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79 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Which fungi are dimorphic? |
Blastomyces dermatitidis, Coccidioides immitis, Histoplasma capsulatum, Paracoccidiodes brasiliensis, Sporothrix schenckii |
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What do the cell membranes of fungi contain? What organism is the exception? |
Ergosterol Pneumocystis jirovecii doesn't have ergosterol so it has a bad response to most antifungal drugs |
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What are the superficial mycoses? |
Piedria hortae, Trichosporon beigelli, Exophiala werneckii, Malassezie furfur |
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What are the cutaneous mycoses? |
Microsporum, Trichophyton, Epidermophyton (grouped as dermatophytes) |
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What are the subcutaneous mycoses? |
Sporothrix schenckii, Fonsecaea & Cladosporium, Psydallescheria boydii & Madurella grisea |
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What are the primary tissue mycoses (can infect healthy people) |
Blastomyces dermatitidis, Coccidioides immitis, Hisoplasma capsulatum, paracoccidioides brasiliensis |
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What are the opportunistic tissue mycoses? |
Candidiasis, Aspergillus, Zygomycetes, Cryptococcosis, Pneymocytstis jirovecii |
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Which fungi are predisposed by neutropenia/defective neutrophils? |
Candidiasis, Aspergillus, Zygomycetes |
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Which fungi are predisposed by T-cell defects? |
Cryptococcosis, Pneumocystis jirovecii |
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What fungi causes black piedra? Where is black piedra found? |
Piedraia hortae Scalp hair |
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What fungi causes white piedra? Where is white piedra found? |
Trichosporon beigelii Hair shafts of genital and beard areas |
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What fungi causes tinea nigra on palms? |
Exophiala weneckii |
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What fungi causes tinea/pityriasis versicolor? And what do you see? |
Malassezia furfur hyper and hypo-pigmented confluent scaly macules on torso "uneven suntan" |
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What fungi causes ringworm? |
Microsporum, tricophyton, epidermophton All are considered dermatophytes |
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Tinea ____ (head, body, feed, beads, perineum, nails) |
capitis, coporis, pedis, narnae, cruris (jock itch), unguium |
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What fungi is transmitted via rose and barberry thorns? |
Sporothrix schenckii "Shanked by a rose" |
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What fungi causes a nodule at the entry site and travels through lymphatics towards inline of the body? |
Sporothrix schenckii |
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What fungi causes medlar bodies (copper colored)? |
Fonsecaea, cladosporium |
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What fungi causes chromoblastomycosis (cauliflower-like lesions)? |
Fonsecaea, cladosporium |
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Where can you find Fonsecaea and cladosporium? |
Tropical environments |
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What fungi cause eumycetoma mycetoma (purulent drainage from sinus tracts) |
Pseudallescheria boydii & madurella grisea |
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What fungi can cause chronic pneumonia and cavities? (similar to TB) |
Blastomyces dermatitidis |
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What can be seen under the microscope for Blastomyces dermatitidis? |
Broad base budding yeast (Blasto Buds Broadly) |
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What fungi causes a symptomatic lung infection and can disseminate into the CNS? |
Coccidiodes immitis Cryptococcosis |
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What can be seen under the microscope for Coccidiodes immitis? |
Endospores within spherules. If broken, can release and make new spherules |
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What fungi lives in soil contaminated by bat or bird excreta? |
Histoplasma capsulatum |
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What can be seen under the microscope for Histoplasma capsulatum? |
Phagocytosed ovoid yeasts |
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What does candidiasis form in culture? |
A germ tube (hyphae extension) |
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What are the clinical manisfestations for candidiasis? (3) |
Superficial: mouth, esophagus (thrush!), vagina, skin, nails Chronic mucocutaneous: T cell immunocompromised/endocrine deficiency, skin, nails, oropharynx Invasive: spread into blood, LIVER/SPLEEN (could see holes in liver), kidneys, skin |
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What fungi causes a fungus ball in lung cavity? |
Aspergillus |
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What can be seen under the microscope for aspergillus? |
Septated hyphae with acute angle branching (easily causes infarctions as a result) |
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What are the clinical manifestations for aspergillus? |
Allergic broncopulmonary (asthma, bronchiectasis, immediate skin hypersensitivity) Aspergilloma (usually COPD pts) --> fungus ball --> erodes and hits blood vessels Invasive: rapidly progressive pneumonia, invasions around blood vessels |
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What are the clinical manifestations of zygomycetes? |
Rhinocerebral infection (diabetic ketoacidosis), pneumonia (neutropenia), skin infection (burn and trauma) |
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What can you see under the microscope for zygomycetes? |
Coenocytic hyphae (NO SEPTATIONS) with right angle branching (causes infarctations) WIDE!! |
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What fungi is transmitted via pigeon droppings? |
Cryptococcosis |
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What fungi can present with meningitis? |
Cryptococcosis & Coccidioides immitis |
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What's special about pneumocystis jirovecii? |
doesn't have ergosterol |
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What does pneumocystis jirovecii cause clinically? |
pneumocystis pneumonia primary infection at young age --> dormant until develops intersitial pneumonitis and disseminates shortness of breath, dry cough |
