Micro

Front 1

alcoholic vomits gastric contents and develops foul smelling sputum. What organisms are most likely

Back 1

anaerobes

Front 2

middle age male presents w/ acute onset monoarticular joint pain and bilateral bell's plalsy. What is the likely dz and how did he get it

Back 2

lyme dz; bite from Ixodes tick

Front 3

Pt w/ mycoplasma pneumoniae exhibits cryoagglutins during recovery phase. What types of immunoglobulins are reacting

Back 3

IgM

Front 4

UA of pt shows WBC casts. What is the dx?

Back 4

pyelonephritis

Front 5

young child presents w/ tetany and candidiasis. Hypocalcemia and immunosuppression are found. What cell is deficient?

Back 5

T cell (DiGeorge)

Front 6

pt presente w/ "rose gardener's" scenerio (thorn prick w/ ulcers olong lymphatic drainage. What is the infectious bug.

Back 6

sporothrix schencki

Front 7

25 y/o medical student has a burning feeling in his gut after meals. bx of gastric mucosa shows gram negative rods. what is the likely organism?

Back 7

H pylori

Front 8

32 yo male has "cauliflower" skin lesions. Tissue bx shows broad based budding yeast. What organism is most likely?

Back 8

blastomyces

Front 9

breast feeding woman suddenly develops redness and swelling of her right breast. On examination it is found to be afluctuant mass. What is the dx?

Back 9

mastitis caused by S. aureus

Front 10

Young child has recurrent lung infections and granulomatous lesions. What is the defect in neutrophils?

Back 10

NADPH oxidase (chronic granulomatous dz)

Front 11

20 y/o college student presents w/ lymphadenopathy, fever, and hepatosplenomegaly. His serum agglutinates sheep RBCs. What cell is infected?

Back 11

B cell (EBV; infectious mononucleosis)

Front 12

One hour after eating custard at a picnic, a whole family began to vomit. After 10 hours, they were better. What is the organism?

Back 12

S. aureus (produces preformed enterotoxin)

Front 13

infant becomes flaccid after eating honey. What organism is implicated, and what is the mechanism of action.

Back 13

Clostridium botulinum; inhibited release of ACh.

Front 14

Man presents with squamous cell carcinoma of the penis. He has exposure to what virus?

Back 14

HPV

Front 15

Pt develops endocarditis three weeks after receiving a prosthetic heart valve. What organism is suspected?

Back 15

S. aureus or S. epidermidis

Front 16

55 y/o man who is a smoker and heavy drinker presents with a new cough and flulike symptoms. Gram stain shows no organisms; silver stain of sputum shows gram-negative rods. What is the dx?

Back 16

legionella pneumonia

Front 17

after taking clidamycin, pt develops toxic megacolon and diarrhea. What is the mechanism of diarrhea

Back 17

C. difficile overgrowth

Front 18

this bacterial structure is composed of a sugar backbone with cross linked peptide side chains. It functions to give the bacterium rigid support, and to protect against osmotic pressure

Back 18

peptidoglycan

Front 19

This bacterial structure is composed of teichoic acid which induces TNF and IL-1. It functions as a major surface antigen.

Back 19

cell wall/membrane in gram postitives

Front 20

this bacterial structure is composed of lipid A which induces TNF & IL-1. Polysaccharide is the antigen. It functions as a major surface Ag and a site of endotoxin.

Back 20

outer membrane of gram negative

Front 21

what is the endotoxin of Gram negative bacteria

Back 21

lipopolysaccaride

Front 22

this bacterial structure is composed a plasma bilayer. It fxs as a site of oxidative and transport enzymes.

Back 22

Plasma membrane

Front 23

This bacterial structure is composed RNA and protein in 50S and 30S subunits. It functions as the site of protein synthesis.

Back 23

ribosome

Front 24

this bacterial structure is composed of many hydrolytic enzymes, including B-lactamases. It is the space between the cytoplasmic membrane and outer membrane in gram negative bacteria.

Back 24

Periplasm

Front 25

this bacterial structure is composed polysaccaride and protects against phagocytosis.

Back 25

capsule.

Front 26

the capsule of bacillus anthracis is unique in that it contains _________ instead of polysaccharide.

Back 26

D-glutamate

Front 27

This bacterial structure is composed of glycoprotein. It functions to mediate adherence of bacteria to cell surface.

Back 27

pilus/fimbrae

Front 28

sex pilus forms attachment between 2 bacteria during _______

Back 28

conjugation

Front 29

this bacterial structure is composed of protein and fxs in motility

Back 29

flagellum

Front 30

this bacterial structure is composed of a keratin-like coat and dipicolinic acid. It provides resistance to dehydration, heat, and chemicals.

Back 30

spore

Front 31

this bacterial structure is composed DNA. It contains a variety of genes for antibiotic resistance, enzymes, and toxins.

Back 31

plasmid

Front 32

This bacterial structure is composed of polysaccharide. It mediates adherence to surfaces, especially foreign surfaces (e.g., indwelling catheters).

Back 32

Glycocalyx

Front 33

cell walls p.130

Back 33

--

Front 34

bacterial growth phase [p.130]

Back 34

--

Front 35

in the bacterial growth curve this is the part where there is metabolic activity without division

Back 35

lag

Front 36

in the bacterial growth curve this is the part where there is rapid cell division

Back 36

log

Front 37

in the bacterial growth curve this is the part where nutrient depletion slows growth

Back 37

stationary

Front 38

in the bacterial growth curve this is the part where there is prolonged nutrient depletion and buildup of waste products.

Back 38

death

Front 39

what is the source of exotoxins

Back 39

some G+ & G- bacteria

Front 40

what is the source of endotoxins

Back 40

cell wall of most G- bacteria and listeria

Front 41

are exotoxins secreted from the cell

Back 41

yes

Front 42

are endotoxins secreted from the cell

Back 42

no

Front 43

exotoxins are made of _______

Back 43

polypeptides

Front 44

endotoxins are made of _____

Back 44

lipopolysaccharides

Front 45

genes for exotoxins are located where?

Back 45

plasmid or bacteriophage

Front 46

genes for endootoxins are located where?

Back 46

bacterial chromosomes

Front 47

how toxic are exotoxins

Back 47

high (fatal dose is on the order of 1 ug)

Front 48

What is the toxicity of endotoxins?

Back 48

low (fatal dose is on the order of hundreds of micrograms)

Front 49

what are the clinical effects of endotoxins?

Back 49

fever & shock

Front 50

what is cytokines are involved in the mode of action of endotoxins

Back 50

TNF & IL1

Front 51

high-titer antibodies called antitoxins can be used against these toxins

Back 51

exotoxins

Front 52

this toxin poorly antigenic

Back 52

endotoxins

Front 53

these are used as vaccines for exotoxins

Back 53

toxoids

Front 54

is there a vaccine available for endotoxins

Back 54

no

Front 55

what is more heat stable, endotoxins or exotoxins

Back 55

endotoxins

Front 56

what is the only exotoxin that is heat stable

Back 56

staphylococcal enterotoxin

Front 57

tetanus, botulism, & diphtheria typically cause problems due to ________ (exotoxin or endotoxins)

Back 57

exotoxins

Front 58

meningococcemia, causes sepsis by G- rods. Toxicity is due to ________ (exotoxin or endotoxins)

Back 58

endotoxins

Front 59

these binds directly to MHC II and T-cell receptor, activating large numbers of T cells to stimulate release of IL-1 & IL-2

Back 59

superantigens

Front 60

TSST-1 from this bug causes toxic shock syndrome (fever, rash, shock).

Back 60

S. Aureus

Front 61

Enterotoxins from this bug cause food poisoning.

Back 61

S. Aureus

Front 62

Scarlet fever-strain SPE SPE toxin from this bug causes toxic shock-like syndrome.

Back 62

S. pyogenes

Front 63

this exotoxin interferes with host cell fx. It has a B component and an A component.

Back 63

ADP ribosylating A-B toxins.

Front 64

tell me about the B component of ADP ribosylating A-B toxins

Back 64

B (binding) component binds to receptor on surface of host cell, enaboling endocytosis)

Front 65

tell me about the A component of ADP ribosylating A-B toxins

Back 65

A (active) component attaches an ADP-ribosyl to a host cell protien (ADP ribosylation), altering protein fx.

Front 66

What bugs have ADP ribosylating A-B toxins (4)

Back 66

Corynebacteria diptheria
Vibrio cholerae
E. Coli
Bordetella Pertussis

Front 67

What bugs have superantigins (2)

Back 67

S. aureus
S. pyogenes

Front 68

this bug has an ADP ribosylating A-B toxin that inactivatess elongation factor (EF-2) causing a pharyngitis and a "pseudomembrane" in the throat

Back 68

Corynebacterium diptheriae

Front 69

This bugs ADP ribosylating A-B toxin acts on the G protein to stimulate adenylyl cyclase, increasing pumping of Cl- & H2O in the gut causing voluminous rice-water diarrhea.

