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119 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the members of class Fluroquinolones?
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ciprofloxaxin
levofloxacin |
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What class does member ciprofloxaxin belong to?
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Fluroquinolones
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What is the member of class Rifampins?
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rifampin
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What class does member rifampin belong to?
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Rifampins
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What is the member of class Metronidazole?
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metronidazole
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What class does member metronidazole belong to?
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Metronidazole
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What are the members of class Sulfa?
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sulfamethoxazole-trimethropirm
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What class does member sulfamethoxazole-trimethropirm belong to?
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Sulfa
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What are the members of class Penicillins?
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penicillin
ampicillin amoxicillin/clavulanate piperacillin/tazobactam |
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What class does member penicillin belong to?
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Penicillins
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What class does member ampicillin belong to?
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Penicillins
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What class does member amoxicillin/clavulanate belong to?
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Penicillins
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What class does member piperacillin/tazobactam belong to?
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Penicillins
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What class does member ciprofloxaxin belong to?
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Fluroquinolones
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What members belong to class Cephalosporins?
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cephalexin
ceftazidime ceftriaxone |
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To what class does member cephalexin belong?
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Cephalosporins
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To what class does member ceftazidime belong?
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Cephalosporins
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To what class does member ceftriaxone belong?
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Cephalosporins
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What members belong to class Aminoglycosides?
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gentamycin
tobramycin |
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To what class does member gentamycin belong?
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Aminoglycosides
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To what class does member tobramycin belong?
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Aminoglycosides
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What are the 4 types of gene transfer?`
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Transformation
Generalized transduction Specialized transduction Conjugation |
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What is the definition of transformation?
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Gene transfer resulting from the uptake of DNA from a donor
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What are the factors affecting gene transformation?
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DNA size and state (sensitive to nucleases)
Competence of the recipient (Bacillus, Haemophilus, Neisseria, Streptococcus) -competence factor -induced competence |
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What is the definition of transduction?
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Gene transfer from a donor to a recipient by way of a bacteriophage or bacterial virus
Resistant to environmental nucleases |
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What is the definition of generalized transduction?
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Transduction in which potentially any donor bacterial gene can be transferred
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What is the definition of specialized transduction?
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Transduction in which only certain donor genes can be transferred
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What is the definition of a plasmid?
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Extrachromosomal genetic elements that are capable of autonomous replication (replicon)
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What is the definition of an episome?
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a plasmid that can integrate into the chromosome
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What must each plasmid have?
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an origin of replication
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What can plasmids carry?
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antibiotic resistance genes
other pathogenesis genes. genes unrelated to human diseases |
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What allows some plasmids to be capable of self-transfer or conjugation?
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transfer or tra genes.
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What is the definition of conjugation?
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Gene transfer from a donor to a recipient by direct physical contact between cells
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What is a donor?
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Plasmid with transfer genes, some of which encode a pilus
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What is a recipient?
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Can be any member of the same species, sometimes other species
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What is pair formation?
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Pilus holds donor and recipient together
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What is the definition of transposable genetic elements?
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Segments of DNA that are able to move from one location to another
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What are the properties of transposable genetic elements?
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“Random” movement
Not capable of self replication Transposition mediated by site-specific recombination Transposase Transposition may be accompanied by duplication Elements usually have inverted repeats at ends |
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What are the mechanisms for Aminoglycosides?
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Altered binding by ribosome
Modifying enzymes-phophorylate,acetylate,adenylate Reduced permeability |
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What is the mechanism for member Macrolides class Erythromycin, Azithromycin,Clarithromycin?
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Methylating enzymes
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What is the mechanism for Chloramphenicol?
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Acetyltransferases
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What is the mechanism for Tetracyclines?
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Efflux
Altered binding by ribosome |
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What is the mechanism for Rifampin?
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Altered RNA polymerase
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What is the mechanism for Folate-inhibitors?
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Altered targets/bypass TMP/SMX
Reduced permeability |
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What is the mechanism for Glycopeptides?
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Altered targets/bypass Vancomycin
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What is the mechanism for Daptomycin?
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Disrupts membranes
New |
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What is the mechanism for Mupirocin ?
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Protein synthesis
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What is the mechanism for Clindamycin?
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Protein synthesis
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What is the mechanism for class Oxazolidinones member linezolid?
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Protein synthesis
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What is the mechanism for Bacitracin?
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blocks lipid carrier used for cell wall components
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What is the mechanism for Cephalosporins?
