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369 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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how many ppl in the world don't have access to clean water?
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1 bill
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how many ppl don't have any sanitation?
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2.5 bill
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what is biofilm?
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the continuously forming coating of MOs and organic matter on the surface of the teeth
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characteristics about it?
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forms very rapidly-difficult to remove
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__ __ most common bacterium seen w/ this
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streptococcuus mutans
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the combination of __ and __ __ produce carriers (cavities)
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strep mutans& sugar
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strep mutans uses the sugar we eat to produce what? which does what?
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lactic acid; gradually eats away the enamel of the tooth
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what is periodontal disease?
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gum disease and the erosion of the ligaments that support the teeth
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what is gingivitis?
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mild gum inflammation
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what is "trench mouth"-which is more severe gum disease?
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acute necrotizing ulcerative disease
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what happens with peridontitis?
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the tissues supporting the teeth and gums fall apart, this is followed by a loss of bone
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what is peridontal disease primarily caused by?
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anaerobic bacteria in the mouth that produce endotoxins and acids that produce an inflammatory effect
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what are some ways of treating periodontal disease?
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-antimicrobial mouth rinses
-brushing with baking soda and hydrogen peroxide -surgery to eliminate pockets -antibiotic therapy for unresponsive or rapid processing cases(but they often cant get to the pockets of bacteria) |
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what is a commonly known viral disease of the oral cavity?
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paramyxovirus(mumps)
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what kind of virus is the paramyxovirus?
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enveloped RNA virus
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how is mumps spread?
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respiratory droplets-humans only
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where does the paramyxovirus infect-then travel to?
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the cells of the oropharynx; through the blood to the salivary glands(testes, ovaries, and meninges)
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the mumps virus is shed from when to when?
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2 days before glands swell and for 10 days after swelling has subsided
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what age group was this common in?
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6-10yr olds
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what percent of ppl will have no symptoms?
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20-40%
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if infection occurs in post-pubescent males..what can happen?
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testicular infection occasionally causes sterility
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mumps pancreatitis is associated with what disease?
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juvenile onset diabetes(Type 1)
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vaccination is recommended for whom?
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everyone born after 1957-not if pregnant
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staphlyococcal infections cause disease by?
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release of enterotoxins A and D into the food
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these toxins cause 3 things?
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inflammation of the intestinal lining
prevent water reabsorption by the color stimulate vomiting centers in the brain |
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what kind of food can be infected?
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those that are not cooked long are the usual suspects(cream pies, dairy products, and...potato salad)
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the toxins are fairly heat stable, but can even cause diseae if?
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they are boiled for 30 min
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symptoms that come with staphylococcal enterotoxins include?
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abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea
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when do symptoms normally appear after eating food? how long do they last?
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1-6hrs; about 8 hrs
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staphlococcus enterotoxins is the __ severe of all the gastrointestinal toxins
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least
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the recovery does not confer what?
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immunity
keep patients hydrated! |
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clostridium perfringens is a only produces the toxin during ___
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sporulation
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it is usually found in what kind of food?
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undercooked meats and gravies
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what are the symptoms of clostridium perfingens?
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abdominal pain and diarrhea
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how long b4 these symptoms appear? how long do they last?
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8-24hrs; 12-18hrs
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what is the food poisoning caused by clostridium botulinum?
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botulism
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if the toxin is eaten, it exerts its effect on what?
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the nervous system
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botulism inhibits the release of what?causing?
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acetyl choline; flaccid paralysis
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what can happen to infants? they shouldn't eat what?
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paralysis; honey
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there can be problems seen with?
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seeing, speaking, swallowing, breathing
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what is bacillus cereus?
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an emetic toxin produces vomiting
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intestinal infestation produces what?
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diarrhea
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what kind of foods cause this?
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grains, vegetables, or dairy products
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how long after ingestion does it occur? lasts only a short time
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12hrs
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how many cases annually of salmonellosis are there?
