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39 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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microbiology
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Most complex biological sciences that deals with study of various aspects of microorganisms
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microbes
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small living things those are too small to be seen with unaided eyes.
bateria virused fungi protozoa algae helminths |
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Immunology
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study of immune chemicals and cells that are produced by the host body in respnse to an antigen
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Epidemiology
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Public health microbiology that monitors and contols the spread of disease in the community.
USPHS WHO CDC |
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Food Microbiology
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examines the ecological and practical roles of microbes ain food and water.
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Ag Microbiology
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monitors the reationships between the crop and the microbes and determining ways to improve yeild and eliminate plant diseases.
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Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering
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includes use of microbes and recombinant DNA technology to obtain a variety of products for human comsumption.
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Impact of microbes
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photosynthesis
decomposition production of foods, drugs & vaccines Bioremediation causing disease |
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Prokayotes
Bacteria |
Unicellular, nucleoid, binary fission, Most have cellwall…peptidoglycan.
Some have flagella…motility. Use organic or inorganic chemicals for nutrients Shape: three basic shapes; Bacillus, coccus and spiral. |
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Prokayotes
Archaea |
Cell wall…lacks peptidoglycan.
Found in extreme environment. Methanogens…produce methane gas. Extreme halophites…live in salty water. Extreme thermophiles…hot environment |
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Fungi
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True nucleus, uni or multi cellular
Non-photosynthetic. Cell wall….chitin or cellulose |
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Protozoa
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Unicellular, eucaryotes
Move by flagella, cilia or pseudopods. Exhibit variety of shapes |
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Viruses
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acellular structures
Made up of DNA or RNA, protein coat. Obligate intracellular parasite |
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Size
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Bacteria: 1-10 microns
Eucaryotic cells: 10-100 microns Viruses: 10 nm – 200 nm |
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Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
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1676 observed living microbes using his single-lens microscope.--animalcules
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Spontaneous generation
abiogenesis |
Early belief: life could arise from nonliving or decomposing matter
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Biogenesis
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Redi 1668- maggots and meats, open and closed jars.
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Jenner
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Vaccination-1776 introduced the smallpox vaccine to protect people from the disease.
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Cohn
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Found heat resisant forms of microbes called spores...heat failed to completely eliminate microorganisms
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Cell Theory
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Schwann and Schleiden 1839- all living things are made up of cells
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Rudolf Virchow
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1858- Confirmed biogenesis. Propose that living cells can arise from preexisting celss only.
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Louis Pasteur
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1861-Disproved spontaneous generation.
Developed aseptic techniques using heat. Developed a rabies vaccine. Showed microbes caused fermentation & spoilage |
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Pasteurization
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heating the beverage to kill all microorganisms.
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Fermentation
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conversion of sugar to alcohol in the absence of air...done by yeast.
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Robert Koch
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1876- Germ theory-showed that a specific m.o. causes a particular disease.
Identified cause of anthrax, TB, & cholera (1875) |
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Aseptic Techniques
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Joseph Lister- technique to reduce microbes in a medical setting and prevent wound infection.
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Gram staining
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Hans Gram, 1884- staining technique for differentiating bacteria.
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Chemotherapy
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treatment of disease by chemicals.
Synthetic drugs Antibiotics |
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Synthetic Drugs
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Prepared in the lab by chemicals. Paul Ehrlich (1908)
synthesized 1st drug salvarsn to treat syphilis. |
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Antibiotics
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chemicals produces naturally by bacteria and fungi.
Alexander Flamming (1929)- 1st to isolate penicillin from mold penicillium. |
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Genetic Engineering
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Insulin 1st synthesized by bacteria in 1979.
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PCR
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Polymerase chain reaction- to amplify DNA, invented by Kerry Mullins in 1983.
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Oncogenes
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cancer causing genes characterized by Bishop, Huber and Michel 1989.
Breast cancer gene (1994) |
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Taxonomy
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system for organizing, classifying & naming living things
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Binomial nomenclature
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Carlos Linnaeus (1735) two part latin name.
Genus species |
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Micro Domains
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Eubacteria -true bacteria, peptidoglycan
Archaea –odd bacteria that live in extreme environments, high salt, heat, etc Eukarya- have a nucleus, & organelles |
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Eukarya
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Protista; protozans and algae
Fungi; yeast and mold Plantae; mosses, ferns and flowering plants Animalia; sponges, worms, insects and vertebrates |
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Classification
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Domain
Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus species |
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Classification of Microorganisms
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Carl Woese (1978) classified based on cellular organization
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