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60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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What are two viral structures that are introduced into a host?
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Viral CAPSID:
Viral NUCLEIC ACID: Viral CAPSID: protein coat surrounding the nucleic acid and Responsible for shape. Viral NUCLEIC ACID: contain either DNA or RNA not both. |
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Some viruses contain a third structure; what is it?
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VIRUS ENVELOPE: a virus that lacks an envelope is called a naked virus. The envelope is composed of viral coded polypeptides and glycoproteins which appear as spikes/projections on the outer surface.
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The ___ ____ of a virus refers to the diffent kinds of organsims it can infect.
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Host Range.
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The ____ of a virus refers to the specific kinds of cells the virus can infect.
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Specificity.
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keyword = specific
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Some viruses produce ___ ____ in infected cells - these are areas of ___ ___ - their ___ and ___ are constant for a particular virus.
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Inclusion bodies.
Virus assembly. Intracellular location and appearance |
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Can viruses grow by themselves?
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No, viruses require a living host.
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What is the easiest virus to grow?
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Bacteriophages.
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What is the plaque method?
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1- It mixes bacteriophages with
2- host bacteria and 3- nutrient agar. |
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After several viral multiplication cycles, the bacteria in the area surrounding the original virus are destroyed; the area of lysis is called a ____.
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Plaque.
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Like a bulls eye target. Think of teeth.
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How do viruses multiply? There are basically three steps.
1 - 2 - 3 - |
Invade, direct, produce.
1 - invade a host cell 2 - direct the host's metabolic machinery 3 - to produce viral enzymes and components. |
I, D, P.
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During a ___ ___, a phage causes the ___ and ___ of a host cell.
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lytic cycle.
lysis and death |
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Some viruses can either cause ___ or have their DNA incorporated as a ____ into the DNA of the host cell which is called ___.
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lysis,
prophage, lysogeny |
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A lysogenic phage can "transfer" bacterial genes from one cell to another through ____.
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TRANSDUCTION.
Unlike Conjugation. |
Keyword = transfer. There are two types of genetic transferring.
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___ ___ is Phage that causes lysis and death of host cell.
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lytic cycle.
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Keyword = lysis
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What is a lysogenic cycle?
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Prophage DNA incorporated in host DNA.
Lysogeny is characterized by integration of the bacteriophage nucleic acid into the host bacterium's genome. Unlike lysogeny the lytic cycle is typically considered the main method of viral replication, since it results in the "destruction of the infected cell". |
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Lytic cycle:
Phage attaches by tail fibers to host cell is called ___. |
Attachment.
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Phage lysozyme opens cell wall, tail sheath contracts to force tail, core, and DNA into cell is called ___.
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Penetration.
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Like sex.
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Production of phage DNA is called ____.
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Biosynthesis because a virus is incorporated into the DNA thus causing the host to alter its production and synthesize according to the new instructions from the phage.
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The assembly of phage particles is called ___.
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Maturation.
The nucleic acid and capsid assemble which is Maturation. Because a phage PARTICLE consists of nucleic acid within a capsid. |
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When Phage lysozyme breaks a cell wall it is referred to as ___.
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Release.
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When a virus attaches to a cell membrane it's referred to as ___.
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Attachment.
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If an animilia virus displays endocytosis (engulfing molecules by cell membrane) or fusion that is called ___.
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Penetration for the Animilia virus.
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Uncoating occurs by ____ or _____ enzymes.
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viral or host enzymes.
Virions are transported to the nucleus and uncoated either by virus' or the host's enzymes. |
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The "production" of nucleic acid and proteins is called ___.
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Biosynthesis.
Unlike "assembling" of nucleic acid and capsids for that would be called Maturation. |
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When nucleic acid and capsid proteins assemble this is referred to as ____.
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Maturation.
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____ occurs by budding (enveloped viruses) or rupture.
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Release.
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A ___ ___ ___ is one in which the virus remains in the host cell for long periods without producing an infection.
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latent viral infection
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Two common examples of latent viral infections are ___ and ___.
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Cold sores (Herpes simplex 1 and shingles (chicken pox).
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This is a class of viruses that may induce "defects" during embryonic development; cross the placenta.
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Teratogens
which as been often thought of as the study of birth defects but is much broader than that. |
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Three common viruses that act as teratogens are ___, ___, and ___ in alphabetical order.
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Cytomegalovirus, herpes, Rubella.
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C, H, R.
Crystal, Harry, Ruby. |
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what is another name for "infectious proteins"?
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Prions.
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Name two common prion diseases that involve the degeneration of brain tissue.
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Mad cow and CJD.
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How do plant viruses spread?
