Micro Block Iv

Front 1

Yeast

Back 1

Unicellular, Reproduces by Budding

Front 2

Mould

Back 2

filamentous, each filament is called a hyphae

Front 3

Mycelium

Back 3

Mass of hyphae (Mould)

Front 4

Asexual Reproduction

Back 4

an increase in vegetative mass, no union of nuclei or gametes, characterizes anamorphic state of a fungus

Front 5

Sexual

Back 5

involves union of two compatible nuclei, characterizes teleomorphic state of a fungus

Front 6

Sexual Spores

Back 6

Zygospores, ascospores, basidiospores

Front 7

Asexual spores
Sporangiospores

Back 7

contained in a sac like structures called a sporangium

found exclusively in zygomycetes

Front 8

Asexual spores
Conidia

Back 8

General term applied to spres of all anamorphs belonging to divisions other than zygomycota

Front 9

Spore bearing structures
Sexual spores:
Ascomycetes

Back 9

asci, cleistothecia

Front 10

Spore bearing structures
Sexual spores:
Basidomycetes

Back 10

Basidiocarps (mushrooms)

Front 11

Spore bearing structures
Asexual spores

Back 11

sporangiospres, conidiophores

Front 12

Yeasts

Back 12

Blastoconidia (budding)
Chlamydoconidia (survival or resting conidia)

Front 13

Pseudohyphae

Back 13

series of elongated blastoconidia that remain attached ina linear fashion

Front 14

Germ Tube

Back 14

primary hyphal element that distinguishes Candida albicans from other yeasts

Front 15

Septate Hyphae

Back 15

Cross-walled
Ex: Aspergillus, Penicillium

Front 16

Aseptate hyphae

Back 16

Coenocytic
Ex: Mucor, Rhizopus

Front 17

Hyline hyphae

Back 17

light color

Front 18

Dematiaceous hyphae

Back 18

dark color

Front 19

Vegetative mycelium

Back 19

below substrate

Front 20

Aerial mycelium

Back 20

above substrate

Front 21

Differences than bacteria

Back 21

Mitochondria Present
Cell wall = Chitin (NAG), glucans, mannans
Cytoplasmic membrane= sterols
Antibacterials not effective

Front 22

KOH

Back 22

dermatophyes and yeasts
helps visualization in skin samples

Front 23

India Ink

Back 23

Cryptococcus neoformans
negative stain in CSF

Front 24

Periodic acid Schiff
Gomori methenamine silver GMS
Calcofluor (flourescent dye binds to chitin)

Back 24

Histo stains for viewing in body fluids

Front 25

Inhibitory mold agar

Back 25

antibiotics +

Front 26

Brain-heart infusion + erythrocytes

Back 26

important for dimorphs that need rich media

Front 27

ID Techniques
Yeasts

Back 27

Germ tube test
urease production
production of chlamydocondia on corn meal agar
carbohydrate assimilation and ferment

Front 28

ID Techniques
Moulds

Back 28

Look for structures associated with sporultion
Tease mounts (Breaks everything up)
Scotch tape prepartations
Slide culture (keeps everything in tact)

Front 29

Superficial and cutaneous mycoses

Back 29

tinea versicolor
dermatophytosis

Front 30

Subcutaneous mycoses

Back 30

sporotrichosis
chromoblastomycosis
mycetoma

Front 31

Systemic Mycoses
Dimorphic fungi

Back 31

Histoplasma capsulatum
Blastomyces dermatitidis
Coccidioides immitis
Paracoccidiodes brasiliensis

Front 32

Systemic Mycoses
Opportunistic fungi

Back 32

Candida albicans
Cryptococcus neoformans
Aspergillus fumigatus
Mucor spp

Front 33

shedding of WI-1 glycoprotein

Back 33

blastomyces dermatitidas

Front 34

urease activity and extracellular protease production

Back 34

Coccidioides immitis

Front 35

modulation of phagolysosome pH

Back 35

Histoplasma capsulatum

Front 36

polysaccharide capsule and melanin production

Back 36

Cryptococcus neoformans

Front 37

Keritanases

Back 37

dermatophytes

Front 38

5 Flurocytosine (5FC)

Back 38

acts as cytosine antagonist and inhibits nucleic acid synthesis (mostly RNA)
May cause bone marrow suppression

