Micro

Front 1

What is a clinician?

Back 1

A practitioner of clinical science relies on careful observation and his , her past experience when treating patients.

Front 2

What three questions does a clinican ask?

Back 2

1.What's wrong with this person?(diagnosis)
2.What's likely to happen next?(prognosis)
3.What can be done to Help?
(treatment plan)

Front 3

What is etilolgy?

Back 3

The cause of the patient's illness.

Front 4

What does the clinician rely on?

Back 4

Clinical presentation (the avalable relevant information about the ill person)
Medical history and physical examination.

Front 5

What are symptoms?

Back 5

What the patient has experienced.

Front 6

What are the clinician observations?

Back 6

What he or she can see, such as color and effort of breathing.

Front 7

What are auscultations?

Back 7

What he or she can hear, such as the heartbeat or breathing sounds.

Front 8

What are palpations?

Back 8

What he or she can feel, size of liver or masses. All of these are clinical signs.

Front 9

What's a differential diagnosis?

Back 9

A list of possible diagnoses ranked in order of their probability.

Front 10

What is a working diagnosis?

Back 10

His or her best guess at the time.

Front 11

What are the two parts of a definitive diagnosis?

Back 11

Anatomical diagnosis (identifying the part of the body that is affected)
Etilolgical diagnosis (identifying the cause of the illness)

Front 12

What are clinical syndromes and anatomical syndromes?

Back 12

Clinical syndromes are combinations of signs and symptoms.
Anatomical syndromes implicate one particular structure.

Front 13

What is the etiological agent?

Back 13

The causative microorganism , usually identified by tests done in a clinical laboratory.

Front 14

What do the terms acute , chronic and persistent mean?

Back 14

Indicates the suddenness with which symptoms appeared and how long they last.

Front 15

What do symptomatic and asymptomatic mean?

Back 15

Describes if the infection causes diseases.

Front 16

What do local and systemic mean?

Back 16

Tells whether infection occurs in one part of the body or everywhere.

Front 17

What does primary, secondary and mixed mean?

Back 17

Describes relationship between one infection and another.

Front 18

What is infection?

Back 18

Illness caused by multiplication of microorganisms in the body.
Streptococcal pharyngitis

Front 19

What is trauma?

Back 19

Injury inflicted by a physical agent. broken bone

Front 20

What is malignancy?

Back 20

Uncontrolled multiplication of the body's own cells. Brain tumor, cancer

Front 21

What is metabolic defect?

Back 21

Illness caused by inability to perform normal biochemical transformations. Diabetes

Front 22

What is Inherited or congenital defect?

Back 22

Abnormality caused by abnormal genes(inherited) or problem in development before birth (congenital)Cystic fibrosis spinabifida

Front 23

What is immunological disorder?

Back 23

Illness caused by weakness or malfunction of the immune system. Allergy

Front 24

What is nutritional disorder?

Back 24

Illness caused by poor nutrition.Obestiy, vitamin deficiency

Front 25

What is degenerative disorder?

Back 25

Decrease in functin associated with advancing age. Osteoarthritis

Front 26

What is toxicity?

Back 26

Debility caused by poisoning. Lead poisoning

Front 27

What is latrogenic disease?

Back 27

Disease that results from medical intervention. Nasocomial infection.

Front 28

What is idiopathic?

Back 28

Unknown cause. Nephrotic syndrome (childhood kidney disease)

Front 29

What are the four stages of infection?

Back 29

1.Incubation period, the interval between infecton and onset of symptoms
2.Prodomal period the time of early, mild symptoms.
3.Active period when symptom reach their peak
4.Convalescent period when symptoms diminish and cease.

Front 30

What does the upper respiratory system consist of?

Back 30

The nasal cavity, the nasopharynx, the pharynx and the epiglottis.

Front 31

What does the lower respiratory system consist of?

Back 31

It begins with the larynx. The trachea branches into two smaller airways, the bronchi, which branch into secondary and tertiary bronchi and then bronchioles. The bronchioles terminate in the alveoli, tiny air sacs that make up the lungs. The lungs are surrounded by a membrane called the pleura.

Front 32

What is rhinitis?

Back 32

The membranes that line the nose are infected. Excess production of mucus. Cold Caused by Rhinovirus,coronavirus and others.

Front 33

What is adenoiditis ?

Back 33

Infection of the adenoids, nasal discharge obstruction of nasal passages. Bacterial pathogens, including Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pneumoniae.

Front 34

What is Pharyngitis?

Back 34

Infection of the throat or tonsillitis if the tonsils are primarily infected, sore throat and fever. S. pyogenes and many viruses.

Front 35

What is sinusitis?

Back 35

Infecton of the sinus . They occur when spaces fill with fluid. Purulent pus producing causes fever and headache. H. influenzae. S. pneumoniae, Moraxella catarrhalis.

Front 36

What is epiglottitis?

Back 36

Infection of the epiglottis, can cause the structure to swell suddenly to many times its normal size, stopping airflow completly causing sudden death. H. influenzae

Front 37

What is laryngitis?

Back 37

Infection of the larynx (croup) if the tissues below it are also involved, can also cause swelling and stop breathing. Many viruses

Front 38

What is bronchitis?

Back 38

Infection within the lungs of bronchi causes their membranes to swell and produce phlegm (thick mucus) . A cough and fever

Front 39

What is bronchiolitis?

Back 39

Infection of the bronchioles causes inflammation that narrows thes tiny collapsible airways. Air continues to enter the lungs freely but has difficulty getting out.

Front 40

What is stridor?

Back 40

Any severe narrowing of the epiglottis or the larynx causes a clinical sign called stridor, a whistling sound when the person breaths in.

Front 41

What is epiglottitis?

Back 41

Infection of the epiglottis, can cause the structure to swell suddenly to many times its normal size, stopping airflow completly causing sudden death. H. influenzae

Front 42

What is laryngitis?

Back 42

Infection of the larynx (croup) if the tissues below it are also involved, can also cause swelling and stop breathing. Many viruses

Front 43

What is bronchitis?

Back 43

Infection within the lungs of bronchi causes their membranes to swell and produce phlegm (thick mucus) . A cough and fever

Front 44

What is bronchiolitis?

Back 44

Infection of the bronchioles causes inflammation that narrows thes tiny collapsible airways. Air continues to enter the lungs freely but has difficulty getting out.

Front 45

What is stridor?

Back 45

Any severe narrowing of the epiglottis or the larynx causes a clinical sign called stridor, a whistling sound when the person breaths in.

Front 46

What are some clinical signs of bronchiolitis?

Back 46

Wheezing, a musical noise heard during expiration and tachypnea, fast breathing.

Front 47

What are the defenses the respiratory system has against microorganisms?

Back 47

1.Mucociliary defense which lines the respiratory system from the nasal cavity to the tertiary bronchi.
2.The bronchioles and alveoli don't have mucociliary defense, but they do contain phagocytic macrophages and secretory IgA

Front 48

Do microorganisms inhabit the respiratory system?

Back 48

Indeed, the upper respiratory system is densely colonized by commensal microorganisms including streptococci, lactobacilli, and some Gram - such as Moraxella catarrhalis.