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44 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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difference between superficial cutaneous mycosis and cutaneous mycoses
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cutaneous has pathological changes d/t metabolic products and invovles the nails also dermatophytes have keratinase to use keratin as nutrients
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3 types of subcutaneous mycoses that isnt sporothrix?
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chromoblastomycosis
phaeohyphomycosis mycetoma |
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T/F sporothrix shenckii is a mold
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semi true. it is a dimorphic fungus so it has both mold and yeast forms
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most important species for wound infections?
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staph aureus and staph epidermidis
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which virulent factor of staph aureus binds the fc portion of immunglobulins to prevent opsonization?
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protein A
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what is the tx for staph infections?
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PCN + beta lactamase inhibitor/ cephalosporins resistant to beta lactamase
MRSA= vanco synercid=- protein inhibitor |
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what are 3 organisms that cause biofilms?
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psuedomonas, staph epidermidis, strep viridans
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this is a neurotoxin that is inhibitory to nerve signals leading to continued muscle contractions
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tetanospasm
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antibacteiral med for tetanus
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metronidazole
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what is the pathogenicity for clostridium perfringens?
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alpha toxin which destroys host cell membranes
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alpha toxin lyses what?
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erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets, fibrobalsts, muscle cells
its phospholipase also hydrolyzes lecithin and sphingomyelin disrupting the cell membrane |
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theta toxin does what?
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harmful to heart
increases capillary permeability --> leakage |
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treatment for p. multicoda after you get an animal bite
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PCN + beta lactamase inhibitor (amoxicillin)
same as staph infections |
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how does cutaneous leishmaniasis transform into the amastigote stage?
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promastigote stage (extracellular) is engulfed by reticuloendothelial cells where it is turned into amastigote (intracellular)
this can be see via spleen smear as LD body |
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intracellular amastigotes can be viewed via what technique?
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giemsa wright stain
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amastigotes are confined to the skin. where are they MC seen?
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face, hands, feet, arms, legs
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how do determine acute paronychia?
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superficial infecitons present with purulent materail behind the cuticle.
proximal and lateral nailfold d/t trauma or manipulation |
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what is the MC cause of acute paronychia?
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staph aureus or beta hemolytic strep
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what is the tx for acute paronychia?
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remember that it is bacterial
I&D Cefalexin |
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chronic paronychia is different because....
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many fingers or all fingers can be invovled simultaneously
cuticles separate from nail plate only small quantiites of pus |
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what are some characterisitcs of chronic paronychia?
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horizontal ridging of nails and absence of cuticles. erythema and swelling of nail folds
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how to distinguish subungal hematoma from pseudomonas nail infetion?
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pseudomonas is absence of pain
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what virus accompanies the dz that has extreme pain d/t to swollen finger tips? and in aids pts it can rapidly progress to complete destruction of nail structures
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herpes simplex infection --> herpetic whitlow
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what is a characteristic feature of fungal infections
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channeling
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what makes the nail look white and powdery and does NOT cause the nail plate to thicken?
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trichophyton mentagrophytes
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this causes hyperkeratotic debris to accumulate and causes the nailplates to separate
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trichophytum rubrum
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what does a candida albicans nail infection look like/
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linear yellow or dark brown streaks at distal end that grow proximally
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adjuvants induce what type of inflammation ate site of introduction?
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antigen independent
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why is killed vaccine not as good as a live attenuated?
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ability of a virus to cause a DISEASE is removed in live
vs ability to carry out an INFECTION is removed for killed |
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what is the experimental adjuvant and why is it bad?
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freund's complete: emulsion of killed mycobac and mineral oil
very strong and can induce septic shock |
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how do you make a protein subunit?
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take protein from a pathogen and isolate it and produce it in large quantities
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what is used to make a polysaccharide subunit
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capsulaes of pathogenic bacteria
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what is the most successful bacteiral subunit vaccine?
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toxoid which is inactivated by formalin
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how does a DNA vaccine work?
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introduce plasmids w/ cDNA into organism to induce protein antigen production
- these also induce innate immune repsponse via macrophages APC also infected with cDNA so they can produce protein from the plasmids |
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what is used to make DNA vaccines?
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a promoter and single protein from pathogen
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recombinant virus acts like what type of vaccine?
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live attenuated virus
gene from pathogen + genome of harmless virsu |
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how do you make a conjugate vaccine?
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harmless protein + virus/bac
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what is not protected against if you give an IM injection
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may not protect from entry through ENT/intestines
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difficulties in immunization infants?
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poor T independent Ab production
decreased ab response to t dependent protein vaccines short lived ab respnse to vaccines inhibitory effect of maternal ab altered t cell responses |
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herd immunity needs how many % to be protected?
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90% infants
85% adutls |
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5% get fever >101. F from vaccines. what is the feve rin response to?
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fever is d/t immune response to vaccine NOT additives
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1/3000 get fever over 104 degrees. how many have convulsion d/t fever?
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of those 1/3000, 1/14000 get convulsions
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when do the rxns to dTAP occur?
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within 2 days of getting the 4th or 5th shots
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what is a/w t independent response? what about t dependnet repsonse?
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t independent = marginal zone in spleen
t dependent= germinal centers in lymph node |
