Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
|
Broad Spectrum Antibiotic |
Effective on some Gram positive AND some Gram negative bacteria |
|
|
|
AKA Antimicrobials |
Drugs that act on bacteria |
|
|
|
Narrow Spectrum Antibiotic |
Effective on some Gram Positive OR some Gram negative bacteria |
|
|
|
Bactericidal |
Antibiotic that kills bacteria |
|
|
|
Bacteriosatic |
Antibiotic that inhibits replication of the bacteria |
|
|
|
Mechanisms of Action (M of A) |
1) Inhibits cell wall synthesis 2) Alter cell membrane permeability 3) Inhibits protein synthesis 4) Inhibits nucleic acid synthesis 5) Interference with metabolic pathway |
|
|
|
Reasons Antibiotics Fail |
1) Microbiological 2) Drug 3) Host |
|
|
|
Microbiological |
A) Well established Infection B) Abscess w/ poor drainage or walled off C) Foreign bodies mistaken for an infection D) Neoplasia mistaken for an infection E) Bacteria resistant to drug F) Wrong ID of bacteria G) Mixed infections (Anaerobic/Aerobic or GP/GN) |
Failed Antibiotic (Reasoning) |
|
|
Drug |
A) Wrong spectrum for existing infection B) Incorrect Dosage C) Incorrect route D) Treatment too short E) Poor bioavailability F) Drug incompatibilities |
Failed Antibiotic (Reasoning) |
|
|
Host |
A) Elimination of competing Normal Flora B) Immunosuppression |
Failed Antibiotic (Reasoning) |
|
|
Two Categories of Resistance |
1) Natural Resistance 2) Acquired Resistance |
|
|
|
Natural Drug Resistance |
Examples: Gram + bacteria is naturally resistant to Gram - narrow spectrum antibiotics Mycoplasma is naturally resistant to penicillin |
|
|
|
Acquired Drug Resistance |
A) Repeated exposure of bacteria to antibiotics over time can cause a genetic mutation allowing bacteria to survive B) Drug resistance is passed on genetically to future generations of bacteria |
|
|
|
Examples of Bacteria that has become increasingly drug resistant |
A) Staph. and Strep. B) E. Coli, Salmonella, Proteus, Klebsiella C) Mycobacterium D) Pasturella (Bite wound) E) Pseudomonas (Hospital Setting) |
|
|
|
Antibiotics in Livestock Feed |
A) Leads to antibiotic resistant bacteria in food animals B) Can cause antibiotic resistant bacterial infections in people and pets in rural areas |
|
|
|
How Bacteria becomes Resistant to Antibiotics |
A) Can make an enzyme that inactivates or destroys antibiotic B) Can change cell permeability so the drug cannot get in C) Can modify site of antibiotic attachment D) Can develop alternative metabolic pathways |
|
|
|
Prevention of the development of drug resistant bacteria |
A) Use NARROW SPECTRUM ANTIBIOTICS B) Use -CIDAL DRUGS C) Use ANTIBIOTICS ONLY FOR BACTERIAL INFECTIONS D) Use CORRECT DOSE E) DO CULTURE AND SENSITIVITY TEST |
|
|
|
Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing |
A) Kirby Bauer B) Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) |
|
|
|
Kirby Bauer Antibiotic Susceptibility Test |
A) Mueller-Hinton agar B) Apply a set concentration of bacteria to a plate then add paper discs with a set concentration of antibiotics C) HAVE TO HAVE PURE CULTURE!! D) Incubate 24 hours E) Label on LID NOT AGAR SIDE F) Measure diameter of the zone of inhibitories in mm G) Results: Susceptible= Antibiotic should work Resistant= Antibiotic probably won't work Intermediate= Gray zone |
|
|
|
MIC Antibiotic Susceptibility Test |
A) Determines minimum concentration of antibiotic that will work on bacteria B) Dosage can be calculated from MIC C) Good test to chose if using toxic antibiotic D) Tubes containing Mueller-Hinton broth, add different amounts of antibiotics, put set concentration of bacteria in each tube, incubate E) Results: Clear tube = No growth Cloudy tube = Bacterial Growth F) MIC = Lowest concentration with no growth in tube |
|
|
|
Non-Enteric GNRODS |
Not in the family Enterobacteriaceae Oxidase + |
|
|
|
Types of Non-Enteric GNRODS |
Brucella Bordetella Pasteurella Moraxella Fransciella Pseudomonas Campylobacter |
|
|
|
Brucella |