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almost 2 mill
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salmonella is caused by many different species& there are about __strands
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2000
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salmonella species are part of the normal flora in what?
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most birds and rodents
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what is a common source of infection?
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infected chickens lay infected eggs
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whats the % of pet reptiles carry Salmonella?
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90
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avoid foods containing uncooked __&__
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eggs&meats
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what is salmonella enteritidis(inflammatory enteritis)?
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abdominal pain, fever, and diarrhea with blood and mucous
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it appears how long after ingestion of contaminated food?
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8-48hrs
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organisms invade and colonize the mucosa of what?
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both small and large intestine
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what is the fever produced by?
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the endotoxin
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antibiotics are not usually given to healthy adults, the disease only lasts?
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1-4days
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who r treated more agressively?
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infants&elderly
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salmonella typhi aka?
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typhoid fever
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transmission of s.t.?
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by ingestion of contaminated food and water supplies
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is it common in the us?
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no
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organisms colonize where?
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the upper small intestine, enter the lymphatics and then the blood
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___occurs at the same time
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bacteremia
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what are the symptoms like?1st week?2nd week?
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1: mild flu
2:formation of Peyer's patches(rose-colored spots) on abdomen -decrease in WBC count -no diarrhea |
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usually self-limiting by?
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4th week
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drug of choice?
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chloraphenicol,resistance developed
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where is shigellosis commonly found?
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day care centers
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how is it transmitted?
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fecal/oral transmission
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15% of infant ___ are caused by shigella
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diarrheas
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cause?#organisms?
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several species of Shigella
-as few as 10 organisms can cause infection |
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how long is the incubation period?and what symptoms follow?
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1-4days; profuse bloody, pus filled diarrhea
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some strains of shigella produce __ toxin which can cause?
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shiga; convulsions, coma, and death
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what is the best preventative?
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good sanitation
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what should you take/do if you contract shigellosis?
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resore fluids and electrolytes
treatment is aggressive with quinolones |
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what is the causivtive agent of cholera?
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vibrio cholera
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what is the % fatality for cholera?
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75
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bacteria for cholera survives well where?
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in slightly alkaline water, especially if feces are present
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vibrio cholera produces a potent enterotoxin called?
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choleragen
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results in what happening in the body?
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significant loss of fluid, and electrolytes from the intestine, and shredding of the epithelial layer
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symptoms of vibrio cholera?
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a diarrhea w/ small membranous pieces-rice water stool
-as many as 22L of fluid can be lost per day(this led to the creation of the "choler cot") |
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what is the most effective treatment?
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fluid and electrolyte replacement
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what antibiotic may reduce duration of symptoms for vibrio cholera?
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tetracycline
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what is traveler's diarrhea causitive agent?
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e. coli
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result?
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mild to severe form of diarrhea
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why is it when you travel this can happen?
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there are various strains of E. coli common to specific geographical regions; if you travel outside of your region you will be exposed to other strains of bacteria
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whats the CA for peptic ulcer and chronic gastritis?
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helicobacter pylori
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what does helicobacter pylori bacteri do?
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produces ammonia to neutralize stomach acid around the area of the bacterial growth
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soo it can produce?
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either ulcers or gastritis
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what is the CA for pseudomembranous colitis?
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clostridium difficile
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this disease is associated w/?
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antibiotics
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what are the symptoms?
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abdominal cramps, diarrhea, fever and toxic megacolon, the intestine can eventually burst
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what is the treatment for pwudomembranous colitis?
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vancomycin
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what is the CA for viral enteritis?
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rotavirus
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how is rotavirus transmitted?
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by fecal-oral route
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viral enteritis is a mafor cause of what in developing countries?
# of cases? # of deaths? |
infant death
3-5bil 5-10mil |
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what are 2 addition viral enteritis agents?
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enterovirus, Norwalk virus-Genus Norovirus
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whats the symptoms of viral enteritis?
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severe vomiting ad diarrhea
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what is hepatitis A's CA?
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picornavirus
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how is A transmitted?