Front 39

Polyenes
(Amphotericin B, nystatin)

Back 39

Amphipathic macrolides that BIND to ergosterol in fungal cell membranes
Disruption of membrane permeability leads to cell death

Front 40

Azoles

Back 40

PREVENT ergosterol SYNTHESIS via inhibition of cytochrome p450

Front 41

Echinocandins
-fungins

Back 41

lipopeptides that inhibit synthesis of beta (1,3) D glucan essential component of fungal cell walls
caspofungin, micafungin, anidulafungin

Front 42

Terbinafine

Back 42

allylamine derivative that inhibits squalene epoxidase, essential enzyme for ergosterol synthesis

Front 43

Probs with immunodiag
Detection of serum antibody

Back 43

lack of Ab despite disseminate disease,
appearance of Ab late
apperance of Ab in ppl w/out disease

Front 44

Probs with immuno diag
Detection of fungal antigens

Back 44

distinguishing infection vs. colonization
appearance of Ag late in disease

Front 45

Probs with immuno diag
Skin tests

Back 45

provide evidence of infection but do not distinguish new from old.
cross rxns with other fungi

Front 46

Tinea versicolor

Back 46

Malassezia spp (mainly M. globusa)
White after sun exposure

Front 47

Tinea nigra

Back 47

Hortaea wernickii
palms of hands scaly

Front 48

Black piedra

Back 48

Piedriaia hortae
in hair shafts, attractive in papau new guinea

Front 49

White piedra

Back 49

Trichosporon
white knob

Front 50

Dermatophytes spp

Back 50

Micro, Tricho, Epidermo
Microsporum
Trichophyton
Epidermophyton

Front 51

Tinea capitis (hair and scalp)
endothrix infection

Back 51

Trichophyton tonsurans - black dot
T. violaceum: euro, mid east, n. africa
T. schoenlenii - cause of FAVUS (crusty scarring)

Front 52

Tinea capitis
ectothrix infection

Back 52

Microsporum audouinii: causes epidemic tinea capitis
M. canis: aqc from dogs and cats
T. mentagrophytes: zoophilic

Front 53

Tinea barbae (BEARD)

Back 53

T. verrucosum: ectothrix, from cattle

Front 54

Kerion (suppurative folliculitis)

Back 54

Trichophyton spp
in eyebrows

Front 55

Tinea corporis (smooth skin)

Back 55

circular lesions
M. canis
T. rubrum
T. mentagrophytes
T. concentricum

Front 56

Tinea cruris (JOCK ITCH)

Back 56

Epidermophyton floccosum- groin, perineal, perinanal
T. tubrum- may extend over buttocks and waist

Front 57

Tinea pedis (ATHLETES FOOT)

Back 57

T. rubrum (most common)

Front 58

Tinea unguium (NAILS)

Back 58

T. mentagrophyes.

Front 59

Dermatophyte test media

Back 59

dermatophyes turn media RED due to alkaline by products
bacteria and fungi other than dermatophytes turn media yellow

Front 60

Morpho
Epidermophyton

Back 60

Macroconidia: Abudant, club shaped, smooth
Micro: NONE

Front 61

Morpho
Microsporum

Back 61

Maco: abundant, spindle shaped, rough
Micro: scarce, elongate

Front 62

Morpho
Trichophyton

Back 62

Marco: scarce, club shaped, thin walled
Micro: abudant, spherical, pear shaped

Front 63

Subcutaneous mycoses spp.

Back 63

Sporotrichosis
Chromomycosis
Eumycotic mycetoma
phaeohyphomycosis

Front 64

Sporotrichosis
Lymphocutanous disease

Back 64

Most common form
get from puncture of skin
lesions begin as painless papules 1-3 later and spread along lymphatics

Front 65

Sporotrichosis
Pulmonary or disseminated disease

Back 65

get from inhalation
rare but serious seen in immunocomp

Front 66

Sporothrix schenckii

Back 66

dimorphic fungus
tissue phase 37 cigar shaped yeasts

mould phase 25 pyriform condidia in rosette clusters

Front 67

Asteroid bodies

Back 67

yeast forms surrounded by eosinophilic halo seen during histo.
represent deposition of Ab/Ag complexes