A) Small GNROD B) Aerobic to Microaerophilic C) Grows slow (5-7 days) D) Tough bacteria: Can remain viable up to 4 months in urine, Milk, damp soil, placenta or aborted fetus E) Can live INTRACELLULAR F) Survives and multiplies inside phagocytes G) Good at tissue invasion H) Has an infinity for the reproduction tract |
|
|
|
Brucella Canis |
A) Dogs B) Brucellosis C) Contact with vaginal secretions, urine, nursing and breastfeeding D) Abortions in the last trimester for females E) Prostatitis, epididymitis and testicular atropy for males F) Serology (Blood Test) G) No reliable treatment H) Screening by breeders. I) No immunizations for dogs |
|
|
|
Brucella Abortus |
A) Small GNROD B) Host = Nature C) Bangs Disease (disease name) in cattle D) Brucellosis in all species E) Undulant (feeling of up and down motion) fever in humans F) Cattle & related animals (Buffalo, elk, moose and antelope) Also people G) Ingestion (MOST IMPORTANT) Eating aborted fetus/placenta or urine on Grass H) Bacteria goes to reproductive tract tissue I) Abortion Storms - usually in last trimester Mastitis - transmitted in milk Testicular abnormalities/prostatitis Infertility/conception failures J) Can be cultured - grows slowly, aerobic to microaerophilic K) Serology (Blood Test) Brucellosis test done usually at breeding age, sell, transport or slaughter L) No treatment (To be slaughtered) M) Most states have strict eradication program in place N) Two forms of eradication: Immunize - RB51 - Females 4-12 months Ear tattoo, Right ear orange tag Testing - Serology - Silver metal ear tag |
|
|
|
Brucella Suis |
A) Swine B) Similar to abortus but very low incidence in the US C) Testing is the only control D) No immunization available |
|
|
|
Brucella Ovis |
A) Sheep B) Similar bacterial characteristics as abortus C) Effects rams more than ewes D) Severe orchitis, epididymitis and impaired fertility E) Immunize and test males not females |
|
|
|
Brucella Melitensis |
A) Sheep, goats, camels, llamas B) Increasing cases in Texas C) Human cases reported more in lab workers |
|
|
|
Bordetella Bronchiseptica |
A) Pili B) Reservoir: Upper respiratory tract in dogs, cats, swine and many other species C) Infectious teach so bronchitis - All Animals D) Kennel cough - Dogs E) Atrophic Rhinitis - Pigs F) Affected: Dogs, cats, pigs, lab animals, wildlife G) Inhalation, very contagious H) Pathology: Dog - Destroys ciliated epithelium, decrease respiratory clearance Cat - URI Pig - Destroys nasal turbinated I) Treatment: Dog & Cat - Antibiotics Pigs - None effective J) Prevention: Dogs - Intra nasal bacteria or Sub-Q vaccine Cats - New bacteria available Pigs: Immunize pregnant sows w/ bacterin |
|
|
|
Pasteurella |
A) Non enteric GNROD B) Resistant to antibiotics C) Normal flora in oral cavity and respiratory tract in many species especially cats and rats |
|
|
|
Pasteurella Hemolytica |
A) Oxidase Positive B) Reservoir - normal flora of nasopharynx in cattle C) Shipping Fever D) Inhalation of an organism E) Pasteurella rarely causes infection by itself: Stress Virus present Bacteria F) Typically diagnosed clinically G) Antibiotics H) Vaccinate for respiratory virus, decrease stress, Pasteurella bacterin bacterin |
|
|
|
Pasteurella Multocida |
A) Normal flora of nasopharynx and oral cavity in many species B) Disease name: Snuffles - Rabbits Avian cholera - birds URI, Bite wound abscesses - dogs & cats Septicemia - humans C) Affected: dogs, cats, rabbits, humans D) Acquired: wounds, inhalation E) Antibiotics, can be fatal if not treated right away |
|
|
|
Moraxella Bovis |
A) Gram negative coccobacillus B) Normal flora on conjunctive, nasopharynx in cattle C) Infectious bovine kerato aka pink eye D) Damage to MM of eye E) White face cattle ➡solar radiation issues F) Antibiotics, patches G) Prevent eye damage H) Possibility to be zoonotic |
|
|
|
Franciscella turlarensis |
A) Rodent, rabbit,other wildlife B) Tularensis or Rabbit fever C) Affected: Humans, dogs, cats D) Transmission through ticks, inhalation, injection E) Serology F) Antibiotics G) Don't play with wild rabbits |
|
|
|
Pseudomonas aeruginosa |
A) odor smells sweet fruity, corn tortillas B) Ubiquitous C) Unsanitary moist environment D) Problem in hospitals E) Opportunistic F) Affects all |
|
