Micro. Chap 2

Front 1

True or False:
Elements consist of a single atoms.

Back 1

True

Front 2

Two or more linked elements make up a ____________.

Back 2

Molecule

Front 3

The six elements commonly used in living things are:

Back 3

Carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, phosphorous, and sulfur

Front 4

List three reasons why carbon is an ideal molecule for life:

Back 4

1. Can form 4 stable bonds
2. Bonds can be broken or formed at temps below boiling
3. Can form linear or branching compounds

Front 5

Covalent bonds are __________ and occur through the __________ of electrons.

Back 5

Strong
Sharing

Front 6

Living systems break covalent bonds using __________.

Back 6

Enzymes

Front 7

Ionic bonds are _________ and are bonds that form between atoms that are ____________.

Back 7

Weak
Charged

Front 8

Negative atoms are termed _________, while positive ions are termed ___________.

Back 8

Anions
Cations

Front 9

Hydrogen bonds are _________, they form because hydrogen atoms have a slightly ____________ charge.

Back 9

Weak
Positive

Front 10

Many hydrogen bonds working together can be very ________. Two biomolecules must have complementary _____________ at the site of interaction.

Back 10

Strong
Topology

Front 11

Water is a great __________, the substance that it dissolves is termed a _________.

Back 11

Solvent
Solute

Front 12

Molecules that are _________ can be dissolved by water.

Back 12

Polar

Front 13

pH is the measure of ________ of a solution. It is the ratio of _______ to __________.

Back 13

Acidity
Hydrogens (protons) to OH's (hydroxyls)

Front 14

The concentration of H and OH equals _______ M.

Back 14

10^-14

Front 15

A solution with a pH of 6 would have 10^____ H and 10^____ OH's.

Back 15

10^-6 H
10^-8 OH

Front 16

Biological macromolecules are made with smaller subunits:
Protein subunits are:
Nucleic acid subunits are:
Carbohydrate subunits are:
Lipid subunits are:

Back 16

Amino acids
Nucleotides
Sugars
Fats

Front 17

There are _____ amino acids that are used in bio systems that share a common _________.

Back 17

20
Backbone

Front 18

Amino acids are distinguished by different _______ _________ that have different characteristics like:

Back 18

Side chains
hydrophobic/philic, charge, sulfur

Front 19

Amino acids are linked together during ___________.

Back 19

Translation

Front 20

The ribosome forms a ________ bond btwn the ___-terminus of one aa and the ___-terminus of another.

Back 20

Peptide
C
N

Front 21

The peptide bond permits substantial rotation freedom except in _________.

Back 21

Proline

Front 22

Protein primary structure is a __________ sequence of amino acids.

Back 22

Linear

Front 23

Protein secondary structure is local folding patterns within a polypeptide, like ____-_________ and ____-__________ __________.

Back 23

Alpha helix
Beta pleated sheets

Front 24

Protein _________ structure is the folding pattern of an entire polypeptide.

Back 24

Tertiary

Front 25

Protein ___________ structure is the folding pattern of a protein that is made up of >2 polypeptides.

Back 25

Quaternary

Front 26

_____________ form the basis of cellular energy production and cellular materials.

Back 26

Carbohydrates

Front 27

____________ are made up of 5 or 6 carbons and can be linear or ring.

Back 27

Monosaccharides

Front 28

Disaccharides are ____ _________ monosaccharides and are held together by _____________ bonds.

Back 28

Two ringed
Glycosidic

Front 29

Polysaccharides are >3 monosaccharides that can form complex ___________ structures. They are a storage form of _________.

Back 29

Structures
Energy

Front 30

___________ make cellulose, which is support for the cell.

Back 30

Polysaccharides

Front 31

DNA is a polymer made up of ____________, a __________ backbone, and one of four _____________ bases.

Back 31

Deoxyribose
Phosphate
Nitrogenous

Front 32

The nucleotides are held together by ______________ bonds.

Back 32

Phosphodiester

Front 33

DNA in a cell is ________-stranded and the bases are __________.

Back 33

Double
Complementary (AT and GC)

Front 34

The strands are anti-________ and have __________.

Back 34

Antiparallel
Polarity (5'-3')

Front 35

RNA is _________-stranded and has ___________ instead of __________.

Back 35

Single
Uracil
Thymine

Front 36

Lipids provide a barrior to the outside world. They allow ____________ of cellular functions and are soluble in __________ solvents (such as ____________).

Back 36

Compartmentalization
Organic (hydrophobic)
Chlorophorm

Front 37

Simple lipids contain only C, O and ____ and are most commonly in the form of fats (___________ and fatty acids)

Back 37

H
Glycerols

Front 38

Fatty acids are a _________ molecule with a __________ backbone. Many have _________ carbon bonds.

Back 38

Linear
Carbon
Double

Front 39

If a fatty acid has no double bonds it is ___________, one double bond is ______________ and two or more is _________________.

Back 39

Saturated
Monounsaturated
Polyunsaturated

Front 40

The base unit of a steroid is a __________ ring. Some steroids have a slight _________ which makes them important components of cell membranes.

Back 40

Steroid ring
Charge

Front 41

Compound lipids are composed of _________ ________ and other chemicals.

Back 41

Simple lipids

Front 42

One large group of compound lipids are the ____________ which compose the membrane bilayers.

Back 42

Phospholipids

Front 43

Phospholipids are ____________, meaning they have polar and nonpolar ends.

Back 43

Amphipathic