Front 68

Chromomycosis

Back 68

chronic from soil
lesions are painless and 'cauliflower like'
Caused by dematiaceous including Fonsecaea, Cladosporium, Exophilia, Wangiella, Phialophora

Front 69

Chromomycosis sporulation

Back 69

cladosporium -type: branching conidiophores with chains of conidia
acrotheca or thinocladiella -type: club shaped conidiophores with elongate condida at the upper part
philophora type- case or urn shaped conidiophore

Front 70

Sclerotic bodies

Back 70

represents UNHAPPY fungus
brown segmented hyphal forms
important diag

Front 71

Mycetomas

Back 71

associated with formation of granulomas and abscesses that eventually drain by formation of sinus tracts
may see grains in sinus tract drainage that represent compact microcolonies of the pathogens

Front 72

Mycetomas etiologic agents

Back 72

fungal:
Pseudallescheria boydii (white colony turning mouse gray, lolli pop oval conidia)
Madurella mycetomatis

bacterial
Nocardia spp
Streptomyces
Actinomadura

Front 73

Phaehyphomycosis

Back 73

used to describe a heterogeneous array of funal infections caused by various dematiaceous fungi
present in tissues as pigmented irregular hyphal forms
subcutaenous disease often presents as solitary cyst like lesion secondary to traumatic implantation of contaminate soil or wood splinters

Front 74

Phaehyphomycosis etiologic agents

Back 74

Exophiala
Wangiella
Bipolaris
Treatment is surgical excision

Front 75

Saptophytic of environmental phase

Back 75

at 25 fungi grow as oulds

Front 76

tissue or parasitic phase

Back 76

at 35 grow as yeast or yeast like

Front 77

Disease characteristic of systemic dimorphs

Back 77

portal of entry is respiratory tract via inhalation of conidia produced by mold phase; tissue phase not transmissible, no person to person spread of infection

Front 78

Coccidioides spp.

Back 78

San Joaquin Valley fever, desert rheumatism
aquired by inhalation of arthroconidia of coccidioides spp.
C. immitis = San Joaquin Valley, Ca
C. posadasii = Texas, Az, outside US
asymptomatic or present as if flu

Front 79

Coccidioides
mycology

Back 79

mould phase: septate hyphae, white to tan fluffy colony,barrel shaped arthroconidia (very infectious)
Tissue phase: formation of multinucleated spherules, repeated internal cleavage produces endospores

Front 80

Coccidioides
immunity

Back 80

more common in immunocomp
dark skinned people more susceptible
Ab (IgM, G) not protective

Front 81

Histoplasma capsulatum

Back 81

Looks like TB upon presentation
Darling's disease/histoplasmosis
usually self limiting pulmonary disease, severity due to dose of condiia

Front 82

Histoplasma capsulatum
mycology

Back 82

mould phase: septate hyphae, white fluffy colony
formation of microconidia (infectious) and tuberculated macrocondia (diagnostic)

Tissue phase: small, oval yeasts, usually found in monocytes and macrophages of the blood, etc

Front 83

Histoplasma capsulatum
epi

Back 83

central USA, prospers in soil laden with bird and bat guano

Front 84

Blastomyces dermatitidis

Back 84

North American blastomycosis (Gilchrist's disease)
inhilation of microconidia, extra pulm seen as chronic infection of skin and bones
lesions characterized by microabsesses formation, papulopustular nodules, and crusty verrucuous granulomas of the hands, faces and mucocutaneous areas.

Front 85

Blastomyces dermatitidis
mycology

Back 85

mould phase: septate hyphae, white colony
tissue phase: thick walled yeast with broad based bud

Front 86

Paracoccidioides brasiliensis

Back 86

paracocciodomycosis (south american blastomycosis)
begins as a pulmonary infection and disseminates to form ulcerative granulomata of buccal, nasal, and occasionally the GI

Front 87

paracoccidioides brasiliensis
mycology

Back 87

Mould phase: septate hyphae, white to tan colony, indistinguishable from B. dermatitidis
Tissue phase: thin walled yeast with multiple buds arranged in Ships Wheel

Front 88

Penicillium marneffei

Back 88

penicilliiosis marneffei
skin lesions reflect dissemination...may mimic molluscum contagisum like lesions of the face and trunk

Front 89

Penicillium marneffei
mycology

Back 89

only penicillium that is dimorph
Mould: filamentous hyphae, colonies may have RED pigment
may seen intracellular forms

Front 90

Penicillium marneffei
epi

Back 90

fungus found in soil and bamboo rats
may see in thailand and southern china

Front 91

Candida species

Back 91

Opportunisitic!

