Micro Chapter 11

Front 1

Highest resistance

Back 1

prions and bacterial endospore (specifically from Bacillius and Clsotridium)

Front 2

Moderate Resistance

Back 2

protozoan cysts, fungal sexual spore (zygospores), some viruses
naked viruses MORE RESISTANCE than ENVELOPED Viruses
those that lack endospores but have vegetative cell (Mycobacterium, staph, pseudomonas)

Front 3

Least Resistance

Back 3

most bacterial vegetative cells, fungal spores (besides sexual zygospore), and hyphae, enveloped virueses, yeasr, protozoan trophozoites

Front 4

Sterilization

Back 4

destroyes or removes all microbes, including viruses

Front 5

Bactericide

Back 5

chemical that destroys bacteria

Front 6

Bacteriostatic agents

Back 6

inhibit or prevent growth of bacteria on tissues or other objects

Front 7

Germicide aka microbicide

Back 7

chemical that will kill any pathogenic microorganis

Front 8

Fungistatic

Back 8

inhibit fungal growth

Front 9

Fungicide

Back 9

kills fungal spores, hyphae and yeasts

Front 10

Virucide

Back 10

inactivates viruses, especially on living tissue

Front 11

Disinfectant

Back 11

kills vegetative pathogens but not bacterial endospores

Front 12

Sepsis

Back 12

growth of microorganisms in blood or tissue

Front 13

asepsis

Back 13

any proactive to prevent this
(includes using antiseptics like germicidal soaps)

Front 14

Sanitization

Back 14

removes debris, microbes and toxins, reducing potention for infectiona nd spoilage

Front 15

degermation

Back 15

when living tissues are mechanically treated to reduced microbial load (ex scrubbing skin in chemicals)

Front 16

MIcrobical death

Back 16

the permamant loss of reproductive capability (even under optimum growth conditions)

Front 17

Factors that affect anitmicrobial agents

Back 17

1) number of microbes
2)nature of microbes
3) temp and pH
4)concentration of agent
5)mode of action (how it inhibits microbes)
6) presence of interfering organic matter

Front 18

Modes (or mechanism) of action of antimicrobial agents

Back 18

1)affect cell wall
2)affect membrane permeability
3) affect protein and nucleic acid synthesis
4)affect protein structure and function

Front 19

CELL WALL Antimicrobial agents

Back 19

penicillins and detergents and alcohols (esp in gram - bacteria)

Front 20

CELL MEMBRANE antimicrobial agents
(chemicals called surfactants lower surface tension of cell membrane)

Back 20

Surfactants and alcohols

Front 21

Surfacants

Back 21

chemicals that affect cell membrane
surfactants are polar, bind to lipid layer of cell membrane and open it up
leaving spots for chemical to enter the sell

Front 22

PROTEIN AND NUCLEIS ACID SYNTHESIS antimicrobial agents

Back 22

gamma, uv and X radiation inactivate DNA
formaldehyde and ethtylene oxide affect DNA and RNA

Front 23

PROTEIN FUNCTION antimicrobial agents

Back 23

some agents denature proteins (disrupt structure)
denaturation-bonds are broken

moist heat and alcohol acids denature protines

Front 24

Heat 2 types
1) moist heat 60-135 degrees celcius

Back 24

1) moist heat-denatures proteins and destroys membranes

Front 25

4 ways to use moise heat

Back 25

steam under pressure
nonpressurized steam
boiling water
pasteurization

Front 26

Steam under pressure

Back 26

autoclave

Front 27

nonpressured steam

Back 27

intermittent sterilzation aka tyndallization
doesn't kill spores

Front 28

boiling water

Back 28

disinfection, doesn't kill all resistant cells
not good for steriliation

Front 29

pasteurization

Back 29

disinfection of beverages, heat applied to kill potential agents ot infections and spoiled
flash method
targets salmonella and mycobacterium species

Front 30

Heat-2nd type
2) Dry Heat

Back 30

greater temp than moist heat
incineration-flame or electric heating coil (800-6,500 degress celcius)
dry ovens- 150-180 degrees celcisu

Front 31

Cold Treatment

Back 31

to slow growth of cultures and microbes in food during processing and storage
cold only retards growth*****
survive cold: staph, clostridium, strep, salmonella

Front 32

Cold Treatment: Desiccation

Back 32

drying out, leads to metabolic inhibition by reducing water in cell (temporary)

Front 33

Lyophilization

Back 33

combo of freezing and drying
method to preserve microbes for many years
vacuum removes water to avoid ice formation

Front 34

irRadiation-

Back 34

bombarding with radiation

Front 35

ionizing radiation-

Back 35

gamme rays and X rays
deep penetration power,
breaks the DNA
removes electrons

Front 36

nonionizing radiation

Back 36

UV waves with little penetration power, creates abnormal dimers between pyrimidines, interferes with replications

Front 37

Filtration
** most versitile method to sterilize heat-senstive liquids

Back 37

removes microbes from heat-senstive liquids and circulating air.
Pore size the filter determines what type of microbe is removes

Front 38

Sterilants

Back 38

chemicals that sterilize

Front 39

Preservatives

Back 39

chemicals that inhibit the deterioration of substances

Front 40

tinctures

Back 40

pure alcohol or water-alcohol mixtures

Front 41

Categories of Chemical Agents

Back 41

1)Halogens
2)Phenols
3)Chlorhexidine
4)Alcohols
5) Hydrogen periodize

Front 42

Categoresi of Chemical Agents COnt

Back 42

6) Aldehyde Sterilants and Disinfectants
7) Gaseous Sterilants
8)Deterganets and soaps
9) Heavy Metal compounts
10)dyes
11)acids and alkalis

Front 43

Halogens 2 types: chlorine and iodine

Back 43

1) chlorine- disrupt disulfide bonds, sporicidal w/ enough time
2)iodoine-free iodine and iodophors (bound to polymers)
same as chlorine
iodophors used for wound treatement

Front 44

Phenols

Back 44

disrupt cell membrane and protines
bactericidal, fungicidal, virucidal
NOT SPORICIDAL

Front 45

Chlorhexidine (Hibiclens and Hibitane)

Back 45

surfactant (cell membrane due to polar nature) and protein denature
microbicidal
NOT SPORICIDAL

Front 46

Alcohol **** lowers sufact tension of cells

Back 46

50% to 90%
sufactants (affect cell membrane by polar nature)
affect protiens in bacterial cells and fungi
NOT SPORICIDAL

Front 47

H202

Back 47

damages protein DNA
decomposes oxygen gas
some can be sporicidal

Front 48

aldehydes

Back 48

alkylate proteins and DNA molecules
distrups enzyme activity when hydrogen on an animo acid is replaced by glutaraldehyde molecule
SPORICIDAL

Front 49

gases and aerosols
ex. ETO (ethylene oxide), Betapropiolcatone (BPL)

Back 49

affect protons and DNA
explosive and dangerous
ALL SPORICIDAL

Front 50

Quaternary Ammonium Compounds (quats)

Back 50

cationic detergents
surfactants (polar affects cell membrane)
alter membrane permeability of bacteria and fungi
NOT SPORITCIDAL

Front 51

soaps

Back 51

remove grease and soil that contain mivrobes

Front 52

Heavy metals

Back 52

silver and mercury solutions kill vegetative cells but not spores
by inactivation protiens (oligodynamic reactions)
silver sulfadiazine-used antisepsis or burns

Front 53

primary action of moist heat

Back 53

denature protins

Front 54

autoclave

Back 54

121 celcius
15 psi