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fecal-oral transmission
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what is the incubation period for Hep A?
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15-40days
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what happens during this?
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acute febrile illness liver inflammtion and reduction in liver function
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it is self-limiting, but usually??
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not very severe
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common "__ ___" disease?
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fast food-"taco bell hepatitis"
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how is Hep B transmitted?
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same as HIV- body fluids, especially blood
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what is the incubation period for hep B?
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avg 90days
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virus replicates in liver cells doing what?
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ultimately destroying them
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cure? vaccine?
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no cure; vaccine is 95% effective
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how long does the infection for hep b normally persist?
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years
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vaccine is safe bc its made how?
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in a yeast cell
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hep b virus is very stable where?
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in the environment
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hep b is associated with what?
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liver cancer
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hep A=?
hep B=? |
acute(comes on fast)
bloodborne |
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what is hep c thought to be caused by?
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2 different viruses
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hep c causes the release of what?
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the liver enzyme alanine transferase into the blood
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hep c is usually mild but can become?
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chronic
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__of the infected ppl will become carriers
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1/2
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20% of cases can progress to what?
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cirrhosis and liver cancer
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hep C= NO IMMUNITY
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ok
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does hep d cause disease?
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alone does not but found combined w/ hep b does!!
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what is the ca for giardiasis?
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giardia intestinalis
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occurs when what happens?
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when cyst containing material is ingested(usually h2o)
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the organisms in giardiasis make their way where to attach and feed?
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mucosal layer in the small intesting
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symptoms?
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parasite load can become heavy, stools are copious and frothy due to increased fat content
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where is this organism found in the us? how do u prevent it?
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out west-mt streams
clean water supplies |
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whats the ca for amoebic dysentery?
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entamoeba histoytica?
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how is it transmittd?
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fecal-oral
-those contaminated water supplies |
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symptoms?
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abdominal tenderness, 30+ stools per day
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what is aflatoxin?
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the most potent carcinogen ever discovered
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where is it found? what does it cause?
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-mold infected grain(corn) and peanuts
-liver cancer |
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where is the fungal toxin ergot found?
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rye
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what are the symptoms of this?
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produces hallucinations, high fever, convulsions, and death
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varients of this toxin are used as what?
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therapeutic agents
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thought to be the cause of the?
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salem witch trials
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where is the fungal toxin amanita toxin found?
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mushrooms
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what does it do to u?
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damage the liver by completely inhibiting RNA polymerase
-sufficient quantity can kill a person |
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how do tapeworms usually occur?
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from eating undercooked meat
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Taenia solium
Taenia saginata both from where? and can be how long? |
pork
beef 25meters |
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what do they dO?
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malnutrition, and blockages
-if ingested as eggs other locations can be colonized |
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what the ca for trichinosis?
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trichonella spiralis
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usually this organism is caused by what?
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pork, and venison in the us
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what kind of climate does it live in?
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temperate
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symptoms? cure? treatment?
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-often form cysts in the chewing muscles, but can invade elsewhere
-no cure, treatment is symptomatic |
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how is ascaris occur?
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eggs are ingested and hatch in the intesting
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can cause severe? and also?
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immunological conditions
malnutrition |
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wandering worms can cause?
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abscesses(and fear)
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how do pinworms occur?
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eggs give rise to worms in the intestine
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common in whom? tends to run throughout?
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children, families
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define bacteremia?
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occus when bacteria are present in the blood, but not growing
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septicemia?
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refers to growing bacteria in the blood
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septic shock?
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a life threatening condition in which the blood pressure drops and blood vessels collapse
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whats the amt of septicemias that are caused by gram negative organisms?
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1/3
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antibiotics would do what in these situations?
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worsen it, when killing organisms realeases more endotoxins
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septic shock is caused by the ___ produced by these bacteria
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endotoxins
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1/3 of septicemias are what?
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nosocomial; following surgrey
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lymphangitis?
