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59 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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symbiosis
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the relationship between normal microbiota and a host
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etiology
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the study of the cause of a disease
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locations of normal microbiota in the bosy
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nose, eyes, mouth, throat, gut, etc
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normal microbiota protect the host in two ways
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crowding out pathogens and producing acids
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systemic disease
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infectio throughout the body
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bacteremia
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bacteria in blood
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septicemia
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toxins and bacteria in blood
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gram negative bacterial infections produce...
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exotoxins, causing very bad infections
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incubation period
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no signs or symptoms
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prodromal period
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mild signs or symptoms
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emerginf infectious disease
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diseases that are happening more frequently
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5 factors that effect emerging diseases
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change in weather, modern transportation, ecological disaster, public health failures (missed immunization or ineffective ones.)
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epidemiology
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study of where and when diseases occur and how they are transmitted.
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John Snow
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1848-1849 mapped the occurence of cholera in London.
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Seimelweiss
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OB GYB who decreased puerperal fever.
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florence Nightinggale
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showed that increased sanitation decreased epidemic
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Morbitity
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incidence of specific disease
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mortality
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deaths from notifiable diseases
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morbidity rate is
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# of specific disease in given time period
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MMWR ....
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morbidity and mortality weekly report
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pathogenicity
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ability to cause disease
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virulence
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capacity to be pathogenic
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portals of entry for bacteria
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mucous membranes, skin (thorugh microscopic breaks and scratches), parenteral route 9IV, catheters)
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most common poratl for bacteria is...
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respiratory tract
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ID 50
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the infectious dose for 50% of the population. (50% of the population infected)
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LD 50
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lethal dose (toxin) for 50% of a sample population
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adherance
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bacteria latch on to a specific spot to grow
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adhesins
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ligands bind to receptors on a host cell)
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glycocalyx
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sticky covering some cells have
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Enzymes in blood
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coagulase, kinases (digest fibrin clots), collagenase (hydrolyzes collagen)
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IgA proteases
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destroy IgA antibodies, take away immunity.
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antigenic variation
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alters surface proteins
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How do bacteria develop resistance?
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by sharing plasmids
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toxin
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substance contribute to pathogenicity. many damage cell membrane
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toxoid
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inactivated toxin used in a vaccine
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toxemia
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presence of toxin in host's blood spread thru circulatory system
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antitoxin
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antibodies against a specified toxin-works in the short term
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exotoxins...
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are very bad. it only takes a small amt to get sick. Caused by Gram positve infections
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Membrane disrupting toxins
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lyse host cells by making protein channels in plasma
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Superantigens
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really nasty!! Ex flesh eating streptococcal infections. causes an intense immune response due to release of cytokines from host cells.
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Gran negative causes _____toxins
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endotoxins. Endotoxins are lipid toxins
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Aflatoxins were used by
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Sadam hussein
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what may cause the most problems for a pt with protozoal infections
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the waste products created by the protozoa create the symptoms
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algae
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red tide-algae will cahnge the grwoth patterns
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Portals of exit for bacteria
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respiratory tract (coughing and sneezing), GI tract (feces), genitourinary tract (URINE AND VAGINAL SECRETIONS), skin (sebacious glands) blood (biting arthropod and needle/syringe)
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SUSCEPTIBILITY
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lack of resistance to a disease
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innate immunity
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nonspecific, from birth, amnsiac 9body does not recall it)
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ciliary escalator
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microbes trapped in mucuos and transported away from lungs
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cilia
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finger-like projections w/ mucus that moves really slow
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why are tears beneficial?
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they are an antibiotic-water laced with lysosomes
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chemical factors in 1st line of defense...
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fungiostatic fatty acids (sebum) has a low pH, lysozyme-persperation and tears and saliva break paptidoglycan bonds
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NK cells
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secrete perforin that makes holes in bacteria
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Order of most prvalent WBC
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Neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils. never let monkeys eat bananas!
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Neutrophils
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phagocytic
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basophils
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histamine
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eosinophils
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toxic to parasites, phagocytic and makes peroxide
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dendritic cells
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initiate the adaptive immune response
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monocytes
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phagocytic as matures, fixed or wandering
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lymphocytes
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specific immunity
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