Micro #5

Front 1

Inborn, nonspecific defenses can be divided into physical, chemical, and genetic barriers that impede the entry of not only microbes but any foreign agent, whether living or not. Identify the physical barrier from the list that follows

Back 1

mucous membranes

Front 2

Surface protection is classified as

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innate nonspecific.

Front 3

Nonspecific chemical defenses of the human host include

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lysozyme

Front 4

Which of the following is NOT correct regarding host defenses?

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Fourth line of defense provides long-term immunity.

Front 5

A healthy functioning immune system is responsible for all of the following except one. Identify the function that is NOT one of the roles of the immune system.

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creation of barriers to deter the invasion of microbes

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The reticulum

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interconnects nearby cells.

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The reticuloendothelial system (RES)

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provides a passageway within and between tissues and organs.

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Plasma

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contains hundreds of different chemicals produced by the liver, white blood cells, and assorted glands and body systems.

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Hemopoiesis begins early in embryonic development in the

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yolk sac.

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Hematopoietic stem cells

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are the precursor of new blood cells.
are maintained in the bone marrow.
proliferate and differentiate into red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
D) are all of the above.

Front 11

The majority of white blood cells in circulation include

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neutrophils and lymphocytes.

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Erythrocytes

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carry oxygen and carbon dioxide.

Front 13

Platelets

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act in inflammation,
are not whole cells,
function in hemostasis,
D) all of the above.

Front 14

The B-lymphocyte

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when activated will divide and form specialized plasma cells which produce antibodies.

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The lymphatic system

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provides an auxiliary route for the return of extracellular fluid to the circulatory system proper.

Front 16

The lymphatic system differs from the bloodstream in that

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lymph flow is dependent on muscle movement.

Front 17

Identify the specific defense from the list that follows.

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T-lymphocytes

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Granulocytes

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include neutrophils.

Front 19

Inflammation is characterized by redness, warmth, swelling, and pain. Redness matches the Latin term

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rubor

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The chief functions of the inflammatory response include

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bringing immune components to injury via cytokines.
initiate mechanisms to repair tissue.
destroy and block invasion of microbes.
D) all of the above.

Front 21

_______ are produced by leukocytes and fibroblasts. It inhibits virus replication and cell division and increases the action of certain lymphocytes that kill other cells.

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Interferons

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Monocytes leave the marrow via the bloodstream. As they enter tissues, they mature and become

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macrophages

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Fever

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increases the rapidity of the host immune responses.

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Complement is found in the

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plasma

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Interferon synthesis

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signals cells nearby to synthesize antiviral proteins.

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______ are molecules that stimulate a response by T and B cells.

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Antigens

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Place the following stages of immune function in the proper order according to Clonal Selection Theory.

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lymphocyte development and differentiation, presentation of antigens, challenge of B and T lymphocytes, T-lymphocyte response, and the production and activities of antibodies by B lymphocytes

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B lymphocytes

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are activated by TH interaction.

Front 29

An immunoglobulin is made up of four polypeptide chains, two heavy and two light. The hypervariable region which binds the antigen lies

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in the FAb

Front 30

Surface receptors on immune system cells function in

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identification of self/non-self.
communication.
cell development.
D) all of the above.

Front 31

"Self" markers in human cells

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are glycoproteins of the MHC.

Front 32

_______ are large glycoprotein molecules that serve as the specific receptors of B cells and as antibodies.

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Immunoglobulin molecules

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T cells

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function in helping other immune cells.

Front 34

Materials that work well as immunogens include

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proteins, lipoproteins, polysaccharides

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The portion of a molecule which elicits an immune response is called

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an epitope.

Front 36

Haptens

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act when attached to a larger carrier to trigger immune responses.

Front 37

Antigen presenting cells include

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macrophages, B cells, dendritic cells

Front 38

During clonal selection and antigen binding

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B cells recognize microbes and their foreign antigens.

Front 39

This immunoglobulin gives long-term immunity and is associated with memory response.

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IgG

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The only immunoglobin that is secreted outside of tissues (found in tears, saliva, mucus, and colostrums), secretory is a dimer held together by a J chain.

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IgA

Front 41

"Self" markers in human cells

Back 41

are glycoproteins of the MHC.