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inflammation of the lymphatic vessels that leave the site of injury, other symptoms are fever and shock
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whats the mortality rate of septicemia?
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50-70%
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how many deaths does it account for?
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200,000
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diagnosis?
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blood cultures
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treatment?
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elevation of blood pressure and stabilized; antibiotic therapy
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whats the ca for puerperal fever?
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streptococcus pyogenes(group A strep)
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puerperal fever was a common cause of death in whom b4 antibiotics?
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childbirth
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s. pyogenes is a normal __ flora
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vaginal
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bc childbirth is traumatic, some of the strep could gain access to what?
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the blood stream following deliver-septicemia
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signs and symptoms?
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fever, chills, pelvic distension and tenderness, bloody vaginal discharge
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treatment?
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antibiotic therapy(usually penicillin) low mortality
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whats the ca for group B streptococcal disease?
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strep. agalactiae
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it is the leading cause of what in the us?
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neonatal sesis and meningitis
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cases per yr? mortality rat?
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1 in 3 cases per 1000 births
50% |
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over 30% who survive meningitis will suffer what?
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central nervous system damage
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happens when what occurs?(w/mother&baby)
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-it is a common vaginal flora so if there is a rupture of membranes more than 12 hrs before birth that allows organisms to infect the baby
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symptoms appear when?what are they?
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a few days after birth w/ fever, respiratory distress and lethargy
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pregnant women should do what to prevent this?
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be cultured for strep in 3rd tri
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treatment if positive?
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treat mother with ampicillin before birth; along w/ baby for 7-10days after birth
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rheumatic fever is a sequelae to what?
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strep. pyogenes
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most common in ages?
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5-15
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onset of disease occurs how long afer strep throat?
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2-3weeks
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symptoms?
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fever and a rash are followed by arthritis
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damage to the __ __ is diagnostic of rheumatic fever?
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mitral valve
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only about _% of untreated strep throat cases become rhematic fever
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3
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the damage is odne ot the heart by what?
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the immune system; cross reactive antibodies
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immune system damage results in the loss of?
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smooth surfaceds on the mitral valve
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predisposing the valve to __ __?
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bacterial endocarditis
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rheumatic fever survivers should take what prior to any dental work?
|
prophylactic antibiotics
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bacterial endocarditis is in 2 subcatagories?
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acute& subacute
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subacute?symptoms
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slow onset; fever, malaise, bacteremia, and heart murmur in 2 out of 3 patients
-more common in patients over 45 |
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ca's for subacute bacterial endocarditis aka valve destruction?
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viridans streptococcus, enterococcus
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acute bacterial endocarditis?
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rapid onset; usually leading to complete valve destruction and death w/in a few days
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whats the ca for endocarditis(the actual hardening of the valves)?
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staphylococcus aureaus
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treatment?
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antibiotic therapy to kill the infection
often valve replacement 50%cured by antibiotics 25% cured by surgery 25% die |
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ca for filariasis?
|
several roundworms
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whats the most common filariasis?
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wuchereria bancrofti
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how many ppl worldwide are infected?
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100mil
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female worms release embryos called ___ which are in the ___ blood vessels at night and retreat to the __ __ during the day
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microfilaria
peripheral; deep vessels |
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what is the carrier of this disease?
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mosquitos
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adult worms can lead to blockage of what/
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lymphatic vessels
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repeated infections lead to what?
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elephantiasis
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treatment?
|
Hetrazan, albendazole, or metronidazole is effective
-wrapping effected limbs to force lymph through the vessels can reduce the size of the effected limb |
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ca of anthrax?
|
bacillus anthracis
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mostly seen in?NOT SPREAD PERSON TO PERSON
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farm animals, especially herbivores
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whats the most common type?
|
cutaneous
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whats the most fatal?
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respiratory(almost 100%)
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pulmonary anthrax is common among grazing animals why?
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noses are close to the soil in which antrax spores wait
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once inhaled into the lungs, the spores do what?
