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67 Cards in this Set
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- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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What are microrganisms? |
organisms that are too small to be seen with the unaided eye |
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1 cm = ? mm |
10 mm |
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E. coli , Salmonella
are examples of? |
Bacteria |
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What are the beneficial uses of microbes in our lives? |
- Decomposes organic waste
- Are producers in the ecosystem by photosynthesis
- Produce industrial chemicals (ethanol , acetone)
- Produce fermented foods (vinegar, cheese and bread)
- Produce products used to treat disease ( insulin) |
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Knowledge of microrganisms has allowed humans to? |
- Prevent food spoilage
- Prevent disease occurence
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Microorganisms have lead us to what technique? |
- Aseptic techniques , to prevent contamination in medicine and in microbiology labs |
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Who first established the system of scientific nomenclature in 1735? |
Linnaeus |
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What are the two names of the organisms? |
Each organism has two names:
1) the genus
2) specific epithet (species) |
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What are the rules for scientific names? |
- they should be italicized or underlined
- genus is capitalized
- the specific epithet is lowercase
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* example:
Scaptia beyonceae (underlined or italicized) |
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What is Escherichia coli (E. coli) ? |
- Honors the discoverer Theodor Escherich
- Describes the bacterium's habitat ( large intestine or colon) |
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What is Staphylococcus aureus (S. Aureus) ? |
- Describes the clustered (staphylo)
- cocci = spherical
- aureus = gold colored colonies
- found on skin |
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Types of Microrganisms |
1. Bacteria
2. Archaea
3. Fungi
4. Protozoa
5. Algae
6. Viruses
7. Multicellular animal parasites |
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Bacteria's charcteristics |
- Prokaryotes (lack nucleus)
- Peptidoglycan cell walls
- Binary fission
- For energy , use organic chemicals , inorganic chemicals or photosyntheis |
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Archaea's charcteristics |
- prokaryotic
- lack peptidoglycan
- live in extreme enviornments
- include: methanogens , extreme halophiles, and extreme thermophiles |
note: examples include yosemite |
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Fungi's charcteristics |
- Eukaryotes
- Chitin cell walls
- use organic chemicals for energy
- molds & mushrooms are multicellular
- yeasts are unicellular |
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protozoa's characteristics |
- Eukaryotes
- absorb or ingest organic chemicals
- may be motile via pseudopods, cilia , flagella |
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Algae's characteritiscs |
- Eukaryotes
- cellulose cell walls
- use photosynthesis for energy
- produce molecular oxygen and organic compounds |
* major contributor to oxygen |
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Virus characteristic |
- Acellular
- consist of DNA or RNA core
- core is surrounded by a protein coat (used to infect cells)
- viruses are replicated only when they are in a living host cell |
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Multicellular Animal Parasites |
- Eukaryotes
- Multicellular animals
- Parasitic flatworms and round worms are helminths
- microscopic stages in life cycles |
* example is found in dog's heart |
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Three domains , what is system based on? |
1. Bacteria 2. Archaea 3. Eukarya - Protists - Fungi - Plants -Animals
* system is based on the type of cell |
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Anton Van Leeuwenhoek |
1673-1723
- described live microorganisms |
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Robert Hooke |
1665
- reported that living things were composed of little boxes or cells |
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Rudolf Virchow |
1858
- said cells arise from preexisting cells (cell theory) |
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Cell theory |
all living things are composed of cells and come from pre-existing cells |
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Spontaneous Generation |
the hypothesis that living organisms arise from nonliving matter, a "vital force" forms life |
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Biogenesis |
The hypothesis that the living organisms arise from preexisting life ( true) |
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1668: Francesco Redi filled 6 jars with decaying meat
3 jars covered with fine net = no maggots
3 open jars = maggots appeared
from where did the maggots come?
what was the purpose of the sealed jars?
spontaneous or biogenesis? |
- Maggots came from the outside , flys laying eggs
- sealed jars were to protect from bacteria
- biogenesis ( keep the flies out) |
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1745: John Needham put boiled nutrient broth into covered flasks
- nutrient broth heated then placed in a sealed flask = microbial growth
from where did the microbes come from?