Back 69

Vibrio cholerae

Front 70

This bug has a heat-labile ADP ribosylating A-B toxin, that stimulates adenylyl cyclase (cholera-like mechanism), causing watery diarrhea. Heat stabile toxin stimulates guanylate cyclase.

Back 70

E. Coli

Front 71

This bug has an ADP ribosylating A-B toxin that stimulates adenylate cyclase, causes whooping cough, inhibits chemokine receptor causing lymphocytosis.

Back 71

Bordetella pertussis

Front 72

This bug has an alpha toxin that causes gas gangrene. You will see a double zone of hemolysis on blood agar.

Back 72

Clostridium perfringes.

Front 73

This bug blocks the release of inhibitory neurotransmitter glycine. Causing "lockjaw"

Back 73

C. Tetani

Front 74

This bug blocks the release of Ach, causing anticholinergic symptoms such as CNS paralysis. Spores can be found in canned food and honey causing floppy baby.

Back 74

C. botulinum

Front 75

this bug has a toxin in which 1 toxin in the toxin complex is adenylate cyclases.

Back 75

B. anthracis

Front 76

This bug produces the shiga toxin which cleaves host cell rRNA and also enhances cytokine release causing HUS.

Back 76

Shigella

Front 77

what other bug produces the Shiga toxin

Back 77

E. Coli O157:H7

Front 78

This bug produces streptolysin O, a hemolysin and antigen for ASO antibody in rheumatic fever

Back 78

S. pyogenes

Front 79

this is a lipopolysaccharide found in the cell wall of gram negative bacteria

Back 79

endotoxin

mneu: N-dotoxin is an integral part of gram-Negative cell wall.

Front 80

endotoxins are heat ______ (stable or labile)

Back 80

stable)

Front 81

endotoxin pathway [p.132]

Back 81

--

Front 82

these bugs do not gramstain well

Back 82

Treponema (too thin)
Rickettsia (intracellular
Mycobacteria (high lipid content of cell wall)
Mycoplasma (no cell wall)
Legionella pneumophila (primarily intracellular)
Chlamydia (intracellular)

mneu:These Rascals May Microscopically Lack Color

Front 83

how do you I.D. Treponema

Back 83

darkfeild microscopy and fluorescent Ab staining

Front 84

How do you I.D. Mycobacteria

Back 84

acid fast stain

Front 85

How do you I.D. Legionella

Back 85

silver stain

Front 86

pathogenic Neisseria species are differentiated on the basis of sugar ________

Back 86

fermentation

Front 87

MeninGococci ferment ________ & __________
Gonococci ferment _______

Back 87

Maltose & Glucose
Glucose

Front 88

S. aureus produces a ________ pigment

Back 88

yellow

mneu: Aureus (latin)=gold

Front 89

Pseudomonas Aeruginosa produces a ________ pigment

Back 89

blue green

Front 90

Serratia marcescens produces ____ pigment

Back 90

red

mneu: marcescens = maraschino cherries are red

Front 91

______ proteases allows these organisms to colonize mucosal surfaces: Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, N. gonorrheae, H. influenzae.

Back 91

IgA proteases

Front 92

gram + lab algorithm [p. 134]

Back 92

--

Front 93

gram - lab algorithm [p. 135]

Back 93

--

Front 94

special media cx requirements for isolation:
H. influenzae

Back 94

chocolate agar w/ factors V (NAD) & X (hematin)

Front 95

special media cx requirements for isolation:
N. gonorrheaeae

Back 95

Thayer-Martin (VCN) media

Front 96

special media cx requirements for isolation:
B. pertussis

Back 96

Bordet-Gengou (potato) agar

Front 97

special media cx requirements for isolation:
C. diptheriae

Back 97

Tellurite plate, Loffler's medium, blood agar

Front 98

special media cx requirements for isolation:
M. Tuberculosis

Back 98

Lowenstein-Jensen agar

Front 99

special media cx requirements for isolation:
Lactose-fermenting enterics

Back 99

pink colonies on MacConkey's agar

Front 100

special media cx requirements for isolation:
Legionella

Back 100

Charcoal yeast exxtract agar buffered with increased iron and cysteine

Front 101

special media cx requirements for isolation:
Fungi

Back 101

Sabouraud's agair

Front 102

Give the appropriate stain--
Amyloid; apple-green bifringence in polarized light because of Beta pleated sheets

Back 102

Congo red

Front 103

Give the appropriate stain--
Borrelia, Plasmodium, trypanosomes, Chlamydia

Back 103

Giemsa's

Front 104

Give the appropriate stain--
stains glycogen, mucopolysaccharides, used to diagnose Whipple's dz

Back 104

PAS (periodic acid-Schiff)

Front 105

Give the appropriate stain--Acid-fast bacteria

Back 105

Ziehll-Neelsen

Front 106

Give the appropriate stain--Cryyptococcus neoformans

Back 106

India ink

Front 107

Give the appropriate stain--Fungi, PCP, Legionella

Back 107

Silver stain

Front 108

DNA transfered from 1 bacterium to another (Conjugation, transduction, or transformation)

Back 108

conjugation

Front 109

DNA transferred by a virus from 1 cell to another (Conjugation, transduction, or transformation)

Back 109

Transduction

Front 110

Purified DNA taken up by a cell. (Conjugation, transduction, or transformation)

Back 110

Transformation

Front 111

Conjugation, transduction, & transformation. The only transfer process done in eukaryotic (e.g., human) cells

Back 111

transformation

Front 112

Conjugation transfers these 2 types of DNA

Back 112

chromosomal or plasmid

Front 113

this classification of bacteria use an O2 dependent system to generate ATP

Back 113

Obligate Aerobes.

Front 114

Examples of obligate aerobes

Back 114

Nocardia, Pseudomonas Aeruginosa, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, & Bacillus

mneu: Nagging Pests Must Breath.

Front 115

This bug is an Aerobe seen in burn wounds, nosocomial pneumonia, and pneumonias in cystic fibrosis patients

Back 115

P. Aeruginosa

mneu: P. AERuginosa is an AERobe

Front 116

__________ HAS A PREDILECTION FOR THE APICES OF THE LUNG, WHICH HAVE THE HIGHEST PO2

Back 116

M. TUBERCULOSIS

Front 117

Examples of this category of bacterium include Clostridium, Bacteroides, and Actinomyces.

Back 117

Obligatee anaerobes

Front 118

Obligatee anaerobes lack ________ and/or ________ and thus are susceptible to oxidative damage.

Back 118

catalase
superoxide dismutase

Front 119

Obligatee anaerobesare generally foul smelling due to _________

Back 119

short chain fatty acids

Front 120

Obligatee anaerobes are difficult to culture, and produce ______ in tissue

Back 120

gas (CO2 & H2)

Front 121

anaerobes are normal flora in _____ but are pathogenic elsewhere.

Back 121

GI tract

Front 122

_________ are ineffective against anaerobes because these antibiotics require O2 to enter into bacterial cell

Back 122

AminO2glycosides

Front 123

These 2 bugs are obligate intracellular bugs because they can't make own ATP

Back 123

Rickettsia, Clamydia

mneu: Stay inside (cells) when it is Really Cold

Front 124

These 8 bugs are facultative intracellular bugs.

Back 124

Salmonela, Neisseria, Brucella, Mycobacterium, Listeria, Francisella, Legionella, Yersinia

mneu: Some Nasty Bugs May Live FacultativeLY

Front 125

Give 2 examples of encapsulated bacteria

Back 125

Streptococcus pneumoniae, H. influenzae, N. meningitidis, K. pneumoniae

Front 126

in encapsulated bacteria the _______ capsule is an antiphagocytic virulence factor

Back 126

polysaccharide

Front 127

this positive test tells you if an encapsulated bug is present--the capsule swells when specific anticapsular antiserra are added

Back 127

positive quellung reaction

mneu: Quellung = capsular "swellung"

Front 128

in encapsulated bacteria ______ is necessary for immune response

Back 128

IgG2

Front 129

In pneumovax, H. influenzae, & B. meningococcii, this serves as the Ag in vaccines

Back 129

capsule

Front 130

these are highly resistant to destruction by heat and chemicals. They have no metabolic activity and dipicolinic acid in their core.

