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99 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the reaction between an antibody and soluble antigen forming lattices? |
Precipitation |
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Aurine pregnancy test is what kind of reaction? |
Direct ELISA (looking for antigen) |
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Avaccine made by vaccinia virus is what kind of vaccine |
Subunit/recombinant vaccine |
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Whatis a conjugated vaccine? (Give examples) |
Combination of polysaccharide and protein. Examples includeHib (Haemophilus influenza type B) |
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Whatis a toxoid vaccine? |
Innactivated toxins |
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Howcan an antibody titer indicate infection? |
Seroconversion |
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Complement fixation is indicated by what? |
No hemolysis (means patient has antibodies) |
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What is the best test to determine the presenceof AIDS antibodies? |
IndirectELISA |
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What kind of vaccine is Hepatitis B? How is thisprepared? |
Subunit/recombinant vaccine. A piece of capsid is put into ayeast cell |
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Whatdo you test for in a direct ELISA? |
Looking for presence of antigens |
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DeadBordetella pertussis without any other vaccine, is what kind ofvaccine? |
Inactivatedwhole-agent |
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Whatkind of vaccine is “live” polio? |
Attenuatedwhole-agent |
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Whatis the specific action of AIDS drugs? |
Nucleosideand nucleotide inhibitors interfere with DNA and RNA synthesis |
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Whatwas the first antibiotic discovered? |
Penicillin |
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Mostantimicrobial agents are produced by what microbe and are effective againstwhat microbe? |
Producedby bacteria to fight against bacteria |
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Listthe antifungal agents (6) |
Polyenes(nystatin, amphotericin B), azoles, griseofulvin, and tolnaftate |
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Listthe antibacterial agents (5) |
1- Cell wall inhibitors: penicillins,cephalosporins, bacitracin, vancomycin 2- Protein synthesis inhibitors: Streptomycin,neomycin, gentamycin, tetracyclines, erythromycin 3- Membrane disruption: polymyxin B 4- Nucleic acid synthesis inhibitors: rifamycins(rifampin) 5- Metabolite synthesis inhibitors: sulfanilamide |
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Whatantibiotic is recommended for use against Gram negative bacteria? |
Polymyxin B |
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Whatfactors contribute to drug resistance in a microbe (5) |
1- Indiscriminate use 2- Uptake 3- Changes in cell structure 4- Superinfections 5- People education |
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Antimicrobial agents that cause osmotic lysis by destroying the cell wall |
Penicillins |
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Whyare Helminthic and Protozoal diseases difficult to treat? |
Because they are more like us so there are more side effectsand this will affect our bodies |
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Penicillinworks well on what kind of organisms? (Give genera) |
Gram + organisms which can be Staphylococci and Streptococci |
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Wartsare caused by what 2 main groups of viruses? |
Papilloma and Papova |
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Whatorganism causes thrush? |
Candida albicans (fungi) |
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Theetiological agent of chicken pox is… |
Varicella/Herpes-zoster(HHV 3) |
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Theetiological agent of fifth’s disease is... |
HumanParvovirus B19 |
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Howare cold sores transmitted? |
Bycontact (sharing fomites, kissing, etc…) |
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Howare Staphylococcal organisms differentiated? |
Coagulasetest (negative for S. epidermidis and positive for S. aureus)
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Candidiasis is caused by what microorganism?What “-cide” can destroy?
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C. albicans (fungi). Destroyed by Fungicides such as azoles,griseofulvin, tolnaftate, etc…
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TheGram + bacilli that cause acne are called... |
Propionibacteriumacnes |
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Howare German measles, Chicken Pox, and Smallpox transmitted? |
Saliva droplets and exposure to vaccine
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Whatskin region has the most bacteria?
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Axillary Region |
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Theetiological agent of fever blisters is…
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Herpes Virus 1 (Herpes simplex)
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Whatcan a staph infection lead to?
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Toxicshock syndrome, low BP, scalded skin syndrome
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T/FThere are no normal microbiota of the nervous system
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TRUE |
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How do pathogens invade the CNS?