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germinate in alveoli where they are phagocytized, but not killed by the macrophages(since they're intracellular)
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eventually they kill the__
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macrophages
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what happens inside pulmonary capillaries and lymph nodes?
|
clots form inside, causing swelling that obstructs airways
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pulmonary anthrax is the one chosen for whAT?!!
|
bioterrism
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treatment?
|
ciprofloxin
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pulmonary anthrax is the one chosen for whAT?!!
|
bioterrism
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treatment?
|
ciprofloxin
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ca for plague?
|
yersinia pestis
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common vector?
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rats and fleas
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untreated, human fatalities are %?
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50-60
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seen in rodents from __ states
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wester
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y. pestis travels through? and causes what?
|
lymphatics and lodge in the lymph nodes where they cause hemorrhages and massive node enlargements -especially in axillary and inguinal nodes
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what are those enlargements called?
|
buboes
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they would appear when?and look?
|
2-7days after infection; turn black
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if the organism gains acces to the blood, what develps?
|
septicemia
|
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pnemonic plagues occurs when?
|
if the organism colonizes the lungs, and air droplet spread(near 100%fatal)
|
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treatment?
|
streptomycin, a/o tetracycline
|
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ca for lyme disease?
|
borrelia burgdorferi
|
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major reservoirs for this?
|
whitetail dear and deer ticks
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after being bitten, Lyme disease begins w/ what?
|
a fever and a characteristic "bull's eye rash"
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untreated, can lead to what?
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arthritis, nerve and heart disorders
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treatment?
|
doxycycaline and amoxicillin-much more effective if early in the disease though
|
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lyme disease can often go?
|
undiagnosedc
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ca for rickettsial diseases?
|
rickettsia species, gram negative obligate intracellular parasites(have to live in the cells)
|
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treatment?
|
tetracycaline and chloramphenicol, but not curative
|
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ca for rocky mt spotted fever?
|
rickettsia rickettsii
|
|
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symptoms?
|
rapid onset fever, headache, and weakness
-rash develops on the wrists and ankles and progresses on the trunk |
|
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fatality rates vary widely depending on?
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the strain of teh organism
|
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most reported cases of rocky mnt spotted fever actually occur where?
|
appalachian mts
|
|
|
dengue fever aka?
|
break-bone fever bc of severe joint pain
|
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ca?
|
4 different all belong to the Flavavirus family; some strains are worse than others
|
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carriers?
|
mosquitos
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where is yellow fever common?
|
central and south america
|
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host?
|
monkeys are probably the host and mosquitos the vectors
|
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became a problem during what historical event?
|
building of the Panama Canal
|
|
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symptoms?
|
fever, nausea and vomiting, liver damage from viral replication in liver cells causes jaundice for which the disease is named for
|
|
|
ca for infectious mononucleosis?
|
a herpes virus called Epstien Barr Virus
|
|
|
EBV infects primarily _ cells
|
B
|
|
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EBV DNA replicates much faster than B cell DNA
|
ok
|
|
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what is Burkitt's lymphoma look like?
|
usually seen as a tumor of the jaw
|
|
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more common where?
|
in countries where there are other parasitic diseases such as malaria
|
|
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whats the incubation period for mono?
|
30-50days
|
|
|
symptoms?
|
sore throat, malaise, mild headach that persists
|
|
|
why are clinical tests required for diagnosis?
|
bc the signs and symptoms of disease resemble many other disorders
|
|
|
in developing countries most children are exposed to disease by?
|
1 yr of age w/ few or no symptoms
|
|
|
although EBV can be contracted through kissing; very few ppl are carriers and shed the disease
|
ok
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|
|
following infection a person will shed virus for about how long?
|
18m
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treatment?
|
bed rest
antibiotics to prevent secondary infections(not ampicillin-leads to rash) -no vaccine is available -infections leads to immunity |
|
|
filoviruses all have characteristic what?
|
fish-hook shape
|
|
|
most famous one?
|
ebola virus
|
|
|
100% will have what symptom?
