Micro Chapter 14 Infection And Epidemiology (Abernthy)

Front 1

Symbiosis

Back 1

to live together

Front 2

Mutualism

Back 2

both members benefit from their interaction

ex: bacteria in human colon

Front 3

Commensalism

Back 3

one member of the relationship benefits without significantly affecting the other

ex: staphylococcus on skin

Front 4

Parasitism

Back 4

a parasite derives benefit from its host while harming it, though some host sustain only slight damage

ex: Tuberculosis bacteria in human lung

Front 5

Parasitism

endoparasites

Back 5

internal parasite

example: tapeworm

Front 6

Parasitism

exoparasite

Back 6

external parasite

ex: tick, lice, or bacteria

Front 7

Pathogen

Back 7

any parasite that causes disease

Front 8

AKA Norma Flora

normal microbiota

Back 8

the microbes that colonize the surfaces of the body without normally causing disease

Front 9

Type of Normal Microbiota

Resident Microbiota

Back 9

remain part of the normal microbiota of a person throughout life

Front 10

Type of Normal Microbiota

Transient Microbiota

Back 10

remain in the body for only a few hours, days, or months before disappearing

Front 11

How good Microbes go bad

Opportunistic pathogens

Back 11

1. When normal microbiota or other normally harmless microbes from the environment are introduced to an unusual site of the body

2. Immune suppression

3. changes in the normal microbiota

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Introduction of normal microbiota into unusual site on the body

Back 12

ex: in the colon e.coli is matualistic, but should it enter the urethra, it becomes opportunistic that can produce disease.

Front 13

Immune supression

Back 13

ex: anything that suppresses the body's immune system

Front 14

Changes in normal microbiota

Back 14

changes in the relative abundance of normal microbiota, for whatever reason, may allow a member of the normal microbiota to become an opportunistic pathogen

Front 15

Reservoirs of infection

Back 15

sites where pathogens are maintained as a source of infection

Front 16

Type of reserviors

Animal Reservoirs

Back 16

many pathogens that normally infect either domesticated or sylvatic (wild) animals also affect humans.

Front 17

Zoonoses

Back 17

Diseases that spread from their usual animal hosts to humans

Front 18

Well-known examples of Zoonoses

Back 18

yellow fever

anthrax

bubonic plague

rabies

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Type of Reservoir

Human Carriers

Back 19

incubate the pathogen in their body and eventually develop the disease, others remain a continues source of infection without ever becoming sick

ex: TB, Syphilis, and AIDS

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Contamination

Back 20

Refers to the mere presence of microbes in or on the body

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infection

Back 21

successful invasion of the body by a pathogen

Front 22

Portals of entry

Back 22

pathogens enter the body

3 major types

skin, mucous membranes and placenta

fourth entry- parenteral route

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skin portal of entry

Back 23

hair follicles surgeries

sweat glands burrowing

abrasions -parasitic worms

cuts bites -fungi

scrapes

stab wounds

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mucous membranes

Back 24

respiratory tract

gastrointestinal tract

reproductive tract

urinary tract

(moist, warm environment)

conjunctiva-outer white of eye

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placenta

Back 25

2% of pregnancies

pathogens cross the placenta and infect the embryo, sometimes causing spontaneous abortion, birth defects, and premature birth

Front 26

parenteral route

Back 26

not a portal of entry but instead a means by which portals of entry can be circumvented. ex: punctures by nail, thorn, hypodermic needle

Front 27

adhesion and attachment

Back 27

the process by which microorganisms attach themselves to cells

Front 28

Adhesion factors

Back 28

specialized structures or attachment proteins

Front 29

specialized structures

Back 29

adhesion disks-protozoa

suckers- helminths

hooks- helminths

Front 30

Ligands

Back 30

-some can be avirulent

-in viruses and bacteria

surface lipoprotein and glycoprotein molecules

Front 31

Ligands are called

____________ on bacteria

Back 31

adhesins

Front 32

Ligands are called _______________ on viruses

Back 32

attachment proteins

Front 33

Adhesions are found on ______________ and _________________ and ___________________ of many pathogenic bacteria.