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bind transpeptidases prevent crosslinking
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What is the mechanism for Penicillins?
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binds transpeptidases and prevent cross linking
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What is the mechanism for Sulfa?
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Folic acid synthesis
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What is the mechanism for Metronidazole?
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Produces compounds toxic to DNA
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What is the mechanism for Rifampins?
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RNA Polymerase
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What is the mechanism for Flouroquinolones?
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DNA Gyrase, TopoIV
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What diseases does S. agalactiae, group B strep, cause?
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Meningitis and sepsis in neonates
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What organism causes meningitis and sepsis in neonates?
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S. agalactiae, group B strep
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What diseases does S. pneumoniae cause?
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Pneumonia
otitis media sepsis meningitis sinusitis |
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What are the risk factors with S. agalactiae, group B strep?
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Carriage of S. agalactiae by mother and premature delivery, membrane rupture, and intrapartum fever
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What organism causes pneumonia, otitis media, sepsis, meningitis, sinusitis?
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S. pneumoniae
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What are the risk factors for S. pneumoniae?
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children under 4
elderly people with chronic diseases asplenics people with previous respiratory viral infection |
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What are the diseases caused by Listeria monocytogenes?
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granulomatosis infantiseptica
(infection of fetus in utero) meningitis or meningoencephalitis with sepsis on vaginal delivery Pregnant women get flu-like disease Bacteremia Meningitis Acute, febrile gastroenteritis in immunocompromised patients |
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What are the risk factors for Listeria monocytogenes?
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fetus
Neonate malignancy immunocompromised |
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What diseases are caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae?
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Diptheria
skin infection |
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What are the risk factors for Corynebacterium diphtheriae?
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Transmission: by respiratory droplets or direct contact with infected lesions or contaminated surfaces
Natural reservoir: carried in an asymptomatic state in the nasopharynx and oropharynx and also on the skin. Humans are only known reservoir. |
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What are the diseases caused by Helicobacter?
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Gastritis with epigastric discomfort
Chronic infections develop Duodenal and gastric ulcers Patients are at risk for gastric carcinoma and gastric B-cell lymphoma. |
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What are the risk factors for Helicobacter?
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Transmission is not completely clear but probably oral-fecal person to person.
Natural reservoir: humans, many adults have it. 40-50% in 1st World, >70% in 3rd World. Most are asymptomatic. Animals reservoirs unclear. |
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What are the diseases caused by Actinomyces?
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Actinomycosis
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What are the risk factors for Actinomyces?
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Transmission: is probably endogenous
Natural reservoir: Part of the normal flora of the mouth |
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What are the diseases caused by Eikenella corrodens?
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infections in human bite wounds, especially clenched fist wounds
other opportunistic infections associated with trauma These infections are usually polymicrobial in character |
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What are the risk factors for Eikenella corrodens?
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human bite wounds, especially clenched fist wounds
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What are the diseases caused by Moraxella?
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M. catarrhalis causes bronchitis and pneumonia in elderly patients with chronic lung disease. Also,
causes sinusitis and otitis media |
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What are the diseases caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae?
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infections in upper respiratory tract have cold-like symptoms-running nose, low grade fever, cough
Tracheobronchitis atypical pneumonia |
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What are the risk factors for Mycoplasma pneumoniae?
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Transmission: inhalation of respiratory droplets
Natural reservoir: only infected humans. Not part of normal flora. No known animal hosts |
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What are the diseases caused by Legionella?
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Legionaire’s Disease
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What are the risk factors for Legionella?
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Transmission is probably by inhalation of aerosols of contaminated water from environment
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What are the diseases caused by Chlamydia pneumoniae?
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Bronchitis
sinusitis pneumonia Pharyngitis persistent cough malaise |
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What are the risk factors for Chlamydia pneumoniae?
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Associated with crowded conditions-Schools, military bases etc
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What are the diseases caused by Haemophilus influenza?
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Meningitis: acute, purulent meningitis with fever, stiff neck, seizures. Primarily a disease of children between 3 months and 3 years
Epiglottitis: epiglottis becomes enlarged and edematous and cherry red. Can cut off airway. Septic arthritis: once common cause in children under 2 but now rare Second commonest cause of otitis media among young children Sinusitis Broncho-pneumonia |
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What are the risk factors for Haemophilus influenza?
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Transmission: respiratory droplets. Some infections may be due to endogenous strains
Natural reservoir: normal flora of the upper respiratory tract |
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What bacteria produce spores?