|
gruesome-hemorrhagic fever
|
|
|
ebola interacts specifically with what cells?
|
liver cells and cells of the reticuloendothelial system
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|
|
the lining of what is attacked?so then what happens?
|
blood capillaries
they start to leak fluids and plasma proteins |
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|
what are some other things that can happen w/ these patients?
|
intravascular coagulation, and subsequent loss of normal clotting capability
leads to shock bc of low water volume in the body leads to general interuption of tissue oxygenation causing critical organ failure -clinical shock once present-is usually impossible to reverse |
|
|
the only strain out of four that is not spread in humans is?
|
the Reston strain named after monkeys were found as carriers
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|
|
everything with this effects blood, therefore?
|
will be spread by blood
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|
|
ca for leishmaniasis?
|
leishmania species
|
|
|
vector which carries it?
|
sandfly
|
|
|
symptoms
|
high irregular fever, progressive weakness, wasting, protrusion of the abdomen due to extensive liver and spleen enlargement
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treatment?
|
antimony compounds
|
|
|
12mill cases worldwide; is aka?
|
a desert storm disease
|
|
|
ca for malaria?
|
plasmodium species, 4 species
|
|
|
malaria is one of the world's greatest health problems, killing how many ppl annually?
|
1mil
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|
|
symptoms?
|
fever, shivering, arthralgia(joint pain), vomiting, anemia, and convulsions
|
|
|
organisms first invade the liver and then reproduces in what?
|
rbcs
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|
|
has definitive host? intermediat host?
|
-sexual reproduction-happens in mosquitos
-developmental in humans |
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|
treatment?
|
chloroquine
Prophylactic treatment for people going to malarial regions is recommended 1 week before, during and 6 weeks after |
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|
ca for toxoplasmosis?
|
toxoplasma gondii
|
|
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caught how?2 different ways?
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from cats, raw steak
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|
|
symptoms?
|
most serious in developing fetuses and newborns
blindness and mental retardation |
|
|
what are the meninges?
|
the sheets of connective tissue covering and protecting the brain and spinal cord
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__ cells are the phagocytes of the nervous system
|
microglial
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|
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the bb barrier?
|
are special thick walled capillaries w/out pores in their walls which limits the entry of substances into brain cells
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|
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whats bacterial meningitis?
|
Inflammation of the meninges that surround the brain and spinal cord
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|
|
meningitis causes what symptoms?
|
necrosis, clogging of blood vessels, increased pressure within the skull and impaired central nervous system function.
|
|
|
early symptoms include?
|
headache, fever and chills
vomiting, neck stiffness and a dislike of bright lights seizures can rarely develop watch for refusing to feed, dislike of handling, neck retraction, high pitch crying and blotchy complexion in babies death is usually caused by shock and other complications within hours |
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|
most cases of bacterial meningitis are ?
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acute
|
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diagnosis?!
|
gram stain can be very helful and culter of CSF for specific causitive agent, specimin is obtained by a spinal tap
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|
|
lab results? 3 main things looking for?
|
normally the CSF is clear, turbidity indicates infection
increased WBC count and protein decrease in glucose |
|
|
culture will take how long? is culture faster or gram stain?
|
24hrs; gram stain
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|
|
ca for meningococcal meningitis?
|
neisseria menigitidis
|
|
|
gram stain for meningococcal meningitis?
|
gram negative diplococci
|
|
|
n. meningitidis __-__x more endotoxin than do other types of bacteria
|
100-1000
|
|
|
endotoxin is found where in molecule?
|
the LOS-lipoligosaccharide that allows the bacteria to attach to human cells
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5-10% of the pop carries N menigitidis where?
|
in the back of the nose an throat
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|
|
how is meningococcal meningitis spread?
|
through the exchange of repiratory and throat secretions
|
|
|
who are the most susceptible to this?
|
infants due to deficiencies in immunity
|
|
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2nd most susceptible group?
|
teens and college
|
|
|
common #1 cause of infectious disease related to death during what historical even?
