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32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Methods of Classifying and Identifying Microorganisms
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-morphological characteristics(size,shape,flagella,colony morphology)
-staingin properties (gram stain,acid-fast stain) -biochemical test (enzyme activity) |
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Antigen
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stimulates immune system
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Selfantigen
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immune system recognizes antigen in system
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Serology
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-the science that studies immune responses
-slide agglutination test -enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) |
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Phage typing
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anitbodies are highly specific for bacterium that is produced
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Nucleic acid hybridization
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-seperate hydrogen bonds with heat.
-if same organism one should be compliment of the others |
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DNA Probes
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DNA marker to notify you if there is a bacteria, when they compliment they will fluorece.
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The four major categories of bacteria
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-gram negative eubacteria with cell walls
-gram positive eubacteria with cell walls -eubacteria without cell wals -archea |
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Gram-negative eubacteria with cell walls
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-spirochetes
-gram-negative aerobic rods and cocci -facultatively anaerobic rods -sulfate-reducing bacteia -phototrophic bacteria -rickettsias and chlamydias |
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Gram-positive eubacteria with cell walls
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-staphylococcus
-streptococcus -mycobacterium -clostridium -bacillus |
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Eubacteria without cell walls
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-mycoplasma
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Archea
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-halophiles
-thermophiles -methanogens |
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Spirochetes
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-spiral shaped (cork screw)
-axial filament (act as filagelum) -found in oral cavity of humans -contains a number of pathogenic strains (borrelia, treponema) |
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Gram-negative aerobic rods and cocci
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-Pseudomonas (swimmers itch)
-common soil bacterium -source of nosocomial infections -can metabolize a variety of substrates -contributor to food spoilage -Neisseria(geneous) -diplococci -N.gonorrhoeae,N.meningitidis |
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Facultatively anearobic rods
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-enterics
-inhabit the intestines of animals -carbohydrate (glucose)fermentors -fimbriae(short hairs for attachment) -bacterocins(similar to antibiotic) -Escherichia(E.coli) -indicator of fecal contamination -typically not pathogenic -enterohemorrhagic strains(deadly strains) -Salmonella -most are pathogenic -inhibat the intestines of poultry and cattle -S.enterica -salmonellosis -typhoid fever (typhoid Mary) |
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Sulfate-reducing bacteria
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-Desulfovibrio
-obligate anaerobe -uses sulfate or elemental sulfur as terminal e- acceptor -produces H2S and contributes the sulfur cycle |
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Phototrophic bacteria
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-all use light as an energy source
-all are pigmented |
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anoxygenic phototrophs
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-no O2 produced via photosynthesis
-obligate anaerobes -green and purple sulfur bacteria -6H2S+6CO2-->C6H12O6+6S |
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oxygenic phototrophs
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-cyanobacteria
-produce O2 -set the stage for colonization of land -nitrogen fixation -6H2O+6CO2-->C2H12O6+6O2 |
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Rickettsias and chlaydias
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-obligate intracellular parasites
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Rickettsia
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-transmitted by insects and ticks
-induce phagocytosis and divide within cells -damages caplliaries resulting in a rash -Rocky Mtn. Spotted Fever;R.rickettsii |
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Chlamydia
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-transmitted cia intercourse and respiratory route
-responsible for most prevalent STD in the US -casuative agent of infectious blindness (trachoma) -unusual life history cycle |
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Staphylococcus
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-most important is S. aureus
-facultative anaerobe -tolerates high osmotic pressure and low moisture -nasal cavity and skin isolate -can produce an enterotoxin and other toxins -toxic shock syndrome |
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Streptococcus
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-facultative anaerobe
-responsible for more illnesses than any other bacterial group -S.pyogenes is the main pathogen -scarlet fever,rheumatic fever,impetigo -beta-hemoltic species (clear zone) -alpha-hemolytic species (greenish zone) -nonhemolytic species -S.mutans,S. pneumoniae |
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Mycobacterium
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-obligate aerobe
-outer membrane composed of mycolic acid -imedes antimicrobial uptake -prolngs dehdration -slows growth of the cell -M.tuberculosis,M.leprae -acid fast stain |
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Clostridium
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-obligate anaerobe
-common soil bacterium -endospore former -C.tetani -C.botulinum -C. perfringens -C.diff |
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Bacillus
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-facultative anaerobe;spore-former
-common soil bacterium -some antibiotic producers -B.anthracis -B.thuringiensis -species differ by genes on plasmids |
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Mycoplasma
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-facultative anaerobe
-0.1-0.25 nanometer in length;pleomohic -fungus like growth -related to Bacilus but lost DNA -M.pneumoniae, Spiroplasma,Ureaplasma |
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Archea
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-lack peptidoglycan
-distinctive RNA polymerase -unusual tRNA -unusual lipids -some found in harsh enviroments |
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halphiles
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-require high salt concentrations;Dead Sea
-Halobacterium |
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Thermophiles
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-Sulfolobus;pH2, 70%C
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Methanogens
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-Methanobacterium
-human intestines;sewage treatment |