spontaneous generation or biogenesis? |
- microbes came from air outside the enviornment
- used to prove spontaneous generation |
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1765: Lazzaro Spallanzani boiled nutrient solutions in flasks
nutrient broth placed in flask , heated, then sealed = no microbial growth
spontaneous generation or biogenesis? |
- biogenesis b/c closed to outside enviornment , if sealed nothing can grow |
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1861: Louis Pasteur demonstrated that microorganisms are present in the air
nutrient broth placed in flask , heated , not sealed = microbial growth
nutrient broth placed in flask , heated, then sealed = no microbial growth
spontaneous generation or biogenesis? |
Biogenesis |
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Louis Pasteur accomplishments |
- 1857- 1914
- Used s-shaped flask to prove biogenesis , ( was used to keep microbes out but let air in)
- with his work discoveries included the relationship between microbes & disease , immunity , & antimicrobial drugs
- he showed that microbes are responsible for fermentation
- came up with pasteurization (application of high heat to kill bacteria)
- also demonstrated microbial growth is also responsible for spoilage of food |
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What is fermentation? |
is the conversion of sugar to alcohol to make beer & wine |
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What is Pasteurization? |
is the application of a high heat for a short time |
ex) milk
- doesn't destroy milk proteins but just bacteria |
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Who is part of the Germ Theory? |
- Louis Pasteur
- Joseph Lister (1860's)
- Robert Koch (1876)
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What is the Germ Theory? |
Microrganisms can cause disease! |
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Joseph Lister's accomplishments |
- to continue proving pasteur's work, he used a chemical disinfectant to prevent surgical wound infection |
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Robert Koch's accomplishments |
- proved that a bacterium causes anthrax
- provided the experimental steps , Koch's postulates to prove that a specific microbe causes specific disease |
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Who discovered vaccines and how? |
- In 1796 , Edward Jenner
- he innoculated a person with cowpox virus , who was then protected by smallpox
- the protection is called immunity |
* used unethical procedures
*cow pox protected others from small pox |
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How do vaccines work? |
- When a person receives a vaccine , the body reacts by making antibodies
- The antibodies are the body's defenders because they kill off the germs that enter the body
= vaccines expose people safely to germs |
* vaccine contains a killed or weakened part of a germ that is responsible for infection |
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What are Antibiotics? |
Are chemicals produced by bacteria and fungi that inhibit or kill other microbes |
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Who discovered the 1st antibiotic?
And how? |
- Alexander Fleming (1928)
- Fleming observed that Penicillium fungus made an antibiotic
- he discovered that penicillin killed S. aureus
- 1940's Penicillin was tested clinically and mass produced |
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5 Branches of Microbiology |
1. Mycology (study of fungi)
2. Parasitology (study of protozoa & parasitic worms)
3. Immunology ( study of immunity , i.e. vaccines & interferons)
4. Virology (study of viruses)
5. Bacteriology (study of bacteria) |
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How was immunology used? |
- vaccines and interferons are being investigated to prevent and cure viral diseases
- the use of immunology to identify some bacteria according to serotypes was proposed by Rebecca Lancefield in 1933 |
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Microbial Genetics |
the study of how microbes inherit traits |
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Molecular Biology |
The study of how DNA directs protein synthesis |
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Genomics |
The study of an organism's genes , has provided new tools for classifying microorganisms |
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Recombinant DNA |
DNA made from two different sources
- in 1960's Paul Berg inserted animal DNA into bacterial DNA and the bacteria produced an animal protein |
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Microrganisms recycle what? |
- Carbon
- Nutrients
- Sulfur
- Phosphrous
= that can be used by plants and animals |
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Give an example of microorganisms recycling? |
- mycorrhiza ( fungus found on almost all plant roots) convert phosphrous and minerals in soil for plant to use "friendly fungi" |
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Bioremediation |
- bacteria degrade organic matter in sewage
- Bacteria degrade or detoxify pollutants such as oil and mercury |
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Biotechnology |
is the use of microbes to produce foods and chemicals |
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Recombinant DNA technology |
a new technique for biotechnology enables bacteria and fungi to produce a variety of proteins including vaccines and enzymes |
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Missing or defective genes in human cells can be replaced in? |
Gene therapy |
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Genetically modified bacteria are used to? |
to protect crops from insects and from freezing |
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4 important terms in microbes and human disease |
1. Normal Microbiota
2. Biofilms
3. Infectious Diseases
4. Emerging Infectious Diseases |
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What is Normal Microbiota? |
- microbes normally present in and on human body
- prevent growth of pathogens
- produce useful substances such as vitamins |
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What is resistance? |
- normal microbiota
- is the ability of the body to ward off disease
- resistance factors include skin , stomach acid , and antimicrobial chemicals |
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Biofilms |
- microbes attach to solid surfaces and grow into masses
- they will grow on rocks, pipes, teeth, and medical implants |
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Infectious Diseases |
when pathogen overcomes a host's resistance , disease results |
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Emerging Infectious Diseases (EIDS) |
- new diseases and diseases increasing in incidence
ex) H1N1 influenza and H5N1 or bird flu |
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Name types of diseases |
1. MRSA
2. West Nile Encephalitis
3. Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy
4. E coli
5. Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever
6. AIDS
7. H1N1 influenza
8. H5N1 (bird flu) |
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What is MRSA? |
-Methicillin - resistant Staphyloccocus aureus
- acquired in hospital settings |
* 1990's MRSA resistance to vancomycin reported
* vancomycin- intermediate-resistant S. aureus |
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West Nile Encephalitis |
- caused by West Nile virus
- first diagnosed in the West Nile region of Uganda
- appeared in NYC |
*663 cases
*18 dead
* 41 deaths nationwide |
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Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy |
- caused by prion
- also causes Creutzfeldt-Jakob (CJD)
- new variant CJD in humans is related to cattle fed sheep offal for protein |
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Escherichia Colo O157:H7 |
- Toxin- producing strain of E.coli
- First seen 1982
- leading cause of diarrhea worldwide |
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Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever |
- Ebola virus
- causes fever , hemorrhaging, and blood clotting
- first identified near Ebola River, Congo
- outbreaks every few yeard |
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Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome |
- caused by human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV)
- 1st identified in 1981
- Worldwide epidemic infecting 30 million people , 14 thousand new infections everyday
- sexually transmitted infection affecting males and females
- no cure or vaccines , just anti-retoviral , slows diease progression |
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