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What's the treatment for pneumocystis jirovecii? |
Prophylaxis in AIDS!!! trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole bactrim) |
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What test would you use for diagnosis of cryptococcosis? |
India ink Mucicarmine stain |
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What are the current control strategies for plasmodium? |
1. Early diagnosis & effective treatment 2. Indoor residual spraying with DDT (IRS) 3. Insecticide-treated bednet dispersing (ITN) --> probs of re-treatment, uptake/use, cost, insecticide resistance 4. Intermittent preventive treatment in pregnancy/infants (IPTp/ITPi) --> chemoprophylaxis to improve outcomes (2-3 doses during term). Less effective if HIV+ |
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What's the vector for P. falciparum |
Mosquito |
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What disease do you have with P. falciparum? |
Uncomplicated or severe/complicated malaria |
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What point in the life cycle of the mosquito do you see symptoms for P. falciparum? |
RBC rupture |
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Where in the world do you see P. falciparum? |
Sub-saharan Africa |
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What parasite can sleep in liver cells and cause relapse (hypnozoite formation)? |
P. vivax & P. ovale |
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Why do people in West Africa not worry about malaria as much? |
They don't have the Duffy Ag on their RBCs that makes P.vivax more attracted to them |
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What's the vector of Babesia? |
Tick (Ixodes) Same tick as lyme disease and anaplasma |
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Who is at risk for babesia? |
Asplenic and HIV patients |
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What do you see under the microscope for Giardia intestinalis? |
Owl face with flagella |
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What do you see on the blood smear for B. microti? |
Tetrads, maltese cross pattern |
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How can you get giardia intestinalis in your body? |
Beaver fever Outbreaks of drinking water History of hiking/camping Transmitted via water/food infection or direct fecal-oral Person to person (day care, sexual contact, developing countries) |
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What are the clinical manifestations of giardia intestinalis? |
Asymptomatic (60%, usually in children) Acute: fat malabsorption, foul smelling stool bc fat Chronic: growth and development impairment due to fat malabsorption |
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Where do you see cryptosporidium parvum? |
Birds and cattle --> farmers Day care center transmissions, water-borne outbreaks |
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What do you see clinically with C. parvum? |
watery diarrhea chronic if HIV+ |
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What do you see clinically with cyclospora cayetanesis? |
watery diarrhea and fatigue (a lot of gas, explosive diarrhea) |
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How can you get cyclospora cayetanensis? |
Rasberries and other food borne outbreaks HUMANS ARE THE ONLY HOST |
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How do you diagnose cryptosporidium parvum and cyclospora cayetanensis? |
Modified acid fast stain ALSO Reduce immunosuppression & Ag detection for parvum & PCR for cyclospora |
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What do you see clinically with entamoeba histolytica? |
Amoebiasis (bloody diarrhea with fever!) |
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What do you see in the liver absess? |
Anchovy paste |
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What is the only intestinal protozoa that can cause systemic disease? |
Entamoeba histolytica |
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What parasite causes sleeping sickness (asymptomatic then CNS probs) and behavior problems? |
Trypanosome gambiense, T. rhodesiense Trypanosoma brucei? |
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What's the vector for trypanosoma brucei? |
Tse Tse fly |
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What's the reservoir for trypanosoma brucei? |
humans, cattle |
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What parasite causes chagas disease (conjunctive swelling, ulcer/romana's sign) |
Trypanosoma cruvi |
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What are the clinical effects of chronic trypanosoma cruzi? |
dilated cardiomyopathy, GI problems (affects smooth muscle) |
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What parasite causes kala-aza (black fever) |
Leishmania |
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What's the vector for T. cruzi? |
kissing bug |
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What's the vector for leishmania? |
sand fly |
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What's the reservoir/intermediate host for T. cruzi? |
All mammals |
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What's the reservoir/intermediate host for leishmania? |
Dogs |
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Where in the world do you find leishmania donovani? |
Eastern India & South Sudan |
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What clinical signs do you see in leishmania? |
Black fever High spiking fever, HEPATOSPLENOMEGALY, pancytopenia, hypergammagloulinemia, hyperpigmentation, weight loss |
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What subtypes of leishmania cause black fever? |
donovani, infantum, chagasi |
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What parasites cause cutaneous leishmaniasis? |
Leishmania mexicana, L. tropica, L. major |
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Where can you find Leishmania mexicana, L. tropica, L. major? |
Mexico |
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What do the ulcers look like for Leishmania mexicana, L. tropica, and L. major? |
Pizza like |
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Where can you find leishmania braziliensis? |
Central/south america |
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What are the clinical symptoms of leishmania braziliensis? |
Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis (erosive mucosal lesions in nose or oropharynx that appears YEARS AFTER cutaneous leishmaniasis) |