Back 130

spores

Front 131

You must do this in order kill spores (what is done to surgical equipment)

Back 131

autoclave

Front 132

Only this type of bug forms spores when nutrients are limited

Back 132

G+ rods

Front 133

gram + soil bugs (aka spore formers) are (3)

Back 133

B. anthracis, C. perfringes, C. tetani

Front 134

give the 2 alpha hemolytic bacteria

Back 134

1) streptococcus pneumoniae
2) Viridans streptococci

Front 135

this alpha hemollytic bacteria is catalase negative and optochin sensitive

Back 135

streptococcus pneumonia

Front 136

this alpha hemolytic bacteria is catalase negative and optochin resistance

Back 136

viridans streptococci

Front 137

Give the 4 Beta hemolytic bacteria

Back 137

1) Staphylococcus Aureus
2) Streptococcus Pyogenes
3) Streptococcus agalactiae
4) Listeria moncytogenes

Front 138

this beta hemolytic bacteria is catalase and coagulase positive

Back 138

Staphylococcus Aureus

Front 139

this beta hemolytic bacteria is catalase negative and bacitracian sensitive

Back 139

Streptococcus Pyogenes

Front 140

this beta hemolytic bacteria is catalase negative and bacitracian resistant

Back 140

Streptococcus agalactiae

Front 141

this beta hemolytic bacteria exists in unpasteurized milk has tumbling motility and causes meningitis in newborns

Back 141

Listeria moncytogenes

Front 142

This degrades H2O2, an antimicrobial prodct of PMNs. H2O2 is a substrate for myeloperoxidase

Back 142

Catalase.

Front 143

_____cocci make catalase, whereas streptococci do not

Back 143

staphylo-

mneu: STAPH make catalase because they have more "staph".

Front 144

________ makes coagulase, whereas Staph epidermidis and Staph saphrophyticus do not

Back 144

Staph Aureus

mneu: Bad staph (aureus, because epidermidis is skin flora) makes coagulase and toxins)

Front 145

this virulence factor of S. Aureus binds Fc-IgG, inhibiting compliment fixation and phagocytosis

Back 145

Protein A

Front 146

S. Aureus causes these 2 things

Back 146

1) Inflammatory dz- skin infxns, organ abscesses, pneumonia

2)Toxin-mediated dz- toxic shock syndrome, scalded skin syndrome, rapid onset food poisoning

Front 147

Give the toxin responsible for toxic shock syndrome?

Back 147

TSST-1

Front 148

Give the toxin responsible for scalded skin syndrome

Back 148

exfoliative toxin

Front 149

Give the toxin responsible for rapid-onset food poisoning

Back 149

enterotoxins

Front 150

This is a superantigen that binds to MHC II and T-cell receptor, resulting in polyclonal T-cell activation

Back 150

TSST

Front 151

S. Aureus food poisoning is due to ingestion of a preformed ________

Back 151

toxin

Front 152

this causes ACUTE bacterial endocarditis

Back 152

S. Aureus

Front 153

Streptococcus pyogenes (group A Beta hemolytic streptococci causes three sequelae what are they?

Back 153

1) Pyogenic-pharyngitis, cellulitis, impetigo
2) Toxigenic - scarlet fever, toxic shock syndrome
3) Immunologic - rheumatic fever, acute glomerulonepritis

mneu: PHaryngitis gives you rheumatic "PHever" and glomerulonepHritis"

mneu2: No "RHEUM" for SPECCulation: Subcutaneous nodules, Polyarthritis, Erythema marginatum, Chorea, Carditis.

Front 154

Streptococcus pyogenes is bacitratian _______.

Back 154

sensitive.

Front 155

Ab to ________ enhances host defences against Streptococcus pyogenes

Back 155

M protein

Front 156

______ titer detects recent Streptococcus pyogenes infection

Back 156

ASO

Front 157

Streptococcus pnemonia is the most common cause of (4 )

Back 157

MOPS
Meningitis
Otitis media
Pneumonia
Sinusitis

Front 158

Streptococcus pnemonia ia optochin ______

Back 158

sensitive

mneu: Streptococcus pnemonia MOPS are Most OPtochin Sensitive

Front 159

Pt presents with rusty sputum, sickle cell anemia sepsis, and splenectomy. He has a bug that is encapsulated & has an IgA protease.

Back 159

Streptococcus pneumonia

Front 160

these bugs are bacitracin resistant & B hemolytic. They cause pneumonia, meningitis, and sepsis, mainly in babies.

Back 160

Group B streptococci

Front 161

this virulence factor of S. Aureus binds Fc-IgG, inhibiting compliment fixation and phagocytosis

Back 161

Protein A

Front 162

S. Aureus causes these 2 things

Back 162

1) Inflammatory dz- skin infxns, organ abscesses, pneumonia

2)Toxin-mediated dz- toxic shock syndrome, scalded skin syndrome, rapid onset food poisoning

Front 163

Give the toxin responsible for toxic shock syndrome?

Back 163

TSST-1

Front 164

Give the toxin responsible for scalded skin syndrome

Back 164

exfoliative toxin

Front 165

Give the toxin responsible for rapid-onset food poisoning

Back 165

enterotoxins

Front 166

enterococci (2 bugs)

Back 166

E. faecalis & E. faecium.

Front 167

enterococci are resistant to this AB

Back 167

penicillin G

Front 168

enterococci cause these 2 dz

Back 168

UTIs & subacute endocarditis

Front 169

this lancefield group includes enterococci

Back 169

D

Front 170

Lancefield grouping is based on differences in the ___ carbohydrate on the bacterial cell wall.

Back 170

C

Front 171

enterococci grow in 6.5% ______

Back 171

NaCl

Front 172

entero=______
faecalis=_______
strepto=_______
coccus=_______

Back 172

intestine
feces
twisted (chains)
berry

Front 173

viridans streptococci are _____ hemolytic

Back 173

alpha.

Front 174

viridans streptococci are normal flora of the oropharynx and cause dental caries (________) and subacute bacterial endocarditis (_________)

Back 174

streptococcus mutans
streptococcus sanguins

mneu: sanguis=blood. There is lots of blood in the heart.

Front 175

viridans streptococci are optochin ______ which differentiates them from S. pneumoniae, which is also alpha hemolytic but is optochin _______

Back 175

resistant

sensitive

mne: viridians group strep live in the mouth because they are not afraid OF-THE-CHIN (OPTOCHIN RESISTANT)

Front 176

this obligate anaerobic bacilli is gram positive, spore forming

Back 176

clostridia

Front 177

this clostridium species produces an exotoxin

Back 177

clostridium tetani

Front 178

C tetani exotoxin works by blocking ________ release [inhibitory neurotransmitter] from Renshaw cells in the spinal cord

Back 178

glycine

Front 179

this clostridia bacilli forms a preformed, heat-labile toxin that inhibits ACh release

Back 179

C. botulinum

mneu: BOTulinum is from bad BOTtles of food (causes a flacid parralysis)

Front 180

this clostridia bacilli produces an alpha toxin (lethinasse) that causes myonecrosis, gas gangrene, or hemolysis.

Back 180

C. Perfringes

mneu: PERFringes PERForates a gangrenous leg

Front 181

this clostridia bacilli produces a cytotoxin, an exotoxin that kills enterocytes, causing psudomembranous colitis. It is often secondary to antibiotic use, especially clindamycin or ampicillin.

Back 181

C. difficile

mneu: DIfficile causes DIarrhea.

Front 182

how do you tx C. difficile

Back 182

metronidazole.

Front 183

Diptheria is caused by _________ via exotoxin encoded by a Beta-prophage.

Back 183

Corynebacterium diptheriaee

Front 184

the potent diptheria exotoxin works by inhibiting what via ADP ribosylation of EF-2

Back 184

Protein synthesis

Front 185

coryne=______

Back 185

club shaped

Front 186

Symptoms of infection with this bug include pseudomembranous pharyngitis (grayish-white membrane) with lymphadenopathy)

Back 186

C. diptheriae.

Front 187

C diptheriae identified in the lab as a Gram ___, _____ with metachromatic ranules.

Back 187

G+, rod

Front 188

C diptheriae grows on a ______ agar

Back 188

tellurite

Front 189

What are the ABCDEG of diptheria and its exotoxin

Back 189

ADP ribosylation
Beta-prophage
Corynebacterium
Diphtheriae
Elongation Factor 2
Granules

Front 190

pt presents with painless black skin lesions (vesicular papules covered by black eschar). He developes sepsis and dies. What G+ sporeforming rod that produces a toxin do you suspect

Back 190

Bacillus anthracis

Front 191

Inhalation of anthrax spores from contaminated wool can lead to flulike symptoms that rapidly progress to fever, pulmonary hemorrhage, and shock. what is the name of this dz.

Back 191

woolsorters dz.

Front 192

these two bugs are both gram + rods forming long branching filaments resembling fungi

Back 192

actinomyces v. nocardia.

Front 193

this bug forms yellow "sulfur granules' in sinus tracts

Back 193

A. israelii

Front 194

this bug is a G+ ANAEROBE, that causes oral/facial abscesses with "sulfur granules" that may drain through sinus tracts in the skin. It is part of the normal oral flora.

Back 194

Actinomyces israelii

Front 195

this bug is a gram + and weakly acid fast aerobe in the soil taht causes pulmonary infection in immunocompromized pts

Back 195

Nocardia asteroides

Front 196

How do you tx nocardia? actinomyces?