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Trauma. Also via circulatory system, lymphatic system, andthrough the peripheral nervous system
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Whatare the prodromal symptoms of meningitis?
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Cold-like symptoms (SHRP) |
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Why are encephalitis and meningitis difficult totreat?
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Blood brain barrier prevents drugs from getting to theillness
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What is the reservoir for rabies?
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Cats,bats, raccoons, skunks, coyotes, foxes, etc…
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Howare the immunized and the nonimmunized treated for tetanus?
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Immunized get a booster shot (TT-tetanus toxoid and/orTd-tetanus diphtheria)
Nonimmunized get the vaccine plus TIG (Tetanus immunoglobulin) |
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Themost common cause-(etiological agent)-for meningitis is…
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Strep.pneumoniae
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Meningoencephalitis is caused by what (amoebic-like) organism? (Name genus)
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Naegleria
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What causes Botulism?
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Neurotoxin causes flaccid paralysis.Treatment/prevention include TIG, TT, and Td
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What causes Polio? |
Causedby drinking fecal contaminated water
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What causes Streptococcal pneumonia? |
Causedby S. pneumonis = capsule
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What causes tetanus? |
Neurotoxin causes rigid paralysis.Treatment/prevention include TIG, TT, and Td
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What’sthe best way to control Malaria, Lyme disease, and West Nile Virus?
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Notstanding near standing bodies of water. Elimination of vector
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How is Lyme-(Lyme, CT)- disease treated?
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Indirect ELISA |
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Know the characteristics ofBacillus anthracis
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Gram + soil aerobic organism that forms endospores
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What are the causes for thesymptoms of gas gangrene?
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Ischemia (blood supply is cut off leading to necroticsituation)
Damage in blood vessels Colonization of bacteria and the enzymes they have Also enzymes, toxins, and fermentative bacteria |
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What is the major symptomof Brucellosis?
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Undulantfever (104, 104, farmer is dead)
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Know the causes and symptoms of Rheumatic fever. (Decline over the last 10 years)
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Focal infection. Strep. Pyogenes (A Beta-hemolytic)
Chronic condition of heart valves and bone joints |
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When does one get an infection from C. perfringens?
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At the end of gas gangrene |
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What causes relapsing fever? How is this different from Brucellosis?
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Relapsing = recurring. Starts high and then goes down and can be treated easily
Undulant fever occurs in Brucellosis. Starts with high temperatures (104) and keeps same temperature for days until death occurs Also rash |
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EB causes what disease?
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Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (HHV4)
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Cercariae are typical of what type of disease?
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Schistosomiasis
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What are the causes for sepsis/septicemia?
It can result from what previous conditions? How can antibiotic use effect the condition? (If….) What symptoms may result from it? |
Causes: release of endotoxin because of dead and dyingbacteria
Previous conditions: lymphangitis, nosocomial, parenteralroute, pneumonia, focal infectionAntibiotics effect: antibiotic aggrevationSymptoms: SHRP. Low BP and fever |
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What is toxoplasmosis caused by? How does one usually get it? What is the reservoir? Who can be most at risk? -(Discuss transmission).
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Cause: Toxoplasma gondii (protozoa)
Trans: Coming in contact with cat waste in litterbox oreating undercooked meat Reservoir: Mice At Risk: Pregnant women |
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What organism causes symptoms most like TB?
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Histoplasmosis (Fungi) |
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What can a positive tuberculin skin test indicate?
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Raised wheel on skin.
Indicatesindividual has, had or is immune to tuberculosis (or has the vaccine) |
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What organism can cause arespiratory infection even when it is transmitted via the GI route?
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Mycobacterium tuberculosis |
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What are Ghon complexes?
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Ghon complexes are scar tissue from tubercles that develops inside the lungs
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List the etiological agents of pneumonia discussed in class (4)
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S. pneumoniae (typical) Haemophilus influenza Mycoplasma pneumoniae Legionella pneumophila |
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What are the stages ofpertussis?
