Microbiology 2 General

Front 1

Capping

Back 1

.

Front 2

Alternate RNA splicing

Back 2

Exons of the RNA (1° transcript) are spliced together with out the introns

Front 3

Poly-adenlation

Back 3

addition of 200 AMP

Front 4

mRNA

Back 4

1 transcript +cap + spliced +ploy-adenylation

Front 5

eIF4G

Back 5

eIF4G + CAP = initiation of translation

Hint 5

eukaryotic initiation factor

Front 6

Glycosylation

Back 6

oligosaccharides are added

Front 7

NANA

Back 7

N-acetyl neuraminic acid / sialic acid

terminal sugar

Hint 7

- charge, -surface area charge,

added at the golgi

Front 8

Protein structure

Back 8

1 - a.a. sequence

2 - localized folding - αhelix βpleated sheet

3 - Hbonds

4 - multiple subunits - disulphide bonds

Front 9

Protein domain

Back 9

part of a protein that has its own 3° structure

Front 10

Protein family

Back 10

related evolutionarily

similar 1°, 2°, 3°, structure and function

Hint 10

evolution occurs when gene is duplicated, and one evolves

Front 11

Protein Superfamily

Back 11

Related evolutionarily

similar 2°, 3°, structure

Hint 11

MFS, ABC, Ig

Front 12

Electrophoresis

Back 12

Agarose = DNA fragments

SDS-PAGE = proteins

Hint 12

by size and weight

Front 13

SDS-PAGE

Back 13

sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis

Hint 13

-charged detergent,

denatures and coats proteins

Front 14

DTT

Back 14

dithiothreitol

Hint 14

breaks disulfide bonds

Front 15

SDS + DTT

Back 15

denatures proteins,

separates subunits,

uniform charge

Front 16

Ligand

Back 16

specific extracellular signaling molecules

Hint 16

binds to a specific site on a receptor,

changes expression of genes

Front 17

Cytokines

Back 17

protein signaling moecule that regulate duration and intensity of immune response

Hint 17

synthesized and secreted by leukocytes

Front 18

Interleukins

Back 18

secreted by leukocytes

Front 19

chemokines

Back 19

chemoattractant cytokine that attracts phagocytes and lymphocytes

Hint 19

aid in adhesion

Front 20

Interferons

Back 20

interfere with viral replication,

binds to interferon receptors

Front 21

Antigen

Back 21

substance that can be recognized by the adaptive immune sys. as foreign

Front 22

Hematopoiesis

Back 22

differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells into blood cells

Front 23

Immunocompetent

Back 23

immature lymphocytes that mature in primary lymph organs

Front 24

B cells

Back 24

bone marrow

Front 25

T cells

Back 25

Thymus

Front 26

Secondary lymph organs

Back 26

traps antigen,

holds lots of B and T cells,

prodces adaptive immune response (to eliminate antigen)

Hint 26

lymph nodes

spleen

mucosa associated lymph tissue

Front 27

MALT

Back 27

antigens on mucosal surfaces in lungs, digestive tract, rogenital sys.

Hint 27

mucosa-associated lymph tissue:

peyers patches, tonsils, appendix

Front 28

Microfold (M) cells

Back 28

epithelial cells in peyers patches

folds, and pockets full of B&T & dendritic, macrophage cells,

Front 29

Transcytosis

Back 29

endocytise antigen from intestinal lumen and released into pocket of M cells

Hint 29

adaptive immune respone to antigen

Front 30

Lymphatic circulation

Back 30

Hint 30

Front 31

Extravasation

Back 31

movement of leukocytes from unruptures blood vessels into tissues

Hint 31

normal or in response to signal

Front 32

Extravasation Steps;

Back 32

1) Rolling adhesions

2) Tight bingding

3) Diapedesis

4) Migration

Hint 32

differs in the proteins being used

Front 33

Neutrophils

Back 33

engulf bacteria and destroy

circulate in blood

Hint 33

first phagocyte to arrive in tissue

Front 34

Rolling adhesion

Back 34

endothelium expresses adhesion molecules

Hint 34

selectin

CXCL8

Front 35

Selectin

Back 35

binds weakly to the surface, slows the rolling of cells

Front 36

CXCL8

Back 36

chemokine on surface,

binds to neutrophils receptor CXCL8R

Hint 36

produced by macrophage in response to infection

Front 37

Tight binding

Back 37

binding of CXCL8 causes conformational change, in neutrophil surface protein, integrin

Hint 37

integrin binds tightly to ICAM of blood vessels endothelium

Front 38

Integrin

Back 38

attaching the cell cytoskeleton to the extracellular matrix

Front 39

ICAM

Back 39

Ig-superfamily cell adhesion molecule

Front 40

Diapedesis

Back 40

the passage of blood cells through the intact walls of the capillaries

Front 41

Migration

Back 41

up a gradient of chemoattractants (CXCL8/C5a) to the site of infection

Hint 41

movement from one place to another

Front 42

Innate immunity

Back 42

wide range of pathogens

1st line: (prevents colonization and entering tissues)

mechanical, chemical

Hint 42

2nd line: (adaptive immunity)

alternative/lectin pathways,

phagocytes

inflammation

Front 43

Skin

Back 43

Physical: dead epithelial cells w keratin

Hint 43

Chemical: NaCl lowers aw, lysozyme (lyses peptidoglycan of gram+),

sebaceous glands sectrete sebum (fatty acis lower pH)

Front 44

Mucous membranes

Back 44

glycoproteins over epithelial

Physical:

traps particles

turbulent air flow

tears, saliva

Hint 44

Chemical:

lysozyme

lactoferrin

antimicrobial peptides - defensins

Front 45

Defensins

Back 45

+charged peptides

(30 a.a. w/ disulfide bonds)

disrupt -charged cell membrane

Hint 45

gives lysozyme access to peptidoglycan

Front 46

2nd line defense

Back 46

complement system

phagocytes

inflammation

Front 47

Adaptive immunity

Back 47

classical complement sys.

phagocytes/lymphocytes eliminates infection

recognize infections

Front 48

Complement sys.

Back 48

produce C3 converase

Front 49

Alternative Pathway

Back 49

bindint to carbohydate on pathogen surfaces

Front 50

LectinPathway

Back 50

lectins bind to carbohydrates

Front 51

C3 convertase

Back 51

C3 -> C3a + C3b

Front 52

C5 convertase

Back 52

C5 -> C5a + C5b

Front 53

MAC

Back 53

membrane attack complex

Front 54

Opsonin

Back 54

binds to pathogen cells and phagoctes

Front 55

Anaphylatoxin

Back 55

.

Front 56

Vasodialation

Back 56

.

Front 57

Edema

Back 57

.

Front 58

Mast cells

Back 58

.

Front 59

Defensins

Back 59

+charged peptides

(30 a.a. w/ disulfide bonds)

disrupt -charged cell membrane

Hint 59

gives lysozyme access to peptidoglycan

Front 60

Macrophage

Back 60

mature monocytes