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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are some properties of viruses? |
-Live inside a cell -Small -Acellular -Has DNA -OR- RNA, not both |
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What is the general size of a virus? |
0.2 micrometers/nanometers |
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What is a virion? |
A fully formed virus that is ready to infect |
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What is the general structure of a capsid? |
-It a protein that protects and encloses their nucleic acid -Constructed from identical subunits called capsomers (protein) |
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What are the 2 structural types of viruses? |
1. Helical - Spiral 2. Icosahedral - 20 sided, 12 corners |
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What are spikes? |
Exposed proteins on the outside of the viruses envelope. (Essential for attachment) |
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What is the function of a capsid and envelope? |
To protect the nucleic acids |
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What is a viral genome? |
DNA OR RNA, not both |
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What are the 3 main classifications of viruses? |
1. Structure 2. Chemical Composition 3. Genetic Makeup |
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What does the family name of a virus end in? |
-viridae |
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What does the genus name of a virus end in? |
-virus |
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What are the 6 steps in ANIMAL VIRUS multiplication? |
1. Adsorption: attaches to host 2. Penetration: virus enters cell 3. Uncoating: capsid is removed, DNA/RNA goes to nucleus 4. Synthesis: host makes new viral parts 5. Assembly: parts being put together 6. Release: virus busts out |
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What does cytoplasmic effects mean? |
A virus induced damage to cell |
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What are the 7 different effects? |
1. Change in shape and size 2. Cytoplasmic inclusion bodies 3. Nuclear inclusion bodies 4. Cells fuse forming Multi-nucleated cells 5. Cell lysis 6. Alter DNA 7. Transforms cells into Cancerous |
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What is it called when a cell harbors the virus and is not immediately lysed? |
Persistent Infections (Can last week's or hosts lifetime, can periodically reactivate - Chronic Latent State) Ex: Measles, Herpes |
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What do transformed cells do? |
Grow Fast and Result in Tumors |
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What are mammalian viruses called when they are capable of initiating tumors? |
Oncoviruses EX: Papillomavirus, Epstein-Barr |
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What are bacteriophages? |
They are viruses that attack bacteria and lyse them (Most widely studied are those that infect E. Coli - use pour plate technique) |
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What are the 6 steps in PHAGE replication? |
1.Adsorption 2. Penetration 3. Replication 4. Assembly 5. Maturation 6. Release |
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What are some of the methods used in cultivating and identifying animal viruses? |
-Cell, Tissue Cultures: Obser. for Cytopathic Effect -Bird Embryos: virus injected through shell -Live Animal Inoculation: used when nec. |
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What are prions? |
Misfolded proteins (No nucleic acid) |
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What do prions cause? |
-Spongiform ecephalopathies (fatal neuro degenerative disease) --Which is mad cow disease and Creutzfeldt-Jakob Syndrome ---Extremely resistant to usual sterilization tech. |
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What is the difference between an element and a molecule? |
Element = 1 atom Molecule = 2 or more atoms |
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What does organic mean? |
It contains carbon |
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What are living things made out of? |
CHONS - Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Sulfur |
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What is an essential nutrient? |
It must be provided for the body, since it can't make on its own |
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What are the 2 types of essential nutrients? |
-Macronutrients: required in large amounts, helps cell structure and metabolism EX: Proteins, Carbs, & Lipids -Micronutrients: required in small amounts EX: Manganese, Zinc, & Nickel |
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What does inorganic mean? |
NO CARBON |
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How much of the cells cytoplasm is made up of water? |
70% |
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What is the difference between a hetertroph and an autotroph? |
Hetero = obtaons carbon made by others Auto = produces own food |
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How much of the ears atmosphere is made up of nitrogen? |
79% |
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How much oxygen is making up the atmosphere? |
20% |
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What are some hydrogen sources? |
-Maintains pH -Forms H binds between molecules |
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What is the difference between passive and active transport? |
P = NO energy; goes from high to low concentration gradient; diffusion; osmosis A = requires energy; endocytosis, exocytosis |
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What are the 3 main factors that affect the function of metabolic enzymes? |
1. Temp 2. Oxygen Requirements 3. pH |
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What is Isotonic, Hypertonic, and Hypotonic? |
Iso - stays same, in = out Hyper - shrinks, in < out Hypo - swells, in > out |
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What does minimum temperature mean? |
Lowest temp for growth |
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What does maximum temperature mean? |
Highest temp for growth |
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What does optimum temperature mean? |
Fastest rate of growth |
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What are the 3 temperature adaptation groups? |
1. Psychrophiles: below 15°C 2. Mesophiles: Between 20-40°C 3. Thermophiles: > 45°C |
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What does an Aerobe use? |
Lots of O2 |
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What does a Microaerophlic use? |
A little O2 |
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What does an Anaerobe use? |
USES NO O2 |
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What is mutualism? |
Both members benefit |
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What is commensalism? |
One benefits, the other does not |
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What is parasitism? |
Parasite benefits, host is harmed |
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What is normal flora? |
Bacteria, Fungi, and other microbes that are normal for the body to have |
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What is binary fission? |
Division of bacterial cells -Parent cell enlarges -Duplicates c.somes -Forms septum, dividing cell into 2 daughter cells |
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What are the 4 stages in the growth curve? |
1. Lag phase: flat period of adjustment, little growth 2. Exponential growth: growth will continue as long as the cells have nutrients and good environ. 3. Stationary phase: nothing 4. Death phase: cells die |
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What is turbidometry? |
Cloudiness caused by microbes |