Back 196

mneu: SNAP
Sulfa for
Nocardia;
Actinomyces use
Penicillin

Front 197

Gram negative outer membrane layer inhibits entry of these 2 AB. Therefore G - bugs are resistant to these 2 drugs

Back 197

Penicillin G
Vancomycin

Front 198

T or F. G- bugs are resistant to all derivitives of penicillin such as ampicillin

Back 198

F--just resistant to PCN & Vanco.

Front 199

Neisseria is a gram ___, ____

Back 199

neg, cocci

Front 200

Neisseria Gonococci or Meningococci?
Polysaccharide capsule

Back 200

Meningococci

Front 201

Neisseria Gonococci or Meningococci?
No Polysaccharide capsule

Back 201

Gonococci

Front 202

Neisseria Gonococci or Meningococci?
No maltose fermintation

Back 202

Gonococci

Front 203

Neisseria Gonococci or Meningococci?
maltose fermintation

Back 203

Meningococci

Front 204

Neisseria Gonococci or Meningococci?
No Vaccine

Back 204

Gonococci

Front 205

Neisseria Gonococci or Meningococci?
Vaccine

Back 205

Meningococci

Front 206

Neisseria Gonococci or Meningococci?
causes gonorrhea, septic arthritis, neonatal conjunctivitis, PID

Back 206

Gonococci

Front 207

Neisseria Gonococci or Meningococci?
causes meningococcemia and meningitis, Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome

Back 207

Meningococci

Front 208

this bug is a small gram negative (coccobacillary) rod spread via aerosol transmission.

Back 208

Haemophilus influenzae

Front 209

HaEMOPhilus Influenzae causes (4)

Back 209

Epiglottis, Meningitis, Otitis media & Pneumonia.

Front 210

Most invasive form of H. influenzae is caused by capsular type ___

Back 210

B.

Front 211

H. influenzae produces ____ protease.

Back 211

IgA.

Front 212

how do you culture H. influenzae

Back 212

chocolate agar w/ factors V (NAD) & X (hematin) for growht

mneu: when child has "flu" mom goes to five(V) & dime (X) to buy some chocolate.

Front 213

H. flu vaccine contains type B capsular polysaccharide conjugated to diptheria toxoid or other protien. It is given between ____ and _____ mo of age.

Back 213

2 and 18

Front 214

this group is a diverse family including E. coli, salmonella, shigella, klebsiella, enterobacter, serratia, porteus

Back 214

enterobacteriaceae.

Front 215

all enterobacteriaceae have somatic (__) Ag (polysaccharide of endotoxin. The capsular (__)Ag related to virulence of the bug. The flagellar (__) Ag is found in motile species

Back 215

O
K
H

Front 216

enterobacteriaceae ferment ____ and are oxidase ____

Back 216

glucose
negative

Front 217

with enterobacteriaceae think COFFEe.

Back 217

Capsular
O Ag
Flagellar Ag
Ferment glucose
Enterobacteriaceae

Front 218

these bacteria grow pink colonies on MacConkey's agar. Examples include Klebsiella, E. coli, Enterobacter, and Citrobacter

Back 218

Lactose fermenters
Lactose is KEE

Front 219

These 2 organisms are similar in that both are non-lactose fermenters. Both invade intestinal mucosa and can cause bloody diarrhea

Back 219

Salmonella v. Shigella

Front 220

Salmonella v. Shigella:
Only _______ is motile and can invade further and disseminate hematogenously. Symptoms may be prolonged with AB treatments, and there is typically a monocyte response.

Back 220

Salmonella

mneu: Salmon swim (motile and disseminate

Front 221

_____ has an animal reservoir

Back 221

salmonella.

Front 222

Shigella is transmitted via the 4 Fs

Back 222

Food, fingers, feces, & fliies

Front 223

usually transmitted from pet feces (e.g., puppies), contaminated milk, or pork. Outbreaks are common in day-care centers. Can mimic Crohn's or appendicitis, can disseminate to produce lymphadenitis.

Back 223

Yersinia enterocolitica.

Front 224

Bugs causing food poisoning:
contaminated seafood

Back 224

Vibrio parahaemolyticus & V. vulnificus

Front 225

Bugs causing food poisoning:
reheated rice

Back 225

Bacillus cereus

Front 226

Bugs causing food poisoning:
meats, mayonaise, custard

s/s starts quickly and ends quickly

Back 226

S. aureus

Front 227

Bugs causing food poisoning: reheated meat dishes

Back 227

clostridium perfringes

Front 228

Bugs causing food poisoning: undercooked meat

Back 228

E. Coli O157:H7

Front 229

Bugs causing food poisoning: poultry, meat, & eggs

Back 229

Salmonella

Front 230

Pt presents with bloody diarrhea. culture shows comma or S- shaped, oxidase positive organisms that grow at 42*C. What is the species

Back 230

Campylobacteria

Front 231

Pt presents with bloody diarrhea. culture shows motile organisms What is the species

Back 231

Salmonella

Front 232

Pt presents with bloody diarrhea & dysentery. Culture shows nonmotile species with very low ID50. What is the species

Back 232

Shigella.

Front 233

What is more virulent Shigella or Salmonella

Back 233

Shigella (only 100 organisms causes dz)

Front 234

Pt presents with bloody diarrhea which progresses to HUS. culture shows shiga-like toxin. What is the species

Back 234

Enterohemorrhagic E. coli

Front 235

Pt presents with bloody diarrhea. culture shows O157:H7 which has invaded the colonic mucosa What is the species

Back 235

Enteroinvasive E. coli

Front 236

child at day care center presents with bloody diarrhea and pain that mimicks appendicitis. What is the bug?

Back 236

Yersinia enterocolitica

Front 237

Pt presents with bloody diarrhea & pseudomembranous colitis. What is the species

Back 237

C. dificile

Front 238

Pt presents with bloody diarrhea. culture shows protozoa. What is the species

Back 238

entamoeba histolytica

Front 239

Pt presents with watery diarrhea. Hx of traveling out of the country. No preformed toxin. What is the species

Back 239

Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC)

Front 240

Pt presents with rice watery diarrhea . culture shows comma shaped organisms. What is the species

Back 240

V. cholerae

Front 241

Pt presents with watery diarrhea and gas gangrene. What is the species

Back 241

C. perfringes

Front 242

Immunocompromized pt presents with watery diarrhea. what do you suspect.

Back 242

protazoa (e.g., giardia, cryptosporidium)

Front 243

Pt presents with watery diarrhea . What viruses could cause this

Back 243

Rotavirus, adenovirus, Norwalk virus

Front 244

This toxin acts via ADP ribosylation that perminantly activates adenyl cyclase (increase cAMP). It perminantly activates G(s)causing rice-water diarrhea.

Back 244

Vibrio cholerae toxin

Cholera turns the "on" on

Front 245

This toxin acts via ADP ribosylation that perminantly activates adenyl cyclase (increase cAMP). It perminantly disables G(i)causing whooping cough. It also promotes lymphocytosis by inhibiting chemokine receptors

Back 245

Pertussis toxin

Pertussis turns the "off" off

Front 246

This bug is a gram neg. rod that gram stains poorly. It is spread via aerosol transmission from enviornmental water source hapitat. It is not spread person to person.

Back 246

Legionella pneumophelia

Front 247

How do you cx & stain Legionella pneumophelia

Back 247

grow on charcoal yeast extract culture with iron and cysteine

stain with silver stain.

mneu: Think of French legionnaire (ssoldier) with his silver hlmet, sitting around a campfire (charcoal) with is iron dagger--he is no sissy (cysteine)

Front 248

How do you tx Legionnaires' dz

Back 248

erythromycin

Front 249

this bug is associated with wound and burn infections. It is an aerobic gram negative rod. It is non lactose fermenting, oxidase positive. it produces pyocyanin which is a blue green pigment and is usually associated with a water source.

Back 249

Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

mneu: AERuginosa--AERobic. think water connnection & blue green pigment.

Front 250

Pseudomonas aeruginosa causes pneumonia in these patients

Back 250

CF

Front 251

Pseudomonas aeruginosa causes black lesions on the skin when this happens

Back 251

sepsis

Front 252

When pseudomonas aeruginosa causes external otitis, it is also known as

Back 252

swimmers ear

Front 253

Pseudomonas aeruginosa produces an endotoxin which causes (2)

Back 253

fever & shock

Front 254

Pseudomonas aeruginosa produces an exotoxin (A) which does this to EF-2

Back 254

inactivates it

Front 255

how do you tx Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Back 255

aminoglycoside plus extended-spectrum penicillin (e.g., Piperacillin, ticarcillin.

Front 256

this gram - rod causes gastritis and up to 90% of duodenal ulcers.

Back 256

Helicobacter pylori

Front 257

Is H. pylori urease + or -

Back 257

+ think the urease breath test.