|
WWII
|
|
|
septicemia or sepsis, which begins as a __ __, is a response to what?
|
patikia rash; systemic response to an infection which causes limb loss and organ failure
|
|
|
leads to waterhouse frederichsen syndrome is a complication of this MO, where what happens?
|
meningococci invade all parts of the body death occurs w/in hrs of endotoxin shock
|
|
|
treatment?
|
penicillin or ceftiaxone by IV
|
|
|
household or close contacts of patients are treated w/ what?for 2days
|
rifampin
|
|
|
vaccine available for what types?
|
A&C; no vaccines for children or infants
|
|
|
B has a what that prevents us from makinga a good vaccin
|
capsule
|
|
|
steroids are often given to prevent?
|
hearing loss
|
|
|
ca for haemophilus meningitis?
|
haemophilus influenzae
|
|
|
gram stain for Haemophilus Meningitis?
|
gram negative coccobacilli, also has a capsule
|
|
|
was the most common type of meningitis in whom?b4 vaccines(Hib vaccin)
|
children under 5
|
|
|
Haimophilus meningitis often follows a ?
|
upper respiratory infection
|
|
|
_-_% of children are carriers, adults only __%
|
30-50; 3
|
|
|
w/out treatment what happens?
|
almost always fatal
|
|
|
with treatment?
|
up to 3% fatality, 20-30% have hearing loss, brain damage, seizures, mental redardation
|
|
|
leading cause of what worldwide?
|
mental retardation
|
|
|
treatment?
|
ampicillin plus ceftiaxone or cefotoxime by IV
|
|
|
ca for pneumococcal meningitis?
|
streptococcus pneumoniae
|
|
|
gram stain for pneumococcal meningitis?
|
positive elongated cocci in pairs
|
|
|
whats the rapid test that can follow the gram staining of pneumococcal meningitis?
|
quellung reaction-test for antigen on the capsule of the strep pneumo, u will get a halo around the capsule
|
|
|
this the most common __ meningitis
|
adult
|
|
|
follow what 2 infections?
|
upper resp., or strep
|
|
|
2 vaccine?
|
prevnar for infants and children under 24m of age
pneumovax for immunocompromised adults, protection only last 2-3week |
|
|
__%mortality when combined w/ sepsis
|
40
|
|
|
treatment?
|
penicillin or ceftriaxone by IV, or oral ciprofloxin
|
|
|
2 ca for neonatal meningitis?
|
Streptococcus agalactiae (Group B beta hemolytic streptococcus)
Ecoli-very rare |
|
|
gram stain?
|
gram positiv cocci in chains
|
|
|
during delivery what can happen?
|
a baby can acquire S. agalactiae and develop neonatal sepsis, neonatal meningitis, and neonatal pneumonia
|
|
|
usually infection shows w/in how long?
|
7 fays
|
|
|
treatment?
|
ampicillin
|
|
|
ca for listerosis(meningitis)
|
listeria monocytogenes
|
|
|
gram stain?
|
gram positive rods
|
|
|
now the most common cause of infection in what patients?
|
kidney transplant
|
|
|
can cross placenta and do what?
|
infect fetus causing stillbirth or neonatal death
|
|
|
listeria monocytogenes is associated w/ what improperly processed food?
|
milk products, turkey hot dogs
|
|
|
brain abscesses generally reach the brain bc of what?
|
injury or blood from another injury site
|
|
|
treatment?early on?later?
|
early: antibiotic treatment can be sufficient
later: surgical drainage or removal of abscesses is necessary |
|
|
where can these abscesses not be treated?
|
areas that control the heart or other vital organs cannot be treated surgically
|
|
|
w/out treament fatality rate? w/ treatment?
|
50%; 5-10%
|
|
|
viral meningitis is usually what?
|
non-fatal and self limiting
|
|
|
caused by several different viruses?
|
enteroviruses, mumps virus, other unidentified viruses
|
|
|
ca for rabies?
