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47 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what are prokaryotic cell walls made of?
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peptidoglycan
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how to prokaryotic cells divide?
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binary fission
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what are eukaryotic cell walls made of?
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chitin and cellulose
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what are the common characteristics of living cells?
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- basic shape
- internal content - DNA, ribosomes, metabolism |
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what structures do all prokaryotic cells have?
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cell membrane
cytoplasm ribosomes chromatin |
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what are the structures that the majority of prokaryotic cells have?
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cell wall
(mycoplasmas are the exception) |
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which appendages provide motility?
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axial filaments
flagella |
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which prokaryotic appendages facilitate attachment?
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pili
fimbriae |
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what are the 3 parts of the flagella?
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filament
hook basal body |
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what protein is found in flagella?
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flagellin
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describe basal body
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stack of rings anchored into the cell wall and the membrane (2 or 4 sets)
allows hook and filament to rotate 360 |
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which prokaryotic cell shape always has flagella?
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spirillum
(most bacillus and rarely coccus) |
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Describe prokaryotic movement
(counter clockwise/clockwise) |
counter clockwise --> forward
clockwise --> stop/tumble |
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which flagellar arrangement is the fastest?
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lophotrichous (bunch of flagella on 1 end)
4-5 mm/min |
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which flagellar arrangement is the slowest?
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peritrichous (all around surface)
1mm/min |
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Chemotaxis
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movement in response to chemicals
positive: towards chemical (nutrients) negative: away from chemical (toxin) |
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Phototaxis
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movement in response to light (photosynthetic bacteria)
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basal body (structure and fnx)
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stack of rings anchored to cell wall AND membrane (2 or 4 sets)
allows hook and filament to rotate 360 |
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axial filaments
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"internal flagella"
wrap around the cell body between outer sheath (membrane) and inner membrane motility by contraction |
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fimbriae
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hairlike bristles on cell surface
fnx: adhesion to other cells and surfaces protein = fimbraelin |
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what type of bacteria are pili found in?
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Gram Negative
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How is presence of Pili controlled?
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F-factor gene (on plasmid DNA)
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Function of Pili
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joins cells for DNA transfer (conjugation)
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2 types of glycocalyx
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slime layer - loose, irregular
capsule- organized, tight |
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functions of glycocalyx
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attachment
food source during unfavorable conditions inhibits phagocytosis receptor |
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what is glycocalyx made of?
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sugar and proteins
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structure of peptidoglycan
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long glycan chains (carbs) with peptide cross links
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2 types of glycan
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NAG: glucosamin
NAM: muramic acid |
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describe structure of gram + cell wall
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thick peptidoglycan layer (20-80 nm)
has teichoic acid narrow periplasmic space more permeability to chemicals |
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describe structure of gram - cell wall
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thin peptidoglycan layer (8-11nm)
has lipopolysaccharide outer layer abundant periplasmic space less permeable to chemicals |
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gram positive cells stain which color?
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purple (retain crystal violet)
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gram negative cells stain which color?
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red (lose crystal violet, retain safranin)
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list dyes of gram negative staining in order that you use them
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crystal violet
gram's iodine alcohol safranin |
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mycolic acid
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waxy lipid in peptidoglycan
fnx: makes cell wall resistant to dyes and chemicals |
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what makes up cell wall of archeobacteria?
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pseudomurein (lack true peptidoglycan)
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pseudomurein
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polysaccharides or protein that make up acheobacteria
(lack true peptidoglycan) |
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name for bacteria that has lost its cell wall
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L-form
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ways that L-form bacteria formed
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naturally
artificially - penicillin or lysozymes |
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Protoplasts
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Gram + cell that has lost its cell wall
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G- cells that have lost their cell wall
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spheroplasts
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Prokaryotic Cell Membrane Function
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site for energy reactions
nutrient processing and synthesis transport in/out of cell secretion |
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inclusion granules
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intracelluar storage granules
can be used when environmental sources are depleted |
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pleomorphic
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cell has a variety of shapes
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what is heat resistance in endospores linked to?
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calcium and dipicolinic acid
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sarcinae
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group of 8, 16, 32 or more cells (looks cuboidal)
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palisades arrangement
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cells side by side
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what are the 3 different schemes of classification of bacteria?
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- taxonomic
- ribosomal RNA - diagnostic |
