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29 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is microbiology?
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The study of living things too small to be seen without magnification
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What are the microscopic organisms called?
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Microbes or Microorganisms
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What are major groups of microorganisms?
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Bacteria, algae, protozoa, helminthes, fungi and archaea
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What are viruses?
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noncellular, parasitic, protein-coated genetic elements that can infect all living things, including other microorganisms
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What are some branches of microbiology?
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Agricultural microbiology
Biotechnology Food, dairy, and aquatic microbiology Genetic engineering and recombinant DNA technology Public health microbiology and epidemiology Immunology |
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What are some emerging areas of microbiology?
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Geomicrobiology
Marine microbiology Astromicrobiology Microbial Endocrinology Aeromicrobiology Medical Microbial Ecology Bioremediation Biofuels |
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How far back do prokaryotes date?
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3.5 billion years
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What is one characteristic of a prokaryote?
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they don't have a true nucleus (no membrane-bound organelles)
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How far back do eukaryotes date?
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1.5-1.8 billion years
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What is one characteristic of a eukaryote?
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They have a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles (golgi apparatus, ER, etc)
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What is anoxygenic photosynthesis?
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does NOT PRODUCE oxygen
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What is oxygenic photosynthesis?
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produces oxygen
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Types of biotechnology?
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Genetic engineering-create new products and genetically modified organisms (GMOs)
Recombinant DNA technology- allows microbes to be engineered to synthesize desirable proteins (i.e. drugs, hormones, and enzymes) |
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Bioremediation
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introducing microbes in to the environment to restore stability or clean up toxic pollutants:
Oil spills Chemical spills Water and sewage treatment |
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Prokaryote vs. Eukaryote:
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-Prokaryotic cells are about 10 times smaller than eukaryotic cells
-Prokaryotic cells lack many cell structures such as organelles -All prokaryotes are microorganisms, but only some eukaryotes are (humans are eukaryotes) |
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What to know about viruses:
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-Not independently living cellular organisms
Much simpler than cells- basically a small amount of DNA or RNA wrapped in protein and sometimes by a lipid membrane -Depend on the infected cell’s machinery to multiply and disperse |
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Who was Robert Hooke?
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his work was the earliest record of microbes. He made the magnifying lenses.
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Who was Antoine van Leeuwenhoek?
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Known as the father of bacteriology and protozoology.
Created the single-lens microscope. |
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Scientific Method
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1)Formulate a hypothesis
2)Most use the deductive approach to apply the scientific method 3)Experimentation, analysis, and testing leads to conclusions 5)Either support or refute the hypothesis Hypotheses can eventually become theories Theories can eventually become laws or principles |
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Louis Pasteur
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worked with infusions in the mid-1800s
developed pasturization |
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John Tyndall
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showed evidence that some microbes have very high heat resistance and are difficult to destroy
Protect us from food-borne illness |
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Ferdinand Cohn
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Spores and sterilization
Spores are very hard to kill. They are a dominant form of bacteria. |
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Joseph Lister
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Introduced aseptic technique.
Physicians and scientists began to suspect that MO could cause disease. |
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Germ Theory
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The theory that microorganisms are the cause for some or all disease.
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Koch's Postulates
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1)The organism must be isolated from the tissues of all hosts with disease
2)The isolated organism must be grown in pure culture. 3)The cultured organism must be introduced into a healthy organism and a disease should result 4)The organism should then be re-isolated from the newly infected organism grown in pure culture and be identical the original suspected pathogen |
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Problems with Koch's postulates:
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But what about:
Organisms that can’t be cultured? Chronic disease? Dosage? Organisms working in concert Individual immune repsonses |
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Levels of classification:
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Kingdom
Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species King Phillip Came Over For Greater Satisfaction |
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The binomial system of nomenclature
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The generic (genus) name followed by the species name
Generic part is capitalized, species is lowercase Both are italicized or underlined if italics aren’t available |
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Two preconceptions of Evolution
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1)All new species originate from preexisting species
2)Closely related organisms have similar features because they evolved from a common ancestor |
