Micro Ch 4 & 5

Front 1

What are the 5 characteristics of life?

Back 1

1. Growth & Development

2. Reproduction & Heredity

3. Metabolism

4. Movement/Irritability

5. Transport nutrients & Waste

Front 2

What is the function of the Flagella?

Back 2

Motility (movement)

Front 3

What are the 4 Flagella arrangements?

Back 3

1. Monotrichous: single @ 1 end

2. Lophotrichous: small bunches @ one end

3. Amphitrichous: flagella @ both ends

3. Peritrichous: dispersed over cell surface

Front 4

What is the chemical stimuli called that draws the bacteria towards it, with the flagella guiding it there?

Back 4

Chemotaxis

Front 5

What is the light stimuli called that draws the bacteria towards it, with the flagella guiding it there?

Back 5

Phototaxis

Front 6

What are the motions that the signals cause the bacteria to move in?

Back 6

-Counterclockwise: "run"

-Clockwise: "tumbles"

Front 7

What are Fimbriae?

Back 7

Fine, protein hair-like bristles on cell surface

Front 8

What is the function of Fimbriae?

Back 8

Adhesion to other cells and surfaces

Front 9

Where are Pili found?

Back 9

Gram Negative

Front 10

What is the function of Pili?

Back 10

Transfers information/genetic material (also known as conjugation)

Front 11

What is the Glycocalyx

Back 11

A coating of molecules, on the outside of the cell wall; made of sugars and proteins

Front 12

What are the 2 types of Glycocalyx?

Back 12

1. Slime Layer: loosely organized/attached

2. Capsule: highly organized and tightly attached

Front 13

What is the function of the Glycocalyx?

Back 13

-Protect cell from dehydration

-Inhibit WBC & Phagocytosis from contributing to pathogenicity

-Attachment (creates biofilms)

Front 14

What are the 2 layers of the cell envelope?

Back 14

Cell Wall and Cell Membrane

Front 15

What are the 2 different groups of bacteria that can be done with a Gram stain?

Back 15

Gram + and Gram -

Front 16

What does the structure of the cell wall do?

Back 16

-Determine cell shape

-Prevent lysis (bursting) or collapsing, which could be caused by changing osmotic pressure

Front 17

What is the Gram Stain?

Back 17

A differential stain that distinguishes cells with a +cell wall or a -cell wall

Front 18

What's the color of the cell when it's Gram-positive?

Back 18

Purple

Front 19

What's the color of the cell when it's Gram-negative

Back 19

Red (from the Safranin)

Front 20

Why is the Gram Stain a good stain to use?

Back 20

-Important for the basis of bacterial classification and identification

-It's a good way to help diagnose an infection

-Good guide for drug treatment

Front 21

What is the function of the cell membrane?

Back 21

-Provides a spot for energy reactions, nutrient processing, and synthesis

-Transports things in and out of the cell

Front 22

What does the cytoplasm do?

Back 22

-stores chemicals

-serves as a solvent for materials used in all cell function

Hint 22

It's a dense, gelatinous solution of sugars, amino acids, and salts

Front 23

What is a chromosome?

Back 23

A DNA molecule that contains all genetic information required by a cell

Front 24

What are plasmids?

Back 24

Small, circular, double stranded DNA structures that may have antibiotic resistance

Front 25

What is a ribosome and what does it do?

Back 25

It consists of 2 pieces, a small and large subunit. It's involved in protein synthesis and is found in all cells

Front 26

What does sporulation mean?

Back 26

The formation of endospores, which are the hardiest of all life forms that can withstand extreme heat, drying, freezing, radiation, and chemicals

Front 27

What does germination mean?

Back 27

To return to vegetative growth

Front 28

Describe Endospores

Back 28

-Dehydrated, Inactive

-Has Thick Coat

-Longevity verges on immoratality (25-250 mil. years)

-Resistant to ordinary cleaning methods & boiling

-Pressurized Steam at 120°C for 20-30 min will destroy them

Front 29

What are the 3 basic shapes of bacteria?

Back 29

1. Coccus: Spherical/Circular

2. Bacillus: Rod

3. Spirillum: Twisted Spiral

Front 30

What are the 6 main division patterns and arrangements of Cocci?

Back 30

1. Singles: one, singular

2. Diplococci: pairs

3. Streptococci: chains

4. Staphlococci: clusters

5. Tetrads: 4

6. Sarcina: 8

Front 31

What are the 4 main division patterns and arrangements of Bacilli?

Back 31

1. Single: one, singular rod

2. Streptobacilli: chain of rods

3. Vibrio: gently curved, boomerang

4. Palisades: stacked rods

Front 32

What are the 2 different types of spiral bacteria?

Back 32

1. Spirillum: rigid/tight, helix shape; "rat bite fever"

2. Spirochete: flexible/loose, helix shape; "syphilis"

Front 33

What do bacterial spores look like?

Back 33

Little guitars

Front 34

What does Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology cover?

Back 34

-ALL KNOWN PROCARYOTES

-2 domains: Archea & Bacteria

-25 Phyla

Hint 34

It has 5 volumes

Front 35

How do you define a species of bacterial cells?

Back 35

One kind of cell that shares similar patterns of traits, in contrast with another bacteria whose patterns differ significantly

Front 36

What is a strain?

Back 36

A culture that is derived from a single parent and differs in structure/metabolism from other cultures of the same exact species

Front 37

What is Rickettsias?