Back 33

fimbriae

flagella

glycocalyces

Front 34

Avirulent

Back 34

become harmless

Front 35

Biofilm

Back 35

interact with each other to form a sticky web of bacteria and polysaccharides instead of attaching to host cells

adheres to a surface with in the host

Front 36

disease

Back 36

When the injury Is significant enough to interfere with the normal functioning of the body

Front 37

Morbidity

Back 37

any change from a state of health

Front 38

symptoms

Back 38

subjective characteristics of a disease that can be felt by the patient alone

Front 39

signs

Back 39

objective manifestations of disease that can be observed or measured by others

Front 40

symptoms include ____________________,_________________,____________,

and ___________________.

Back 40

pain, headache, dizziness, and fatigue

Front 41

Signs include _________________,______________,

________________, and ___________________

Back 41

swelling, rash, redness, and fever

Front 42

Syndrome

Back 42

a group of symptoms and signs that collectively characterizes a particular disease or abnormal condition

Front 43

Asymptomatic or subclinial

Back 43

lack symptoms, in some cases certain signs may be detected if the proper tests are preformed

Front 44

Congenital diseases

Back 44

diseases are present at birth

Front 45

Etiology

Back 45

Study of the cause of disease

Front 46

Exceptions to Koch's Postulates

Back 46

-Can not be cultured in laboratory

-Combination of multiple pathogens or other cofactors

-ethical considerations

-ignored pathogens ex: gastric ulcers

Front 47

Pathogenicity

Back 47

ability of a microorganism to cause disease

Front 48

Virulence

Back 48

the degree of pathogenicity

relative ability of a pathogen to infect a host causing disease

Front 49

Virulence factors

Back 49

variety of traits that interact with a host and enable the pathogen to enter a host, adhere to host cells, gain access to nutrients, and escape detection or removal by immune system

Front 50

extracellular enzymes

Back 50

hyaluronidase and collagenase

coagulase and kinase

Front 51

toxins

2 types

Back 51

exotoxin

endotoxin

Front 52

Antiphagocytic factors

Back 52

phagocytosis blocked by capsule

incomplete phagocytosis

Front 53

hyaluronidase and collagenase

Back 53

-invasion bacteria reach epithelial surface

-bacteria produce hyaluronidase and collagenase

-bacteria invade deeper tissues

Front 54

coagulase and kinase

Back 54

-bacteria produce coagulase

-clot forms

-bacteria later produce kinase, dissolving clot and releasing bacteria

Front 55

exotoxin

Back 55

-bacteria secrete exotoxins ex: cytotoxin

-cytotoxin kills host cells

Front 56

endotoxin

Back 56

dead Gram-negative bacteria release endotoxin (lipid A), which induces effects such as fever, inflammation, diarrhea, shock and blood coagulation

Front 57

Phagocytosis blocked by capsule

Back 57

capsule around bacterium

phagocyte slippery can not eat

Front 58

incomplete phagocytosis

Back 58

capsule around bacterium

phagocytic vesicle lysosome

bacteria reproduce

Front 59

stage 1 of infectious diseases

Back 59

incubation period

(no signs or symptoms)

Front 60

Stage 2 of infectious diseases

Back 60

prodromal period

(vague general symptoms)

Front 61

Stage 3 of infectious diseases

Back 61

illness

(most severe signs and symptoms)

Front 62

Stage 4 of infectious diseases

Back 62

decline

(declining signs and symptoms)

Front 63

Stage 5 (final) stage of infectious diseases

Back 63

convalescence

(no signs or symptoms)

Front 64

Type of reservoir

non-living

Back 64

ex: soil, water, and/or food

Front 65

portals of exit

Back 65

means by which pathogens exit the infected patient

Front 66

different portals of exit

Back 66

ear (earwax) seminal vesicles

eyes (tears) (semen and lubricating

Nose (secretions) secretions)

mouth (saliva, sputum) Vagina

broken skin (flakes) (secretions, blood)

Anus (feces) urethra

mammary glands (milk, secretions)

Front 67

3 modes of infectious disease transmission

Back 67

contact

vehicle

vector

Front 68

contact transmission

3 types

Back 68

direct contact transmission

indirect transmission

droplet transmission

Front 69

direct contact transmission

Back 69

the spread of pathogens from one host to another by person to person contact

Front 70

indirect contact transmission

Back 70

when pathogens are spread from one host to another by fomites

Front 71

fomites

Back 71

inanimate objects that are inadvertently used to transfer pathogens to a new host

Front 72

droplet transmission

Back 72

pathogens transmitted when droplet nuclei that exit the body during exhaling, coughing, etc

Front 73

Vehicle transmission

Back 73

the spread of pathogens via air, drinking water, food, as well as bodily fluids being handled outside the body

Front 74

airborne transmission

Back 74

involves the spread of pathogens further than 1 meter to the respiratory mucous membranes via an aerosol

Front 75

Aerosol

Back 75

a cloud of small droplets and solid particles suspended in the air.