Front 258

what other bug is urease +

Back 258

Proteus

(cleaves urea to amonia)

Front 259

H. pylori is a risk factor for (2)

Back 259

peptic ulcer and gastric carcinoma

Front 260

H. pylori creates this kind of envirnment (acid or alkaline)

Back 260

alkaline

Front 261

tx H. pylori w/ triple therapy-what is it

Back 261

1) bismuth (pepto-bismol)
2)metronidazole
3)tetracycline or amoxycillin

or (more expensive)
1)metronidazole
2) omeprazole
3) clarithromycin

Front 262

this zoonotic bacteria causes lyme dz and is transmitted by the bite of the Ixodes tick that live on deer and mice

Back 262

Borrelia Burgdorferi

Front 263

this zoonotic bacteria causes Undulant fever and is transmitted by dairy products and contact with animals

Back 263

Brucella species

Front 264

this zoonotic bacteria causes Tularemia and is transmitted by ticks that live on rabbits & deer

Back 264

Francisella tularensis

Front 265

this zoonotic bacteria causes plague and is spread via flease that live on rodents, especially prarie dogs

Back 265

Yersinia pestis

Front 266

this zoonotic bacteria causes cellulitis and is spread via bites from cats and dogs

Back 266

pasteurella multocida

Front 267

On pelvic exam you note a greenish vaginal discharge with a fishy smell. Pt reports no pain. Smear shows clue cells and cx grows out a pleomorphic, gram variable rod. What is the dx and the bug.

Back 267

Bacterial Vaginosis
Gardnerella vaginalis

Front 268

What anaerobe is also involved with B.V

Back 268

Mobiluncus.

Front 269

How do you tx B.V.

Back 269

metronidazole

Front 270

what are clue cells

Back 270

vaginal epithelial cells covered with bacteria, visable under microscope

Front 271

primary and secondary TB [image p. 143]

Back 271

--

Front 272

TB granulomas with lobar and perihilar lymph node involvement. Reflects primary infection or exposure

Back 272

Ghon complex

Front 273

pt presents with fever, night sweats, weight loss & hemoptysis. What mycobacterium do you suspect

Back 273

mycobacterium tuberculosis

Front 274

pt presents with TB like symptoms but it is not mycobacterium tuberculosis, what other mycobacterium could it be

Back 274

M. kansasii

Front 275

child presents with cervical lymphadenitis. What mycobacterium?

Back 275

M. scrofullaceum

Front 276

AIDS pt presents with disseminated dz. Bug is resistant to multilple drugs. What mycobacteria

Back 276

M. avium-intracellulare

Front 277

all mycobacteria should be stained this way

Back 277

acid fast

Front 278

what dz involves loss of eyebrows, nasal collapse, lumpy earlobe, and "leonine facies"

Back 278

Leprosy (Hansen's dz)

Front 279

This bug is an acid fast bacillus that likes cool temperatures (infects skin and superficial nerves) and cannot be grown in vitro.

Back 279

Mycobacterium leprae

Front 280

What is the reservoir in US for M. leprae

Back 280

armadillos.

Front 281

primary and secondary TB [image p. 143]

Back 281

--

Front 282

TB granulomas with lobar and perihilar lymph node involvement. Reflects primary infection or exposure

Back 282

Ghon complex

Front 283

pt presents with fever, night sweats, weight loss & hemoptysis. What mycobacterium do you suspect

Back 283

mycobacterium tuberculosis

Front 284

pt presents with TB like symptoms but it is not mycobacterium tuberculosis, what other mycobacterium could it be

Back 284

M. kansasii

Front 285

child presents with cervical lymphadenitis. What mycobacterium?

Back 285

M. scrofullaceum

Front 286

Hansen's dz (Leprosy) has 2 forms: lepromatous & tubberculoid. Which is worse?

Back 286

Lepromatous is worse--it involves failed cell mediated immunity; tuberculoid is self limited

mneu: LEpromatous=LEthal.

Front 287

these are obligate intracellular parasites that cause mmucosal infections

Back 287

Clamydiae

Front 288

chlamys=_______

Back 288

cloak (intracellular

Front 289

Chlamydiae exists in 2 forms What are they?

Back 289

1)Elementary body (small, dense) Enters cell via Endocytosis
2) Reticuliate body, which Replicates in cell by fission

Front 290

This chlamydia species causes reactive arthritis, conjunctivitis, and nongonococcal urethritis

Back 290

Chlamydia trachomatis

Front 291

These 2 chlamydia species cause atypical pneumonia, and is transmitted via aerosol droplets

Back 291

C. pneumoniae & C. psittaci

Front 292

C. psittaci is notable in that it has an ____ reservior

Back 292

avian

Front 293

The clamydial peptidoglycan wall is unusual in that it lacks ______

Back 293

muramic acid

Front 294

Dx of clamydia is made by cytoplasmic incusions seen on _______ or fluorescent Ab stained smear

Back 294

giemsa

Front 295

how do you tx clamydia

Back 295

erythromycin or tetracylcine

Front 296

image clamydiae life cycle [p.144]

Back 296

--

Front 297

Clamydia trachomatis serotypes:
A,B,C

Back 297

ABC=Africa/Blindness/Chronic infection

Front 298

Clamydia trachomatis serotypes:
D-K

Back 298

urethritis/PID, ectopic pregnancy, neonatal pneumonia, or neonatal conjunctivitis

D-K=everything else

Front 299

Clamydia trachomatis serotypes:
L1-L3

Back 299

Lymphogranuloma venerium

Front 300

Neonate develops conjunctivits via passage through infected birth canal. How do you tx his chlamydia

Back 300

erythromycin eye drops

Front 301

Name 3 spirochetes

Back 301

Borrelia (Big-can be visualized under light microscopy using aniline dyes (Wright's or Giemsa stain))
Leptospira
Treponema

mneu: BLT

Front 302

pt presents with erythema chronicum migrans, an expanding "bull's eye" red rash with central clearing. Dz may progress to affect joints CNS, & heart.

Back 302

Lyme dz

Front 303

Lyme dz caused by what spirochete and what vector

Back 303

Borrelia burgdorferi, transmitted by the tick Ixodes

Front 304

important reservoir for Lymme dz

Back 304

mice

Front 305

animal required for tick life cycle

Back 305

deer.

Front 306

lyme dz transmission is most common during this season

Back 306

summer

Front 307

3 stages of Lyme dz

Back 307

1) erythema chronicum migrans, flulike symptoms
2) neurologic and cardiac manifestations
3) autoimmune migratory polyarthritis

mneu: BAKE a Key LYME pe:
Bells palsy, Arthritis, Kardiac block, Erythema chronicum migranes.

Front 308

treponemes are ______

Back 308

spirochetes

Front 309

________ causes syphilis

Back 309

Treponema pallidum

Front 310

_______ causes yaws (a tropical infxn that is not an STD, although VDRL test is +.

Back 310

T. pertenue

Front 311

describe primary syphilis

Back 311

localized dz-painless chancre

Front 312

describe secondary syphilis

Back 312

disseminated dz w/ constitutional symptoms, maculopapular rash (palms & soles) condylomata lata

mneu: Secondary syphilis=Systemic

Front 313

pt preents w/ broad-based ataxia positive Romberg, charcot joints, stroke without hypertension

Back 313

tertiary syphilis

Front 314

describe tertiarry syphilis

Back 314

gummas, aortitis, neurosyphalis (tabes dorsalis), argyl Robertson pupil

Front 315

child presents with deafness, saber shins, sadddle nose. what dx

Back 315

congenital syphilis

Front 316

describe primary siphilis

Back 316

localized dz-painless chancre

Front 317

describe secondary syphilis

Back 317

disseminated dz w/ constitutional symptoms, maculopapular rash (palms & soles) condylomata lata

mneu: Secondary syphilis=Systemic

Front 318

pt preents w/ broad-based ataxia positive Romberg, charcot joints, stroke without hypertension

Back 318

tertiary syphilis

Front 319

describe tertiarry syphilis

Back 319

gummas, aortitis, neurosyphalis (tabes dorsalis), argyl Robertson pupil

Front 320

child presents with deafness, saber shins, sadddle nose. what dx

Back 320

congenital syphilis

Front 321

constricts with accomodation but is not reactive to light. Pathognomonic for tertiary syphilis

Back 321

Argyll Robertson Pupil

"prostitute's pupil" -- accommodates but does not react.