Give Latin name for etiological agent |
Bordetella pertussis (whooping cough)
Stages: • Catarrhal (cold-like) • Paroxysmal (build-up of mucus and coughing) • Convalescence (immune system restoring health) |
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What are the symptoms of scarlet fever?
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Red throat, red rash, red tongue, fever
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Arthrospore inhalation causes a disease caused by what organism?
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Fungi (coccidiodomycosis)
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How is Legionella transmitted?
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Airborne
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What are the symptoms ofDiphtheria infection? (Young and old)
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Membrane in the back of throat
For the old: dead/flakey skin |
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How was Mycoplasmal pneumonia first discovered and differentiated from viral pneumonia?
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Because it’s smaller it could not be seen under light microscope. Someone used a tetracycline on them and it worked (meaning it was a bacteria not a virus)
It was later seen under electron microscope |
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What fungi often cause respiratory or other body-system infections in AIDS patients?
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Candida albicans, Aspergillus, Mucor, and Rhizopus
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Reservoir for Pneumocystis |
Soil |
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Reservoir for Tuberculosis |
Cattle and birds |
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Reservoir for Blastomycosis |
Soil GOES FROM LUNGS TO SKIN |
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Reservoir for Psittacosis |
Birds |
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Reservoir for Coccidiodomycosis |
South American Soil |
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Reservoir for Histoplasmosis |
soil |
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Why do influenza epidemics occur yearly?
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Because it mutates every year (called antigenic shift)
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Most cases of post-transfusion hepatitis were caused by…
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Hepatitis C |
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What GI disease istransmitted via the respiratory route?
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Mumps |
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Where are most microbes of the GI found?
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Colon |
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The most common cause of travelers diarrhea is…
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E. coli |
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What causes the symptoms of Trichinosis?
What are they? How does one usually get this illness? |
-Cause: Trichinella spiralis worm
-Symptoms: Swelling around eyes, gastroenteritis, and bleeding under fingernails -How you get the illness: From eating undercooked pork meat (or garbage eating animals) |
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What is dysentery? What can cause it?
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Bloody diarrhea
Caused by Shigella and Entamoeba hystolitica |
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Why can Helicobacter grow in the stomach?
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It can convert hydrochloric acid into basic ammonia (NH3)
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Most GI infections are treated with…
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Water and electrolytes (also antibiotics depending on disease and microorganism) |
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How do GI intoxications differ from GI infections?
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Intoxication: ingestion of preformed toxin. Short incubation time
Infection: causes gastroenteritis and maybe fever. Longer incubation time |
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What is Staph food poisoning usually from? (bacteria or toxin)
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Toxin (intoxication) |
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Contaminated seafood can transmit whatmicrobe? What are the symptoms?
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Vibrio cholera. Rice-water stools
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Pyelonephritis can develop from what diseases?
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Urethritis, cystitis, and ureteritis
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What is the reservoir for Leptospirosis?
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Dog urine Soil and water |
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The most reportedreproductive disease is…
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Gonorrhea |
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What are the symptoms of genital Herpes?
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Recurring lesions |
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What organisms commonly cause cystitis? What are the predisposing factors?
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E. coli and Staph. Saprophyticus
Women are predisposed. Also people on antibiotics, immunocrompromised, diabetic, kidney stones, etc… |
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The most common STD is….How is it treated?
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Gonorrhea (also chlamydia and papilloma). Treated with tetracyclines
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What organisms make up the normal microbiota of the vagina?
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Lactobacilli and C. albicans
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How many bacteria should a normal urine sample contain?
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10,000 or less bacteria per ml
Less than 100 per ml for colon (E. coli) Less than 1,000 for skin organisms |
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Most nosocomial infections of the urinary tract are caused by…
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E. coli |
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What is NGU? What organisms can cause this? What organisms cannot?
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Non-gonococcal urethritis
Caused by E. coli, S. saprophyticus, E. aerogenes, etc… NOT caused by gonorrhea |
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How can one get an infection from Trichomonis vaginalis?
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Sitting naked on a bench or dirty towel.
(Not necessarily an STD) |