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Bacillus and Clostridium
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What are the characteristics of Obligate aerobes?
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grow in presence of oxygen
no fermentation oxidative phosphorylation |
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What are the characteristics of Obligate anaerobes?
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no oxidative phosphorylation
fermentation killed by oxygen lack certain enzymes |
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What are the characteristics of Facultative anaerobes?
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fermentation
aerobic respiration, prefer aerobic respiration because it produces more ATP survive in oxygen |
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What are the characteristics of Microaerophilic bacteria?
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grow in low oxygen
killed in high oxygen |
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What are the ways to identify microbes in a clinical specimen?
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Direct microscopy
Culture Molecular techniques, such as PCR Immunological methods, such as ELISA-direct detection of microbial antigen Serological methods-detection of antibodies in the serum of the patient. |
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What step if overdone can make all cells look gram negative?
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decolorize with alcohol
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What is a natural ways for gram positive cells to stain gram negative?
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Autolysins in old cells can damage gram-positive cell walls, weakening them, and cells could stain gram‑negative
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What bugs are known to have widespread antibiotic resistances?
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Enterococcus
Staphylococcus aureus Pseudomonas aeruginosa Streptococcus pneumoniae |
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What are pathogenicity islands?
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large, continuous segments that are found in the genomes of pathogenic strains but not in closely related non-pathogens
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What resistance gene type will make the mutated target
just bind the antibiotic more poorly? |
Mutations in the target gene
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What resistance gene type uses a membrane transport system that has been altered by mutation to no longer recognize the antibiotic?
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Transport mutations
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What are the protective and beneficial effects of normal flora?
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priming immune system - specific (natural antibodies)
exclusion of pathogens from colonized surfaces (crowded bar) production of nutrients - vitamin K |
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What is the "traditional" definition of sepsis?
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Harmful consequences of microbes or their toxins in blood or tissues
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What molecules allow S. aureus to adhere to many cell types and are important in the pathogenesis at many different sites?
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proteins binding to fibronectin, collagen, and fibrinogen
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What are the characteristics of Peptidoglycan?
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single macromolecule
highly cross-linked surrounds cell provides rigidity |
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What organism is associated with crowded conditions (dorms, barracks, etc)?
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Chlamydia pneumonia
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What is the incubation period for RMSF?
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2 to 12 days
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Where are spores formed in B. anthracis?
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culture, soil, and dead animal tissues but not in live animals
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What are the characteristics of B. anthracis?
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Gram-positive, spore-forming bacilli
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What organism is called wool sorter’s disease?
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B. anthracis
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What organism causes the plague?
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Yersinia pestis
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What are the treatments for anthrax?
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Fluoroquinolones, such ciprofloxacin
Doxycycline Symptom support Vaccine shot |
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what are the characteristics of F. tularensis?
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Gram-negative rod, pleomorphic (coccoid to filamentous)
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What type of media does F. tularensis require?
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Requires a rich medium plus cystine to grow
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How is F. tularensis transmitted?
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insects (ticks, mites, lice, and biting flies)
ingestion of inadequately cooked meat or contam. water inhalation of contaminated aerosols directly by animal bite or scratch human to human transfer does not occur |
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What is the Tx for tularemia?
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Difficult because organisms are intracellular
Long term streptomycin therapy commonly used Gentamicin also can be used |
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What are the characterics of spirochetes?
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Gram negative, but stain very weekly
Darkfield microscopy often helpful Often hard or impossible to culture long, thin, helical, motile |
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What organism forms a pseudomembrane in the pharynx?
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Corynebacteria diptheriae
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What organism could cause carditis?
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Borrelia burgdorferi - Lyme disease
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what organism causes syphilis?
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Treponema pallidum
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What is the definition of severe sepsis?
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Sepsis assc w/major organ dysfunction different from the site of infection
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What is the definition of sepsis?
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SIRS plus a proven or suspected infection
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What is the definition of Systemic Inflammatory Response syndrome?
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High fever with tachypnea, tachycardia and WBC count either above or below the normal range
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What are the high risk groups for Neisseria Meningitidis?
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infants-6 monthsto 2 years
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What are the symptoms of toxic shock syndrome?
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Fever, hypotension, diffuse macular rash
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Why is S. aureus resistant to penicillin?
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due to beta-lactamase or penicillinase, often on a plasmid
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How do you identify Coagulase neg. Staphylococcus?
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Identification-similar to S. aureus but they are
coagulase-negative and hemolysis negative |