Front 322

FTA-ABS is specific for these. It turns + earliest in dz & remains positive for longest

Back 322

treponemes

mneu: FTA-ABS=Find The Antibody-ABSolutely:
1)Most specific
2) earliest positive
3) remains positive the longest

Front 323

VDRL or FTA interpretation:
Active infection

Back 323

both

Front 324

VDRL or FTA interpretation:
Probably false positive

Back 324

VDRL

Front 325

VDRL or FTA interpretation: positive after successful treatment

Back 325

FTA

Front 326

this test detects a nonspecific Ab that reacts with beef cardiolipin

Back 326

VDRL

Front 327

VDRL false positive

Back 327

VDRL
Viruses (mono, hepatitis)
Drugs
Rheumatic fever & arthritis
Lupus & leprosy

Front 328

coccidiomycosis and histoplasmosis are fungus transmitted by _______

Back 328

inhalation of conidia (asexual fungal spores)

Front 329

this fungus can cause a systemic of superficial fungal infection. It is dimorphic forming budding yeast with psudohyphae in cx at 20*C and germ tube formation at 37*C

Back 329

Candida albicans

Front 330

alba=_____

Back 330

white

Front 331

causes thrush esophagitis with immunocompromized pts (neonates, steroides, diabetes, AIDS), endocarditis in IV drug users, vaginitis (post-antibiotic), diaper rash

Back 331

Candida albicans

Front 332

Tx of candida for superfical infxn

Back 332

nystatin

Front 333

Tx of candida for systemic infxn

Back 333

amphotercin B

Front 334

this dz causes San Joaquin Valley or desert "valley fever." It is known as desert bumps and on cx you may see a spherule filled with endospores

Back 334

Coccidiomycosis

Front 335

this dz is spread by bird or bat droppings in Mississippi and Ohio river valleys. Characterized by tiny yeast inside macrophages

Back 335

Histoplasmosis

Front 336

This organism endemic in rural Latin America and is characterized by a "Captain's wheel" appreance.

Back 336

PARACOCCIDIOMYCOSIS

Front 337

This fungis is endemic to states east of Mississippi River & Central America, it is characterized by Big, Broad-Based Budding yeasts

Back 337

Blastomycosis.

Front 338

histo, paracoxie, and blastomycoisis are all caused by _______ fungi, which are mold in soil (low temp) adn yeast in tissue (higher temp)

Back 338

dimorphic

Front 339

coxie is the exception in that it is a ______ in tissue

Back 339

spherule

Front 340

tx coxie, histo, paracoxie, and blastomycoisis locally with

Back 340

fluconazole or ketoconazole

Front 341

tx coxie, histo, paracoxie, and blastomycoisis systemically

Back 341

amphotericin

Front 342

systemic mycosis can form granulomas and mimick this dz

Back 342

TB

Front 343

this dz causes hypopigmented skin lesion and occurs in hot, humid weather.

Back 343

tinea versicolor

Front 344

tinea versicolor is caused by

Back 344

malassezia furfur

Front 345

tx tinea versicolor with topical

Back 345

miconazole or selenium sulfide (Selsun)

Front 346

this dz is an infxn of keratinized leyer of skin. It appears as a brownish spot.

Back 346

tinea nigra

Front 347

tinea nigra is caused by this fungus

Back 347

Cladosporium wernecki.

Front 348

tx tinea nigra with topical______

Back 348

salycylic acid

Front 349

pruritic lesions with central clearing resembling a ring

Back 349

Tinea (pedis, cruris, corporis, capitis)

Front 350

Tinea (pedis, cruris, corporis, capitis) caused by

Back 350

dermatophytes (microsporum, trichophyton, and epidermophyton)

Front 351

dermatophyte has a reservoir in pets

Back 351

microsporum

Front 352

You can see tinea as mold hyphae with this type of prep. tineas are not dimorphic.

Back 352

KOH prep

Front 353

this opportunistic fungal infxn causes thrush in immunocompromized pts (neonates, taking steroids, dbts, AIDS), vulvovaginitis (pts with high pH, dbts, using AB), and chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis

Back 353

candida albicans

Front 354

this opportunistic fungal infxn causes allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, lung gavity aspergilloma ("fungus ball"), invasive aspergillosis. It's MOLD has septate hyphae that branch at a V-shaped (45*) angle. Not dimorphic

Back 354

Aspergillus fumigatus

Front 355

this opportunistic fungal infxn causes meningitis and systemic dz. It is a heavily encapsulated YEAST. It is not dimorphic. It is found in soil, pigeon droppings. Culture it on Sabouraud's agar and stain with India ink. Latex agglutination test detects polysaccaride capusular Ag.

Back 355

Cryptococcus neoformans

Front 356

this opportunistic fungal infxn causes systemic dz. MOLD with irregular nonseptate hyphae branching at wide angles (>90*). Dz strikes mostly ketoacidotic diabetics and leukemic pts. Fungi also proliferate in the walls of blood vessels and cuases infaction of distal tissue. Can cause Rhinocerebral and frontal lobe abscesses.

Back 356

Mucor & Rhizopus spp.

Front 357

Oportunic Fungal Infxn:
pseudohyphae + buddign yeasts. Germ tubes at 37*C [image p. 147]

Back 357

candida

Front 358

Oportunic Fungal Infxn:

45* angle branching septate hyphae. Rare fruiting bodies [image p. 147]

Back 358

aspergillus

Front 359

Oportunic Fungal Infxn:

5-10um yeast with wide capsular halo. Narrow based unequal buddign [image p. 147]

Back 359

cryptococcus

Front 360

Oportunic Fungal Infxn:

Irregular broad (empty looking) nonseptate hyphae, wide-angle branchign[image p. 147]

Back 360

Mucor

Front 361

Yeast that is inhaled and causes diffuse interstitial pnneumonia in AIDS pts

Back 361

pneumocystis carinii

Front 362

Dx of P. Carinii

Back 362

lung bx of lavage. I.D. w/ silver stain.

Front 363

Tx of P. Carinia

Back 363

TMP-SMX
(prophylaxis when CD4 drops below 200 cells/ml in HIV pts)

Front 364

dimorphic fungus that lives on vegetation often traumatically introduced into the skin, typically by a thorn ("rose gardener's dz), causes local pustule or ulcer with nodules along draining lymphatics (ascending lymphangitis). Causes little systemic illness. Cigar shaped budding yeast visible in pus.

Back 364

sporothrix schenkii

Front 365

tx sporothrix schenkii w/

Back 365

iatraconazole or potassium iodide.

Front 366

key words: yeast forms, unequal budding

Back 366

sporothrix schenkii

Front 367

causes bloody diarrhea, dysentary, liver abscess, RUQ pain. Is transmitted via cysts in the water. dx by trophosoits or cysts in stool.

Back 367

entamoeba histolytica

Front 368

tx of entamoeba histolytica

Back 368

metronidazole & iodoquinol

Front 369

Causes bloating, flatulence, foul-smelling diarrhea. Transmitted via cysts in water. Dx by trophozoitese or cysts in stool.

Back 369

Giardia lamblia

Front 370

tx of Giardia lamblia

Back 370

metronidazole

Front 371

Causes mild watery diarrhea or severe diarrhea in AIDS. Transmitted via cysts in water. Dx by cysts on acid fast stain. No tx

Back 371

cryptosporidium

Front 372

causes brain abscesses in HIV and birth defects in neonates. Transmitted by cysts in meat or cat feces. Dx is by seriology or bx.

Back 372

toxoplasma

Front 373

Tx of toxoplama

Back 373

Sulfadiazine + pyrimethamine

Front 374

Causes malaria: cyclic fever, headache, anemia splenomegaly. Transmitted by Mosquito. Dx is by blood smear.

Back 374

Plasmodium (vivax, ovale, malariae, faciparum.

Front 375

Most severe malaria (cerebral) is from infection with

Back 375

P. falciparum

Front 376

tx of malaria

Back 376

Chloroquine

Front 377

Causes vaginitis: foul-smelling greenish discharge with itching and birning. Sexual transmission. Dx via trophozoites on wet mount

Back 377

Trichomonas Vaginalis

Front 378

Tx of Trichomonas Vaginalis

Back 378

metronidazole

Front 379

Causes Chagas' dz (dialated cardiomyopathy, megacolon, megaesophagus). Transmitted via the reduviid bug. Dx by blood smear.

Back 379

Trypanosoma cruzi

Front 380

Tx of Trypanosoma cruzi

Back 380

Nifurimox

Front 381

Causes african sleeping sickness. transmitted by the tsetse fly. dx via blood smear.

Back 381

trypanosoma (T. gambiense, T. rhodensiense)

Front 382

Tx of trypanosoma

Back 382

suramin for blood borne dx or melarsoprol for CNS penetration

Front 383

causes visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar) transmitted by the sandfly. dx by macrophages containing amastigotes.

Back 383

Leishmania donovani

Front 384

tx of Leishmania donovani

Back 384

sodium stibogluconate

Front 385

causes babesiosis: fever and anemia. transmitted by Ixodes tick. Dx by blood smear, shows no RBC pigment, appears as "maltese cross"

Back 385

babesia

Front 386

babesia is tx with

Back 386

quinine, clindamycin

Front 387

cause rapidly fatall meningoencephalitis. transmitted by swimming in freshwater lakes (enters via cribiform plate) dx by amebas in spinal fluid. No tx.