|
rabies virus-RNA containing rhabdovirus
|
|
|
gains access to the body through what?
|
bite of a mammal
|
|
|
the virus replicates in the bite how long b4 what nerve things start happening?
|
1-4
attacking local nerve cells and gradually working its way to the spinal cord |
|
|
at the spinal cord-the disease rapidly progresses where?
|
the brain
|
|
|
usually incubation period is long?
|
20-60days
therefore post exposure immunization is possible! |
|
|
immunization now includes what?
|
5x IM injection of vaccin
|
|
|
symptoms?
|
headache, fever, nausea, and partial paralysis at the site of the bite-persist for 2-10days
walking becomes difficult hydrophobia occurs as throat muscles undergo painful spasms aerophobia, and hypersensitivity occur confusion, hyperactivity, and hallucinations followed by coma and death only two people have ever survived |
|
|
encephalitis?
|
inflammationof the brain
|
|
|
SLE?-epidemics every 10 years, sever in whom?
|
St. Louis enceph; elderly
|
|
|
the viruses tend to be transmitted from __ to __ to __
|
birds to mosquito to mammal
|
|
|
how many cases of Hansen's disease(Leprosy) worldwide?
|
15mill
|
|
|
ca for leprosy?
|
mycobacterium leprae
|
|
|
division cycle? length of incubation period?
|
every 12 days-verrry slow growth
20yrs |
|
|
tuberculoid Hansen's disease? symptoms
|
areas of skin lose pigment and sensation
|
|
|
lepromatous Hansen's disease?symptoms
|
formation of nodules caused by granulomas that disfigure the skin-extremities 1st(hands/toes)
|
|
|
M. Leprae is the only known bacteria that destroys wat?
|
peripheral nerves
|
|
|
patients are in continuous __
|
bacteremia-bacteria constantly being shed
|
|
|
is this highly contagious?
|
no except through extensive close contact
|
|
|
as disease progresses what symptoms occur?
|
disfigurement of hands and feet
severe disease erodes bone eventually causing death |
|
|
treatemtn?
|
rifampin and dapsone-some resistant stains are appearing
|
|
|
ca for tetanus?
|
clostridium tetani, obligate anaerobe
|
|
|
C. tetani is found wher?
|
in almost all soil samples especially manure
|
|
|
to cause disease the spores of C. tetani must be deposited where?
|
into the deep tissues
|
|
|
following inoculation C. tetani produces what? early symptoms include?later?
|
powerful toxin; muscle spasms; every muscle w/ contract resulting in arched back
|
|
|
most ppl dies of what?
|
repiratory a/o heart failure
|
|
|
the few who survive have no serious sequelae
whats the best preventative? |
tetanus toxoid immunization
|
|
|
when does tetanus neonatum occur?
|
when the umbilical stump is infected
|
|
|
ca for botulism?
|
clostridium botulinum
|
|
|
disease is caused how?3 situations
|
by toxin producition
-food-borne-over 90%of cases -infant(caused from honey) -woudn |
|
|
the organisms is very __ stable, but the toxin is not!
|
heat
|
|
|
symptoms?
|
neuroparalysis w/ sudden onset and death
flaccid paralysis death due to respiratory loss |
|
|
the toxin prevent the release of ACH from the nerve cell to the __ __/
|
muscles cells
|
|
|
immunity??
|
nope
|
|
|
diagnosis?
|
clinical observation
|
|
|
treatment?
|
polyvalent(IgM) antitoxin is immediatly given bc the test takes 24-48hrs
-antibiotics are of no use |
|
|
Viral nerve disease:
poliomylitis: ca? |
poliovirus(picornaevirus)
|
|
|
destroys what?
|
motor neuron cells that control muscles
|
|
|
dreaded disease when?
|
the 1950s; summers
|
|
|
most of the cases of polio-more than 90% are __
|
inapparent
|
|
|
some cases 1-2% resulted in partial to complete__ __
|
flaccid paralysis
IRON LUNG |
