Micro Ch 5

Front 1

Describe anabolism

Back 1

Buildup of small molecules
Products are large molecules
Photosynthesis
Mediated by enzymes
Energy is required (endergonic)

Front 2

Catabolism

Back 2

Breakdown of large molecules
Products are small molecules
Glycolysis, Krebs cycle
Mediated by enzymes
Energy is released (exergonic)

Front 3

Enzymes

Back 3

Reusable proteins that increase the rate of chemical reaction

Front 4

substrate

Back 4

Substance acted upon by the enzyme

Front 5

Enzyme-Substrate Complex

Back 5

Holds the substrate that the enzyme molecule recognizes
Breaks chemical bonds

Front 6

Active site

Back 6

Substrate is positioned and oriented to react

Front 7

Lysozyme

Back 7

Enzyme in human tears and saliva that digests the cell walls of gram (+) bacteria

Front 8

Cofactor

Back 8

Nonprotein participant of enzymes that are metal ions such as magnesium (Mg2+), Iron (Fe2+), or Zinc (Zn2+)

Front 9

Coenzyme

Back 9

A nonprotein participant that is a small group of organic molecules.
Ex. NAD+, FAD
Electron carriers

Front 10

Hydrolyzing a substrate (sucrose)

Back 10

Enzymatic reaction that is a single substrate to product reaction
An enzyme hydrolyzing the substrate sucrose into glucose and fructose products.

Front 11

Metabolic pathway

Back 11

Sequence of chemical reactions, each reaction catalyzed by a different enzyme, in which the product of one reaction serves as a substrate for the next reaction.
Anabolic or catabolic

Front 12

Intermediates

Back 12

Products between the stages of a metabolic pathway

Front 13

Enzyme inhibition

Back 13

• Feedback inhibition
• Sulfonamide drugs
• Any substance that reacts with sulfhydryl groups on active sites will tie up the groups and inhibit enzyme activity.
o A heavy metal such as silver is used as a disinfectant.
• Blocking an active site with a compound closely related to the normal substrate
o Sulfonamide

Front 14

Feedback inhibition

Back 14

First enzyme in the pathway is inhibited causing no products to be available to “feed” the rest of the pathway. The final end product binds to a site on the enzyme, causing the shape of the active site to change so it can no longer bind substrate.

Front 15

Sulfonamide drug

Back 15

Causes enzyme inhibition by blocking an active site with a compound closely related to the normal substrate

Front 16

ATP

Back 16

• Energy currency
• In bacteria it is formed on the cell membrane
• In eukaryotic microbes the reaction occur in the mitochondria
• Supplies energy for binary fission, flagellar motion, and spore formation
• Fuels protein synthesis and carbohydrate breakdown.
• If cell runs out of ATP it dies
• Unstable
o Three phosphate groups all have negative charges on oxygen atoms and are packed together
o Cant be stored

Front 17

Making ATP more stable

Back 17

• Hydrolyze phosphate group
• Holding the last phosphate group on the molecule produces a more stable ADP molecule and a free phosphate group

Front 18

Phosphrylation

Back 18

The addition of a phosphate group to another molecule

Front 19

Storing Energy

Back 19

Since ATP molecule are unstable, they cannot be stored. Therefore, microbial cells synthesize large organic compounds like glycogen or lipids for energy storage. As needed, the chemical energy in these molecules can be released in catabolic reactions and used to reform ATP from ADP and phosphate.

Front 20

Glucose

Back 20

Key source of energy for ATP production

Front 21

Coupled reaction

Back 21

A reaction step in a metabolic pathway that requires energy

Front 22

Cellular respiration

Back 22

Cells make ATP by harvesting energy from exergoinc metabolic pathway

Front 23

Aerobic respiration

Back 23

Cells consume oxygen in making ATP

Front 24

Anaerobic respiration

Back 24

Make ATP without oxygen

Front 25

Glycolysis

Back 25

• First stage of energy extraction from the chemical breakdown of glucose
• Occurs in the cytosol of bacteria and involves a metabolic pathway that converts glucose to a 3-carbon organic molecule call pyruvate.
• Takes place in the absence of oxygen

Front 26

Krebs cycle

Back 26

Citric acid cycle
In eukaryotic microbes the Krebs cycle takes place in the mitochondria
Pyruvate from glycolysis combines with coenzyme A to form acetyl-CoA