Front 76

waterborne transmission

Back 76

is important to the spread of many gastrointestinal diseases including giardiasis, amebic dysentery, or cholera

Front 77

fecal-oral infection

Back 77

the major source of disease in the world.

Front 78

foodborne transmission

Back 78

involves pathogens in and on foods

that are inadequately processed, undercooked, and poorly refrigerated

Front 79

vector transmission

Back 79

vectors are animals that transmit disease from one host to another

Front 80

biological vectors

Back 80

not only transmit pathogens but also serve as hosts for the multiplication of a pathogen during some stage of the pathogens life cycle

ex: fleas ticks mosquitos

Front 81

mechanical vectors

Back 81

are not required as hosts by a pathogen they transmit such vectors only passively carry pathogens to new hosts on their feet or other body parts

Front 82

acute disease

Back 82

disease in which symptoms develop rapidly and that runs its course quickly

Front 83

Chronic desease

Back 83

disease with usually mild symptoms that develop slowly and last a long time

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subacute disease

Back 84

disease with time course and symptoms between acute and chronic

Front 85

asymptomatic disease

Back 85

disease without symptoms

Front 86

latent disease

Back 86

disease that appears a long time after infection

Front 87

communicable disease

Back 87

disease transmitted from one host to another

Front 88

contagious disease

Back 88

communicable disease that Is easy to spread

Front 89

noncommunicable disease

Back 89

disease arising from outside of hosts or disease from opportunistic pathogen

Front 90

incidence

frequency of disease

Back 90

the number of new cases of a disease in a given area or population during a given period of time

Front 91

prevalence

Back 91

the total number cases, both new and already existing, in a given area or population during a given period of time

Front 92

endemic disease

Back 92

stable incidence within a given population of geographical area

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sporadic disease

Back 93

when only a few cases occur within an area or population

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epidemic disease

Back 94

when disease occurs at a greater frequency than usual for an area or population

Front 95

pandemic disease

Back 95

if an epidemic occurs simultaneously on more than one continent

Front 96

types of Epidemiological studies

Back 96

Descriptive Epidemiology

Analytical Epidemiology

Experimental Epidemiology

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Descriptive Epidemiology

Back 97

The careful tabulation of data concerning disease.

Relevant data includes: location and time of cases

also: patient information-age, gender, occupation, health history, and socioeconomic group

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Index case

Back 98

The first case of the disease in a given area or population

Front 99

Analytical Epidemiology

Back 99

investigates a disease in detail, including analysis of data acquired in descriptive epidemiological studies, to determine probable cause, modes of transmission, and possible means of prevention of the disease.

Front 100

Experimental Epidemiology

Back 100

involves testing a hypothesis concerning the cause of the disease.

ex: Koch postulates

Front 101

Nosocomial infections

Back 101

infections acquired by patients or healthcare workers while they are in health care facilities including: hospitals, dental offices, nursing homes, and doctors' waiting rooms

Front 102

Types of nosocomial infections

Back 102

Exogenous

Endogenous

Iatrogenic

Superinfections

Front 103

Exogenous

Back 103

cause by pathogens acquired from health care environment

Front 104

Endogenes

Back 104

arise from normal microbiota within the patient that become pathogenic because of factors within the healthcare setting

Front 105

Iatrogenic

Back 105

literally meaning "doctor-induced" are a subset of nosocomial infections that are the direct result of modern medical procedures such as the use of catheters, invasive diagnostic procedures, and surgery

Front 106

Superinfection

Back 106

may result from the use of antimicrobial drugs that, by inhibiting some resident microbiota, allow others to thrive in the absence of competition