Micro Ch. 8 Microbial Genetics

Front 1

genotype (gene)

Back 1

gentic makeup of an organism;the istructions that codes for the oarganisms characteristics;how it looks or acts is determined by geneotype

Front 2

phenotype

Back 2

the outward expression of those characteristics,e.g. blonde hair,the synthesis of a toxin

Front 3

DNA replication

Back 3

protein synthisis; before it divides it has to make a copy;1 RNA primer for Ogazaki fragment

Front 4

DNA replication: conservative or semi-conservative

Back 4

parental strands seperate and tehn are used as a template to make a daughter strand;conservative - PP-DD, semi conservative - PD-DP

Front 5

helicase

Back 5

seperate the strands to allowroom for the daughter strand to come in

Front 6

single stranded stabilizing proteins

Back 6

function is to keep strands seperated long enough for daughter strands to be made

Front 7

DNA polymerase

Back 7

makes daughter strand

Front 8

DNA ligase

Back 8

joins seperated DNA segments together

Front 9

5 prime to 3 prime

Back 9

incoming nucleotides are covalently bonded to the 3' hydroxyl end of the growing DNA molecles; all DNA is anti-parrallel;always have to add to the 3 prime end only

Front 10

the problem with anit-parrallel strands

Back 10

only new gaughter strand can be synthesized in the 5 prime to 3 prime direction

Front 11

the "leading strand"

Back 11

one daughter strand is synthesized ontinuously in the 5 prime -3 prime direction

Front 12

the "lagging strand"

Back 12

the other daughter stran is synthesized discontinuosly in the direction of replication 3 prime-5 prime;made in short pieces

Front 13

Okazaki fragments

Back 13

synthesizwd in 5prime-3prime direction;small segments that make up lagging strands

Front 14

adding a nuleotide to DNA

Back 14

nucleotide triphosphate similar to ATP,2 phosphates are plucked off and the third attaches

Front 15

Protein Synthesis

Back 15

the linear sequence of nucleotides in DNA ulimately determines the linear sequence of amino acids ia a protein

Front 16

Difference between RNA/DNA

Back 16

-types of sugars
-single stranded v.s. double stranded
-uracil v.s. thymine

Front 17

Three types of RNA

Back 17

mRNA-Messanger
tRNA-Transfer
rRNA-Ribosomal

Front 18

mRNA

Back 18

-an RNA copy of a gene(blueprint)
-a gene is transcribed into mRNA;compliment of the gene

Front 19

tRNA

Back 19

-transfers amino acids to the site of protein synthesis

Front 20

rRNA

Back 20

-rRNA + protein makes a ribosome
- a ribosome aids in the synthesis of proteins

Front 21

RNA Transcription

Back 21

-gene is transcribed from DNA to a complimentary nucleotide sequence in mRNA
-mRNA carries the protein-building instructions to the cytoplasm
-nucleus in eukaryote
-cytoplasm in prokaryote

Front 22

RNA Translation

Back 22

-the linear sequence of bases in mRNA is translated into a linear sequence of amino acids in a protein
-occurs on ribosmoes (rRNA+protein)

Front 23

Prokaryotes lack a nucleus

Back 23

-transcription and translation can occur in rapid succession
-before transcription is over translation can occur

Front 24

Eukaryotes have a nucleus

Back 24

-transcriptionin the nucleus is segregated from translation in the cytoplasm
-the original mRNA transcript has to be modified before leaving the nucleus; slower process

Front 25

RNA polymerase

Back 25

-separates the DNA strand and links RNA nucleotides together that are complementary to the gene
- the template strand is transcribed
-like DNA,mRNA is synthesized in the 5prime-3prime direction

Front 26

Promoter

Back 26

Starts transcribing

Front 27

Terminator

Back 27

Stops transcription

Front 28

Intron

Back 28

-non coding
-have nothing to do with enzyme,they are cut out
-junk

Front 29

Exon

Back 29

-good coding region
-they are kept

Front 30

Barbara Mcklintoch

Back 30

-genes moved around or jumped from one strand to another

Front 31

Transpons

Back 31

jumping genes

Front 32

How does the code in DNA specify the linear sequence of a protein?

Back 32

DNA->mRNA->protein
DNA nucleotides->RNA nucleotides->amino acids
every sequence of 3 nucleotides will code for one amino acid

Front 33

The Gentic Code

Back 33

-a sequence of 3 RNA nucleotides codes for an amino acid
-the sequence of 3 RNA nucleotides is called a codon
-there are 64 possible codons
- the gentic code is ancient and universal

Front 34

Codons

Back 34

-the sequence of 3 RNA nucleotides
-61 codons specify the 20 different amino acids

Front 35

Stop Codon

Back 35

end of mRNA transcript;UAA,UAG,andUGA

Front 36

Methonine

Back 36

always the first codon amino acid in every protein

Front 37

Phenylalanine

Back 37

first codon ever figured out

Front 38

Translation

Back 38

-mRNA->protein
-acts as the interpreter of the code
-aligns the appropriate amino acids in the sequence
-it transports the amno acids to the ribosome
-it recognizes the codon in mRNA

Front 39

Anticodon

Back 39

-compliment to codon
- will keep going till it hits a stop codon
-tRNA-transports the amino acid to the site of protein synthesis

Front 40

Gene regulation

Back 40

-lag time 1st indication of turning genes on and off depending upon whats available as a carbon source
-as soon as glucose is gone they are going to sense what's out there

Front 41

Repression and Induction

Back 41

Repressor protein binds to the operator which function as a gate so RNA polymerase can't bind to promotor to transcribe

Front 42

Lac Operon

Back 42

-lac-lactose
-operon- 2 or more genes that are controlled by a single operator

Front 43

Constitutive

Back 43

enzymes that are always turned on

Front 44

Inducible

Back 44

enzymes that have to be induced to be turned on

Front 45

Mutations

Back 45

-a change in the base sequence of DNA
-deletrios
-neutral
-beneficial

Front 46

Base substitution

Back 46

1 base substitution is a change for 1 amino acid

Front 47

deleterios mutation

Back 47

the consequence of a change in the primary structure of a protein

Front 48

Frameshift mutation

Back 48

-the insertion or deletion of one or several nucleotides in DNA
-every single condon changes because it shifts.Organism usually dies

Front 49

Mutation Rate

Back 49

-the rate at which a gene may mutate is about 10-6
-a dense culture of bacteria will invariably have a few mutant cells
-beneficial mutations may increase in the population of arganisms via natural selection
-the mutation rate can be incresed by exposing cells to mutagens

Front 50

Genetic Transfer

Back 50

Transformation (Fred Griffith-english scientist)
-heat killed cell lyse and DNA is released and the gene for glycocalex was picked up by the living bacteria and it then became virelent

Front 51

Conjugation

Back 51

Bacteria->sexual conjucation->f+ (donates DNA) or ->f- (recieves DNA)
-f- becomes f+ after conjugation
-needs pilus to conjugate

Front 52

Transduction

Back 52

Bacteriaphage injects DNA into other bacteria

Front 53

Plasmids

Back 53

-extrachomosonal DNA
-conjugative plasmid
-dissimilation plasmids
-resistant factors

Front 54

Transposons

Back 54

-movable genes discoveredby B. McClitock
-they move between and within chromosomes and plasmids