12

Atomic Number

Back 12

"big number" in the box on the periodic table. Represents the number of protons in the nucleus

Front 13

Atomic mass

Back 13

Sum of the number of protons & neutrons

Front 14

If an atom gains an electron, the atom becomes _____________ charged. A charged atom is called an ________. Negatively charged atoms are called ___________________ and positively charged atoms are called _______________.

Back 14

1. Negatively

2. Ion

3. Anions

4. Cations

Front 15

Ionic bonds

Back 15

Positive ion and negative ion attracted together. (ex: NaCl)

Dissolve readily in water

Front 16

Covalent bonds

Back 16

Shared electron; more common in biological molecules.

Store more energy than ionic bonds

Front 17

Hydrogen bonds in water cause:

Back 17

1. Surface tension

2. High heat capacity

Front 18

chemical reaction (definition)

Back 18

Making or breaking bonds between atoms

Front 19

Reactions: endergonic vs. exergonic

Back 19

Endergonic: absorb energy

Exergonic: give off/release energy

Front 20

Reasons water is critical to life

Back 20

1. Polarity (excellent solvent)

2. Temperature buffer (high specific heat

3. Expands upon freezing (supports life below the surface)

4. cohesion (bonds)

5. capillary action (roots of plants)

6. surface tension

Front 21

In situations where maintaining a neutral pH is important, _____________ are added to donate or accept extra ions.

Back 21

buffers

Front 22

Organic compounds: carbohydrates

Back 22

C:H:O is 1:2:1

energy source

structural component

Front 23

Organic compounds:

Lipids

Back 23

C:H:O NOT 1:2:1

energy storage

insulation

structure

hormones

Front 24

Organic compounds: Proteins

Back 24

CHON

enzymes, exotoxins, movement, hormones, cytoplasmic structures

Front 25

Organic compounds: Nucleic Acids

Back 25

N, P

genetic code

ribosome structure