Back 387

Naegleria

Front 388

helminths are ______

Back 388

cestodes (tapeworms) & trematodes (flukes) & Nematodes (roundworms)

Front 389

cestodes are _______

Back 389

tapeworms

Front 390

trematodes are ______

Back 390

flukes

Front 391

this cestodode is transmitted by eating undercooked pork, larvae can cause mass lesions in the brain or disseminated dz (cystercercosis)

Back 391

taenia solium

Front 392

tx for taenia solium

Back 392

praziquantel/niclosamide; albendazole for cistercercosis

Front 393

this cestode is transmitted by eggs in dog feces which when ingested can cause cysts in the liver and cause anaphylaxis if antigens are released form cysts

Back 393

Echinococcus granulosus

Front 394

tx for Echinococcus granulosus

Back 394

albendazole

Front 395

this trematode uses snails as a host. Cercariae penetrate the skin of humans and cause granulomas, fibrosis, and inflammation of the spleen and liver

Back 395

schistosoma

Front 396

tx of schistosoma

Back 396

praziquantel

Front 397

this trematode is transmitted via undercooked fish. It causes inflammation of the biliary tract

Back 397

clonorchis sinesis

Front 398

this trematode is transmitted via undercooked crab meat. It causes inflammation and secondary bacterial infectgion of the lung.

Back 398

Paragoniimus westermani

Front 399

tx of Paragoniimus westermani

Back 399

praziquantel

Front 400

tx of trematodes (flukes) and many Cestodes (tapeworms)

Back 400

Praziquantel

Front 401

Nematodes are ________

Back 401

roundworms

Front 402

this nematodes larvae penetrates the skin of the feet causing an intestinal infection that can cause anemia

Back 402

ancylostoma duodenale (hookworm)

Front 403

tx of ancylostoma duodenale

Back 403

mebendazole/pyrantel pamoate

Front 404

this nematode that causes intestinal infection has eggs that are visible in the feces

Back 404

Ascaris lumbricoides (giant roundworm)

Front 405

Tx of Ascaris lumbricoides (giant roundworm)

Back 405

mebendazole/pyrantel pamoate

Front 406

this nematode is transmitted by food contaminated with eggs. It causes an intestinal infection and symptoms include anal pruritis

Back 406

enterobius vermicularis

Front 407

tx of enterobius vermicularis

Back 407

mebendazole/pyrantel pamoate

Front 408

this nematode spreads when larvae in the soil penetrate the skin. It results in an intestinal infection

Back 408

strongyloides stercoralis

Front 409

tx of strongyloides stercoralis

Back 409

Ivermectin/ thiabendazole

Front 410

this nematode is transmitted in undercooked meat, usually pork and results in inflammation of the muscle and periorbital edema

Back 410

trichinella spiralis

Front 411

tx of trichinella spiralis

Back 411

thiabendazole

Front 412

this nematode is spread in drinking water. It results in skin inflammation and ulceration

Back 412

dracunculus medinensis

Front 413

tx of dracunculus medinensis

Back 413

niridazole

Front 414

this nematode is transmitted by the deer fly. It causes swelling in the skin and you can sometimes see worm crawling in the conjunctiva.

Back 414

loa loa

Front 415

tx of loa loa

Back 415

diethylcarbamazine

Front 416

this nematode is transmitted by femlae blackflies and causes river blindness

Back 416

Onchocerca volvulus

Front 417

tx of Onchocerca volvulus

Back 417

ivermectin

Front 418

this nematode is transmitted by food contaminated with eggs. It causes granulomas. If it occurs in retina it can lead to blindness. It also causes visceral larva migrans.

Back 418

toxocara canis

Front 419

tx of toxocara canis

Back 419

diethylcarbamazine

Front 420

this nematode is spread by the female mosquito. It causes blockage of the lymphatic vessels (elephantiasis)

Back 420

Wuchereria bancrofti

Front 421

tx of Wuchereria bancrofti

Back 421

diethylcarbamazine

Front 422

you find brain cysts & seizures. What is the organism?

Back 422

taenia solium

Front 423

you find liver cysts. What is the organism?

Back 423

echinococcus granulosus

Front 424

you find vit B12 deficiency. What is the organism?

Back 424

diphyllobothrium latum

Front 425

you find biliary tract dz. What is the organism?

Back 425

clonorchis sinensis

Front 426

you find hemoptysis. What is the organism?

Back 426

paragonimus westermani

Front 427

you find portal hypertension. What is the organism?

Back 427

schistosoma mansoni

Front 428

you find hematuria, bladder cancer. What is the organism?

Back 428

Schistosoma haematobium

Front 429

you find microcytic anemia. What is the organism?

Back 429

Ancylostoma, Necator

Front 430

you find perianal pritis. What is the organism?

Back 430

enterobius

Front 431

Tricky Ts:
What is chlamydia TRACHomatis

Back 431

bacteria, STD

Front 432

Tricky Ts:
What is TRICHomonas vaginalis

Back 432

protozoan, STD

Front 433

Tricky Ts:
What is TRICHinella spiralis

Back 433

worm in undercooked meat

Front 434

Tricky Ts:
What is TRYPanosoma

Back 434

causes chagas dz or african sleeping sickness

Front 435

Tricky Ts:
What is treponema

Back 435

spirochete; causes syphilis or yaws

Front 436

All DNA viruses except the parvoviridae are __DNA

Back 436

ds

mneu: dsDNA like our cells except for parvovirus which is "part-of-a-virus" ->ssDNA

Front 437

all DNA viral genomes are _____ except papoviruses and hepadnaviruses

Back 437

linear

Front 438

Naked nucleic acids of most dsDNA (except poxviruses and HBV) and (+) ssRNA (mRNA) viruses are _______

Back 438

infectious

Front 439

Naked nucleic acids of (-) strand ssRNA and dsRNA viruses are ________

Back 439

non-infectious

Front 440

Naked (nonenveloped RNA viruses include

Back 440

Calcivirus, Picornavirus, & Reovirus

mneu: Naked CPR

Front 441

viral nucleic acids with the same structure as the host nucleic acids ar infective alone; others require special enzymes (contained in intact viron) T or F

Back 441

T

Front 442

Generally, enveloped viruses aquire their envelopes from _______ when they exit from the cell.

Back 442

plasma membrane

Front 443

Herpesviruses aquire envelopes from _______

Back 443

nuclear membrane

Front 444

all viruses are _______ ( 1 copy DNA or RNA) except retroviruses, which are ________ (2 identical ssRNA molecules

Back 444

haploid
diploid

Front 445

all DNA viruses replicate in the ______ (except poxvirus)

Back 445

nucleus

Front 446

all RNA viruses replicate in the ________ (except influenza virus and retroviruses)

Back 446

cytoplasm

Front 447

DNA viruses are HHAPPPy viruses

Back 447

hepadna, Herpes, Adeno, Pox, Parvo, Papova

Front 448

most DNA viruses have these 4 things in common

Back 448

1)ds (except Parvo)
2)linear (exept papova & Hepadna)
3)are icosahedral (except pox)
4)replicate in the nucleus (except Pox)

Front 449

naked DNA viruses

Back 449

Parvo, Adeno, Papova

mneu: you need to b e naked for a PAP smear

Front 450

enveloped DNA viruses

Back 450

Hepadna,Pox,Herpes

Front 451

this virus is of the hepadnavirus family. It is enveloped and partially circular dsDNA virus. It is not a retrovirus but has a reverse transcriptase. It can cause acute or chronic hepatitis. There is a vaccine available.

Back 451

HBV

Front 452

this virus of the herpesvirus family is an enveloped virus w/ linear dsDNA. It can cause oral (and some genital) lesions) and keratoconjunctivitis.

Back 452

HSV-1

Front 453

this virus of the herpesvirus family is an enveloped virus w/ linear dsDNA. It can cause genital(and some oral ) lesions

Back 453

HSV-2

Front 454

this virus of the herpesvirus family is an enveloped virus w/ linear dsDNA. It can cause chickenpox, zoster, and shingles

Back 454

VZV

Front 455

this virus of the herpesvirus family is an enveloped virus w/ linear dsDNA. It can cause mononucleosis and Burkitt's lymphoma

Back 455

EBV

Front 456

this virus of the herpesvirus family is an enveloped virus w/ linear dsDNA. It can cause congenital defects and infection in immunosuppressed pts (esp. transplant recipients)

Back 456

CMV

Front 457

this virus of the herpesvirus family is an enveloped virus w/ linear dsDNA. It can cause Roseola (exanthem subitum

Back 457

HHV-6

Front 458

this virus of the herpesvirus family is an enveloped virus w/ linear dsDNA. It can cause Kaposi's sarcoma

Back 458

HHV-8

Front 459

this naked, linear, dsDNA causes febrile pharyngitis, pneumonia, and conjunctivitis.

