Micro - Ch.19 - Infection And Disease

Front 1

Refers to the multiplication of a microbe in a host and in the process produces inflammation.

Back 1

Infection

Front 2

Any change from the general state of good health.

Back 2

Disease

Front 3

Difference between indigneous and transient microbiota

Back 3

Indigenous establish themselves in particluar areas, transient come and go

Front 4

Relationship between body and its microbiota

Back 4

Symbiosis

Front 5

Microbe benefits, host is unaffected

Back 5

commensalism

Front 6

Pathogen causes damage to the host and disease can result

Back 6

Parasitism

Front 7

Ability of microorganism to gain entry to the host's tissues and bring about physiological or anatomical changes resulting in altered health and leading to disease.

Back 7

Pathogenicity

Front 8

The degree of pathogenicity is called ________.

Back 8

Virulence; If disease is going to be mild or severe, it depends on virulence. Ex ebola is more virulent than chicken pox

Front 9

Gene clusters responsible for virulence

Back 9

pathogenicity islands

Front 10

exogenouse infection

Back 10

pathogen came from outside of the host (air, surface, etc.)

Front 11

endogenous infection

Back 11

when normal microbiota causes disease. Ex: woman uses antibiotic, yeast is no longer in check, gains infection

Front 12

Opportunistic Infection

Back 12

When commensal microbe takes advantage of a change in the body environment. IE you are immunosuppressed.

Front 13

Infection can be ____________ or ______________. EIther occurs in a healthy person or the latter develops in an individual weakened already.

Back 13

Primary;secondary

Front 14

A disease restricted to a single area is called?

Back 14

Local

Front 15

A disease that has spread via the blood to deeper organs and systems is called?

Back 15

Systemic

Front 16

An infection ending in "emia" means the infection is seen where?

Back 16

In the blood

Front 17

Incubation period def:

Back 17

Time between entry of host and symptoms

Front 18

Prodromal phase includes:

Back 18

Signs and symptoms

Front 19

The stage when signs and symptoms are of greatest intensity; ??Usually when a secondary attack occurs

Back 19

Acute or Acme period

Front 20

As the signs and symptoms subside, the host enter _____________________ .

Back 20

Period of decline

Front 21

The final stage in which the body's systems return to normal

Back 21

Period of convalescence

Front 22

A disease that is short in duration (comes on quick but leaves quick)

Back 22

acute disease

Front 23

A disease that lingers for long periods of time

Back 23

Chronic

Front 24

List the series of stages of disease progession

Back 24

1. Incubation Period

2. Prodromal phase (S&S)

3. Acute or Acme phase (climax of symptoms)

4. Decline phase (s&s fade)

5. Convalscence (body returns to normal)

Front 25

Route by which exogenous pathogen enter the host

Back 25

Portal of entry

Front 26

Give examples of portal of entry

Back 26

1. respiratory

2. gastrointestinal via fecal-oral

3. sexually transmitted

4. parenteral (piercing skin)

Front 27

number of pathogens needed to cause infection

Back 27

Infectious Dose

Front 28

Cell surface components that are "sticky"

Back 28

Adhesin

Front 29

True or False: Adhesins create specificity for bacteria; allowing them to adhere to specific tissues.

Back 29

True: An exampled is C Diff which uses pili to attached to specific receptor sites . This is why certain bacteria are found to enter in specific portals

Front 30

Define Signs and Symptoms

Back 30

Signs are measurable such as a temperature.

Symptoms are feelings such as pain

Front 31

The ability to penetrate and spread is called...

Back 31

invasiveness

Front 32

Why are some microbes able to go undetected?

Back 32

Capsule. ALso, they may evade lysosomes using them to travel into the body.

Front 33

What are examples of virulence factors:

Back 33

1. Enzymes

2. Toxins

Front 34

Example of enzyme used by invading microbe and how it works:

Back 34

1. Staph produces coagulase; protecting itself from phagocytosis

2. Streptokinase is used to build a clot, hide, then break free

3. Hyuluronidase - enhances pentration through tissues/junctions

4. Leukocidins - cidal + leuko kills wbcs

5. Hemolysins - kills rbcs

Front 35

How does a biofilm enhance virulence?

Back 35

It can resist body defenses and drugs. WBCs have difficulty reaching bacteria that has enclosed itself in tissue. They do not need to divide under the biofilm therefore drugs that prevent binary fission will not work.

Front 36

The ability of a pathogen to produce toxins

Back 36

toxigencity

Front 37

What are the two types of toxins?

Back 37

Exotoxin and Endotoxin

Front 38

Difference between exotoxin and endotoxin

Back 38

Exo is released from the cell, is made of protein and is heat labile. Specific effects in host. Toxoids can be made.

Endo is part of the cell, produced only by gram neg, made of lipopolysach and is heat stable. Diverse effects in host. Toxoids cannot be made

Front 39

Toxins that have been inactivated and can be used in a vaccine. (Toxicity destroyed but still elicits immune reponse).

Back 39

Toxoids

Front 40

This toxin interferes with nerve transmission

Back 40

Neurotoxin

Front 41

This toxin effects the intestinal tract

Back 41

Enterotoxin

Front 42

These toxins function by activating a blood-clotting factor to initiate blood coagulation. Fever appears.

Back 42

Endotoxin

Front 43

During bacterial metabolism, this toxin exits the microbe.

Back 43

exotoxin

Front 44

These are produced by the host body and neutralize toxins

Back 44

antitoxin

Front 45

A disease spread from animal to human

Back 45

Zoonosis

Front 46

The place in the environment where a pathogen can be found

Back 46

Reservoir

Front 47

Disease cannot be transferred from human to when they are a ______ ________ _______.

Back 47

Dead end host

Front 48

Have recovered from the disease but continue to shed disease agents

Back 48

carriers

Front 49

Direct ways disease is transmitted.

Back 49

1. horizontal

2. respiratory droplets

3. vertical

Front 50

Indirect ways disease is transmitted.

Back 50

1. Fomites

2. Vehicle transmission (caca in the agua)

3. Vectors

4. aerosols

Front 51

Difference between mechanical and biolgical vectors

Back 51

Mechanical - passively transports microbes on their legs (fly)

Biological - pathogens multiplies in insect before it can infect host (tick)

Front 52

Disease present at a low level in specific geographic area.

Back 52

Endemic (endogenous to a spec region)

Front 53

Disease spikes more than expected in a population

Back 53

Epidemic (epic)

Front 54

If an abnormally high number of a disease breaks out in one city it is considered an....

Back 54

outbreak

Front 55

worldwide epidemic

Back 55

pandemic

Front 56

Disorder acquired during an individual's stay at a hospital or chronic care facility.

Back 56

Nosocomial infecion

Front 57

HAIs involve three elements:

Back 57

compromised host

source of hospital pathogen

chain of transmission

Front 58

_________________ is thekey to reducing nosocomial infections

Back 58

chain of transmission

Front 59

Many nosocomial infections are cause by _______________ agents, microbes that do not normaly cause illness in healthy individuals.

Back 59

Opportunistic

Front 60

disease that was previously controlled or on the decline but shows up again

Back 60

reemerging (or resurgent)

Front 61

Reemergence is caused by:

Back 61

1. changes in land use (contact with animals)

2. Changes in demographic

3. COntaminated food

4. International travel

5. Climate change

Front 62

scientif and med study of causes transmissiona and preventionof a disease in population

Back 62

epidemiology