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Through wounds or invasive parasites.
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What are viroids?
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Viroids are infectious pieces of RNA that cause some plant diseases ......
such as potatoe spindle tuber viroid disease. |
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Why can't humans contract viroids?
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Viroids are infectious pieces of RNA. Humans contain only DNA.
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There are 9 skin diseases that are commonly known. What are they in alphbetical order?
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Chicken pox,
fifth disease, Herpese simplex, Measles, Molluscum contagiosum, Roseola, rubella (German measles), Small pox, Warts. C, F, H, M, M, R, R, S, W. |
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This is transmitted through respiratory, Koplik's spots,Photophobia,
red rash, light fever, can be congenital, has vaccination, (MMR vaccine). May last 7 days with hard red rash. |
Rubeola / measles.
Measles (rubeola) is a more serious disease and is sometimes called "hard", "red", or "seven day measles". Individuals infected with measles frequently suffer from ear infections and/or pneumonia and possibly encephalitis. |
Koplik spots are not associated with Rubella.
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This is transmitted by respitory, cause macular lesions on skin (raised rash), Koplik's spots appear on the oral mucosa, Photofobia (possible damage to eyes), vaccination provides long term immunity (MMR vaccine).
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Measles (Rubeola).
Measles (rubeola) is a more serious disease and is sometimes called "hard", "red", or "seven day measles". Individuals infected with measles frequently suffer from ear infections and/or pneumonia. NOT rubella which is German measles. |
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Transmitted by respiratory, localized in the skin cells causing a vesicular rash, complication include encephalitis and Reye's syndrome, and virus remains latent in nerve cells and may activate as ____. You cannot have ____ unless you've had ____.
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Chichenpox and Shingles.
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What is Herpes zoster which is characterized by a vesicular rash along cutaneous sensory nerves.
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Shingles.
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Infection of mucosal cells resulting in cold sores and occasionally encephalitis, latent in nerve cells, and cold sores recur when virus is activated. Is a permanent house guest.
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Herpes Simplex 1.
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These vesicles are painful but heal in 2-3 weeks without scarring unless there is a secondary bacterial infection.
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Herpes Simplex 1.
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This is transmitted primarily by oral and respiratory "routes", direct contact with lesions, fomites (inanimate objects) and contaminated fingers.
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Herpes Simplex 1.
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What is Herpes gladiatorum?
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Herpes that is transmitted by skin contact among wrestlers or not cleaning the mats.
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What is Herpetic whitlow?
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A herpes nail infection.
Recurs at original site of contraction. |
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What is Herpetic keratitis?
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Herpex simplex in the eyes.
Causes corneal ulcers produced from the Herpes simplex virus. This occurs when person touches infected area then touches eye thus spreading the disease. |
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This is transmitted by the repiratory system and moved to the skin via the blood stream. The only host are humans.
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Small pox.
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This has been eradicated as a result of vaccination efforts by the WHO.
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Smallpox.
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Benign skin growths transmitted by contact with contaminated surfaces and infected individuals.
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Warts (papillomas).
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Caused by human parvovirus B19, no symptoms in 20% of cases; resemble a mild case of the flu yet a distinctive "slap cheek" facial rash that slowly fades. The Infection is its own immunization.
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Fifth disease.
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Five finger slap.
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This disease is 5th on the list of skin rash diseases.
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Fifth disease.
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This is a common "childhood" disease; symptoms include high fever for a few days, followed by "rash" over much of the body lasting for a day or two. Caused by herpesvirus 6.
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Roseola.
Keyword = Childhood. |
Keyword = Childhood.
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Small pale, firm, pear-like masses appear on the skin/ a cheesy substance may be expressed from the center of each lesion. The condition clears within 2-12 months without complications or treatment. Transmitted by direct contact with fomites; the disease also can be spread by sexual contact.
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Moluscum contagiosum.
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Some viruses produce ___ ____ in infected cells.
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Inclusion bodies.
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Inclusion bodies are frequently areas of "virus assembly" - their ___ ___and ___ are constant for a particular virus.
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Intracellular location and
appearance |
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A _____ is a clear area which results from the lysis of bacteria.
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plaque
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______ are phages which can only multiply on bacteria and kill the cell by lysis at the end of the life cycle.
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Lytic or virulent phages
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Anytime a lysogenic bacterium is exposed to adverse conditions, the lysogenic state can be terminated. This process is called _____.
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induction
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_____ are obligate intracellular parasites that multiply inside bacteria by making use of some or all of the host biosynthetic machinery.
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Bacteriophage (phage)
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Inside the _____ is found the nucleic acid.
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head or capsid
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