Front 42

_______ are large glycoprotein molecules that serve as the specific receptors of B cells and as antibodies.

Back 42

Immunoglobulin molecules

Front 43

T cells

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function in helping other immune cells.

Front 44

Materials that work well as immunogens include

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proteins, lipoproteins, polysaccharides

Front 45

The portion of a molecule which elicits an immune response is called

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an epitope.

Front 46

Haptens

Back 46

act when attached to a larger carrier to trigger immune responses.

Front 47

Antigen presenting cells include

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macrophages, B cells, dendritic cells

Front 48

During clonal selection and antigen binding

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B cells recognize microbes and their foreign antigens.

Front 49

This immunoglobulin gives long-term immunity and is associated with memory response.

Back 49

IgG

Front 50

The only immunoglobin that is secreted outside of tissues (found in tears, saliva, mucus, and colostrums), secretory is a dimer held together by a J chain.

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IgA

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_________ are the result of B cell activation and secrete specific antibody. They are large, specialized, and the most numerous of B cell progeny.

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Plasma cells

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______ is the capacity of certain T cells to kill a specific target cell.

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Cytotoxicity

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The anamnestic response to an antigen results from

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prior antigen exposure.

Front 54

"Cell mediated immunity" refers to

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T cell responses to antigen.

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Protection from infection obtained through medical procedures is called

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artificial immunity.

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Artificial passive immunity usually involves administration of

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antiserum.

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Active immunization is synonymous with

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vaccination.

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An advantage of attenuated live preparations in vaccines is that

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they usually require fewer boosters.

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Vaccines typically can use any of the following EXCEPT

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live, virulent microbes.

Front 60

Which of the following is NOT a function of antibodies?

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T-cell activation

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Signs and symptoms of inflammation include all the following EXCEPT

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cough

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"Undesirable immune reactions" include all the following EXCEPT

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influenza

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There are four categories of hypersensitivity reactions including

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Type III — immune complex reactions.

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Antigens that trigger hypersensitivity reactions are called

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allergens

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Immediate hypersensitivity is

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IgE-mediated and involves mast cells, basophils, and allergic mediators.

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An example of antibody-mediated hypersensitivity includes

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blood group incompatibility.

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______ is any chronic local allergy such as hay fever or asthma.

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Atopy

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Allergens that enter by mouth are called

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ingestants

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Allergic rhinitis is a seasonal reaction to plant pollen or molds and

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is also called hay fever.

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Type I hypersensitivity reactions

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tend to be acquired through exposure.

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Systemic anaphylaxis is characterized by

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sudden respiratory and circulatory disruption.

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Primary mediators in Type I hypersensitivities include

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IgE, basophils, mast cells

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Histamine is the most profuse and fast-acting allergic mediator, it

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stimulates smooth muscle and glands.

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Blood typing tests are performed by taking blood samples and mixing with

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antibodies against A or B type antigens, then observing agglutination.

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The universal blood donor is

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Type O.

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Primary mediators in Type II hypersensitivities include

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complement, IgG, IgM

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Type III hypersensitivities

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ultimately form small, insoluble immune complexes that settle in basement membranes.

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Primary mediators in Type III hypersensitivities include

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IgA, IgG, IgM

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Primary mediators in Type IV hypersensitivities include

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T lymphocytes

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Identify the systemic autoimmune disease from the list below.

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Rheumatoid arthritis

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______ explains that during embryonic growth, some tissues are immunologically privileged.

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The sequestered antigen theory

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______ affects skeletal muscle, progressing from weakness to complete loss of muscle function and death, due to autoimmune attack on acetylcholine receptors in nerve transmission.

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Myasthenia gravis

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A(n) _______ is grafting between identical twins.

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isograft

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With hemolytic disease of the newborn, the Rh factor is a problem when the mother is _______ and the fetus is ________.

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Rh negative; Rh positive

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Secondary immunodeficiency is

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acquired

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Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Syndrome (e.g. the Bubble Boy) is due to

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absence of lymphatic stem cells.

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The Ouchterlony double-diffusion test can help identify unknown antigen or antibody using precipitation in

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agar wells in Petri plates.