Back 37

-An unusual form of obligate intracellular parasites.

-Very Tiny, Gram-negative bacteria

-Most are pathogens that alternate between mammals and fleas

Front 38

What is Chlamydia?

Back 38

-An obligate intracellular parasite

-Tiny

-MUST live inside cell

-Related to STD's

Front 39

Flagella can be found in what kind of arrangement?

Back 39

9+2

Front 40

What is the function of Cilia?

Back 40

Motility, Feeding, and Filtering

Front 41

What is the external layer made up of in fungi?

Back 41

Chitin/Cellulose

Front 42

What is Algae's outer membrane made out of?

Back 42

Cellulose

Front 43

What is the cell membrane made up of and what is it?

Back 43

-Made of fats and proteins

-It is a Selectively Permeable Barrier

Front 44

Describe the Nucleus?

Back 44

-Round

-MAJOR Organelles

-Has Pores

-Contains Chromosomes

-Has a Nucleolus, in which rRNA synthesis and ribosome assembly take place

Front 45

What does the Endoplasmic Reticulum do?

Back 45

Synthesizes proteins to get packaged and transported

Front 46

What is the main function of the Golgi Apparatus?

Back 46

Transport & Storage

Front 47

What do Lysosomes contain?

What do they do?

Back 47

-Contains enzymes

-They are for intercellular digestion and protection

Front 48

What is the Mitochondria for?

Back 48

It creates energy for the cell

Front 49

Describe Cholorplasts?

Back 49

-Only in Plants

-Contains Photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll, green)

-Converts energy of Sun into food (photosynthesis)

-It's a primary producer

Front 50

What are ribosome made of and what do they do?

Back 50

Made of rRNA and proteins; Function is Protein Synthesis

Hint 50

Amino Acid + A.A. + A.A. = Protein

Front 51

What is the cytoskeleton?

Back 51

Framework of the cell

Front 52

What are the phases of Mitosis and what does each phase do?

Back 52

1. Interphase: No cell ÷, normal activity

2. Prophase: Nucleus breaks down, double amount of c.somes appear

3. Metaphase: c.somes line up

4. Anaphase: c.somes separate

5. Telophase: complete separation of c.somes, cell then divides

Front 53

What does abnormal mitosis usually mean or result in?

Back 53

Cancer

Front 54

In the Kingdom of Fungi, what are the 2 main groups?

Back 54

1. Macroscopic (mushrooms, puff balls)

2. Microscopic (molds, yeasts)

Front 55

What does morphology mean?

Back 55

Shape

Front 56

What are the 2 microscopic morphologies of fungi?

Back 56

1. Yeast: Round, Ovoid shape; asex. repro.

2. Hyphae: stringy material; Long filamentous fungi/mold

Front 57

Describe Fungi

Back 57

-Heterotrophic (taking food)

-Saprobes (Eats Dead)

-Some are Parasites

-Mycoses (Fungal Infections)

-Grows in 20-40°C

Front 58

What does mycelium mean?

Back 58

Cottony texture

Front 59

What does fungi produce?

Back 59

Spores for reproduction

Front 60

What are the bad impacts and causes of Fungi?

Back 60

-Mycoses

-Allergies

-Toxins

-Destroys Crops

Front 61

What are the beneficial impacts of Fungi?

Back 61

-Source of Antibiotics, Alcohol, Vitamins

-The Earth would be uninhabitable W/O Fungi

-It makes food

Front 62

Describe Algae?

Back 62

-PHOTOSYNTHETIC

-Contains Chlorophyll

-Produces Oxygen

-EX: Kelp, Seaweed, Euglenids, Algae (Classified by color)

-Found in Fresh and Marine Water (Plankton)

-Basis of Food Web

-Produces atmospheric O2

Front 63

Describe Protozoa?

Back 63

-Considered "first animal"

-Lacks a Cell Wall

-Unicellular

-Heterotrophic

-Most are harmless, but animal parasites can spread by insect vectors

Front 64

Protozoa Identification?

Back 64

-ID is based on MOTILITY, reproduction, and life cycle

1. Mastigophora: flagellar motility EX: Tripanosome

2. Sarcodina: psuedopod EX: Ameoba

3. Ciliophora: cilia EX: Paramecium

4. Apiconplexa: no motility EX: Goes in blood cell and let's the cell do the moving

Front 65

What are 2 kinds if Pathogenic flagellates?

Back 65

Chaga's Disease & African Sleeping Sickness

Front 66

What is the type of infective amoeba called?

Back 66

Amebic dysentery

Front 67

Describe Malaria?

Back 67

-Caused by a Protozoa

-Means "bad air"

-Come W/ intense chills and fever (>104°F)

-Affects 2.5 mil people (1,000 in US)

-Attacks RBC

-Transmitted by Anopheles mosq.

-Death can occur due to: loss of RBC or clotted RBC

Front 68

Helminths are worms, which are male and female. What is that term?

Back 68

Hermaphrodite

Front 69

What are the 2 groups of parasitic helminths?

Back 69

1. Platyhelminthes: Flatworms (tapeworms and flukes)

2. Nematodes: Roundworms (pinworms, heartworm, hookworm, & Trichina Worms (Pigs))

Front 70

How does someone aquire a parasitic worm in their system?

Back 70

Ingestion of larvae or eggs in food, soil, water, or insect vectors

Hint 70

50 species parasitize humans; effects are mostly in the tropics