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17 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the criteria for "Normal Flora"
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If an organism is not found in 95% of people, it is not considered normal
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Difference between ingress and penetration?
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penetration signifies entrance past the epithelial cells to deeper tissues
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What determines the stomach acid effectiveness against a microbe?
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The amount of the time the microbe is exposed to the acids
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Examples of Cell-Mediated Entry?
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Dust Cells entering body instead of traveling upward with mucociliary action
HIV penetrating in virus-laden macropages |
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What microbes use other organisms as part of their life cycle?
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Protozoa and Worms
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What is Cruetzfeldt-Jakob disease common in?
CMV? |
Corneal Transplants
Kidney Transplants |
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Sanitation and Sterilization are important mechanisms of lowering what determining factor of causing an infection?
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the inoculum size
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Two forms of spread?
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Lateral to connected tissues and Dissemination to distant sites
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Exception to rule that multiplication is required for symptoms to develop?
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Organisms that cause disease through toxin secretion (INTOXICATION)
ex - botulism |
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Why are microbial countermeasures considered virulence factors?
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despite not causing tissue damage, they are essential to microbe pathogenicity
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Components of Constitutive Defense?
Components of Induced? |
complement and phagocytosis
humoral and cellular |
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Microbe mechanisms of defense?
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Capsule formation
Antigen alterations Cause no host damage |
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How do toxins act?
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By causing hyperactivity of a normal process
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When is cell death most dangerous?
When is it most common? |
In essential organs such as the heart and brain
In acute infections |
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When is an immune reaction termed humoral?
When is it Cellular? |
When it results in the production of circulating antibodies
When it results in special cells seeking out and destroying infected cells |
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Humoral pathway (general)
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AB --> AB+Ag --> Classical Complement activation
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Cellular Immunity - Cells? Type of inf / Microbes? Common Results?
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Macrophages - Chronic Infections (intracellulars and viruses) - Granulomas/Tubercules
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