Front 92

Candida lab

Back 92

Germ tube test: only C. albicans form germ tubes
Chlamydocondia test: only C. albicans form chlamydocondia
Carb assim and ferment

Front 93

Disease due to C. albicans

Back 93

part of normal enteric flora
detection of organism in normally sterile sites

Front 94

Chronic mucocutaneous candidasis (CMC)

Back 94

occurs in children with certain genetic defects in leukocyte function (primarly T cells)
characterized by recurrent severe, debilitating ulcerative lesions of the skin and mucocutaneous areas but without disseminatino to internal organs

Front 95

Virulence factors of C. albicans

Back 95

Ability to grow at higher temps
Ability to adhere to cell surfaces
Ability to produce proteases

Front 96

Cryptococcus neoformans

Back 96

Pidgeons!!! are the major resevoir
produce by single or double buds; no germ tubes or psedohyphae formed;

Front 97

Cryptococcus neoformans
Virulence

Back 97

production of polysaccharide capsule

Front 98

Cryptococcus neoformans
disease

Back 98

cryptococcus
a chronic, subacute, MENINGITIC infection

Front 99

Cryptococcus neoformans
ID

Back 99

CSF demonstration of capsule by India Ink
production of blastospores
urease production
pigmented colonies on caffeic agar

Front 100

Cryptococcus neoformans
ID

Back 100

Latex agglutination test!! for detection of cryptococcal polysaccaride

Front 101

Asperigillus
mycology

Back 101

mycelium consists of septate hyaline hyphae
conidiophores with terminal vesicle and PHIALIDES produce chains of conidia

Front 102

Aspergillus
Disease

Back 102

Aspergillosis
Many different diseases: see syllabus -
-hypersensitivity
-fungus ball
-invasive into vascular pathways
-disseminated
-mycotoxicosis (food)
Invasive is devastating in immunocomp

Front 103

Aspergillus
Diagnosis

Back 103

Septate hyphae with 45 angle branching

Front 104

Zygomycetes

Back 104

Rhizopus, Mucor, Absidia

Front 105

Zygomycetes
mycology

Back 105

white cottony mould that turns dark upon sporulation
Hyphae are hyaline and NON SEPTATE
asexual repro by sporangia and sporangiophores

Front 106

differentiation of rhizopus, absidia, and mucor based on the presence of RHIZOIDS and their spatial relation to sporangia

Back 106

Rhizoids directly opposite = rhizopus
Rhizoids between two sporangia = absidia
No rhizoids = Mucor

Front 107

Zygomycosis

Back 107

can be extremely acute and fulminant
Rhinocerebral infection- rapidly progressive infection of sinuses, orbits and brain, with infarction and necrosis; associated with ketoacidotic diabetes

Front 108

Zygomycosis
diag

Back 108

see broad non-septate hyphae with 90 angle branching!!!

Front 109

Pneumocysitis jiroveci

Back 109

pulmonary infection associated with clinical conditions of debilitation, secondary to immunosuppression and more recently AIDS

Front 110

Pneumocysitis jiroveci
Forms

Back 110

Trophic
uninucleated sporocyst
mature spore case containing 8 oval to fusiform spores

Front 111

Pneumocysitis jiroveci
disease

Back 111

respiratory tract is portal of entry
hallmark of infection is interstitial pneumonitis and plasma cell infiltration

Front 112

Pneumocysitis jiroveci
diag

Back 112

Can't culture!
morpho id in lung tissue, bronchial washings and sputum
looks like collapsed footballs

Front 113

Hyalohyphomycoses

Back 113

mycotic infections caused by opportunistic rapidly growing monomorphic moulds that may be easily overlooked as contaminants.

Front 114

Hyalohyphomycoses
common agents

Back 114

Penicillum: blue green
Fusarium: eye skin and nail infections, white to pink colony, forms banana shaped
Paecilomyces: lemon yellow
Scopulariosps: white to tan brown, nail infections
Acremonium: corneal and nail infections white