Back 459

adenovirus

Front 460

This tiny naked ss linear DNA virus can cause aplatic crises in sickle cell dz, "slapped cheeks" rash, erythema infectiosum (fifth dz) & hydrops fetalis

Back 460

parvovirus B19

Front 461

this naked ds circular DNA virus of the papovavirus family can cause warts, CIN, and cervical cancer

Back 461

HPV

Front 462

this naked ds circular DNA virus of the papovavirus family can cause progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) in HIV

Back 462

JC virus

Front 463

this large enveloped dsDNA virus of the poxvirus family is a scare for germ warfare

Back 463

small pox

Front 464

this large enveloped dsDNA virus of the poxvirus family can cause "milkmaid's blisters"

Back 464

cowpox (Vaccinia)

Front 465

this large enveloped dsDNA virus of the poxvirus family can cause white pustulese with cottage cheesy like material innside

Back 465

molluscum contageosum

Front 466

this nonenveloped ss+ linear RNA virus of the picornavirus family with an icosahedral capsid can cause paralysis

Back 466

poliovirus

Front 467

salk/sabin polio vaccines the one with killed virus and no risk for infection

Back 467

salk

Front 468

this nonenveloped ss+ linear RNA virus of the picornavirus family with an icosahedral capsid can cause aseptic meningitis

Back 468

echovirus

Front 469

this nonenveloped ss+ linear RNA virus of the picornavirus family with an icosahedral capsid can cause the "common cold"

Back 469

Rhinovirus

Front 470

this nonenveloped ss+ linear RNA virus of the picornavirus family with an icosahedral capsid can cause aseptic meningitis, herpangia, febrile pharyngitis, hand, foot and mouth dz, myocarditis

Back 470

Coxsackievirus

Front 471

this nonenveloped ss+ linear RNA virus of the picornavirus family with an icosahedral capsid can cause acute viral hepatitis

Back 471

HAV

Front 472

this nonenveloped ss+ liniar RNA virus of the calcivirus family with an icosahedral capsid can cause heptatis

Back 472

HEV

Front 473

this nonenveloped ss+ liniar RNA virus of the calcivirus family with an icosahedral capsid can cause viral gastroenteritis

Back 473

Norwalk virus

Front 474

this is a nonenveloped ds liniar segmented RNA viruswith an double icosahedral capsid can cause colorado tick fever

Back 474

reovirus

Front 475

this nonenveloped ds liniar segmented RNA virus of the reovirus family with an double icosahedral capsid is the #1 cause of fatal diarrhea in children

Back 475

rotavirus

Front 476

this family of enveloped ss+ liniar RNA virus of with an icosahedral capsid contains HCV, Yellow fever, Dengue, St. Louis encephalitis, West Nile virus

Back 476

Flavivirus

Front 477

this family of enveloped ss+ liniar RNA virus of with an icosahedral capsid causes Rubella, eastern equine encephalitis, western equine encephalitis

Back 477

Togavirus

Front 478

this enveloped ss+ liniar RNA retrovirus with an icosahedral capsid uses reverese transcriptase and causes AIDS

Back 478

HIV

Front 479

this enveloped ss+ liniar RNA retrovirus with an icosahedral capsid uses reverese transcriptase and causes T-cell leukemia

Back 479

HTLV

Front 480

this member of the orthomyxoviruses is an enveloped ss- liniar segnebted RNA virus with an helical capsid and causes the "flu"

Back 480

influenza virus

Front 481

this member of the paramyxoviruses is an enveloped ss- linear nonsegmented RNA virus with an helical capsid causes croup in children (barking cough)

Back 481

parainfluenza

Front 482

this member of the paramyxoviruses is an enveloped ss- linear nonsegmented RNA virus with an helical capsid causes bronchilitis in babies

Back 482

RSV

Front 483

tx for RSV

Back 483

ribavirin

Front 484

this family contains enveloped ss- linear nonsegmented RNA virus with an helical capsid (includes parainfluenza, RSV, measels, mumps)

Back 484

paramyxoviruses

Front 485

this member of the rhabdoviruses is an enveloped ss- linear RNA virus with an helical capsid

Back 485

rabies

Front 486

this member of the filovirusesis an enveloped ss- linear RNA virus with an helical capsid causes hemorrhagic fever and is often fatal

Back 486

Ebola/Marburg

Front 487

this enveloped ss + linear RNA virus with an helical capsid causes the "common cold" and SARS

Back 487

coronavirus

Front 488

this member of the arenavirus family is an enveloped ss - circular RNA virus with an helical capsid and causes lymphocytic choriomeningitis

Back 488

LCV

Front 489

this member of the bunyavirus family is an enveloped ss - circular RNA virus with an helical capsid and causes hemorrhagic fever and pneumonia

Back 489

hantavirus

Front 490

this virus family is an enveloped ss - circular RNA virus with an helical capsid and causes california encephalitis, sandfly/rift valley fevers, crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever

Back 490

bunyavirus

Front 491

this member of the deltavirus family is an enveloped ss - circular RNA virus with an helical capsid and causes hepatiis

Back 491

HDV

Front 492

viral vaccines: _______ vaccines induce humoral and cell-mediated immunity but have reverted to virulence on rare occasions

Back 492

live attenuated

Front 493

______ vaccines induce only humoral immunity but are stable.

Back 493

killed

Front 494

it is dangerous to give _____ vaccines to immunocompromised pts or their close contacts

Back 494

live

Front 495

measels mumps, rubella, sabin polio, VZV, yellow fever, smallpox, adenovirus vaccine are all this type of vaccine.

Back 495

live attenuated

Front 496

rabies, influenza, HAV, and Salk Polio vaccines are all this type of vaccines

Back 496

killed

mneu: SalK=Killed

Front 497

Flu, MMR,Yellow fever are all ____ based vaccines

Back 497

egg

mneu=FRY an egg

Front 498

HBV is a _____ vaccine

Back 498

recombinant

Front 499

Viral genetics: this describes the exchange of genes between 2 chromosomes by crossing over within regions of significant base sequence homology (recombination,complimentation, reassortment, phenotypic mixing)

Back 499

recombination

Front 500

Viral genetics: this describes when viruses with segmented genomes (recombination,complimentation, reassortment, phenotypic mixing) exchange segments. It is a cause of high frequency recombinationa nd a cause of wordwide pandemics (recombination,complimentation, reassortment)

Back 500

reassortment

Front 501

Viral genetics: this describes when 1 of 2 viruses that infect the cell has a mutation that results in a non-functional protien. The nonmutated virus "complements" the mutated one by making a functional protiein that sesrves both viruses. (recombination,complimentation, reassortment, phenotypic mixing)

Back 501

complimentation

Front 502

viral vaccines: _______ vaccines induce humoral and cell-mediated immunity but have reverted to virulence on rare occasions

Back 502

live attenuated

Front 503

______ vaccines induce only humoral immunity but are stable.

Back 503

killed

Front 504

it is dangerous to give _____ vaccines to immunocompromised pts or their close contacts

Back 504

live

Front 505

measels mumps, rubella, sabin polio, VZV, yellow fever, smallpox, adenovirus vaccine are all this type of vaccine.

Back 505

live attenuated

Front 506

rabies, influenza, HAV, and Salk Polio vaccines are all this type of vaccines

Back 506

killed

mneu: SalK=Killed

Front 507

Viral genetics: this describes when genome of virus A can be coated with the surface proteins of virus B. Type B protein coat determines the infectivity of the phenotypically mixed virus. However, the progeny from this infection has a type A coat and is encoaded by its type A genetic material(recombination,complimentation, reassortment, phenotypic mixing)

Back 507

phenotypic mixing

Front 508

give the sx of the viral pathogens: herpesviruses (HSV types 1 & 2, VZV, CMV, EBV) HBV smallpox

Back 508

DNA enveloped viruses

Front 509

give the sx of the viral pathogens: adenovirus, papillomaviruses, parvovirus

Back 509

DNA nucleocapsid viruses

Front 510

give the sx of the viral pathogens: influenza virus, parainfluenza virus, RSV, measles virus, mumps virus, rubella virus, rabies virus, HTLV, HIV

Back 510

RNA enveloped viruses

Front 511

give the sx of the viral pathogens: enteroviruses (poliovirus, coxsackievirus, echovirus, HAV), rhinovirus, reovirus

Back 511

RNA nucleocapsid viruses

Front 512

explain the concept of slow virus infections and give 2 examples

Back 512

virus existes in pt for months to years before it manifests as clinical dz. SSPE (late sequela of measles), PML (reactivation of JC virus) in immunocompromized pts, especially AIDS

Front 513

segmented viruses are all ____ viruses

Back 513

rna

Front 514

segmented viruses include (4)

Back 514

mneu: BOAR

Bunyaviruses
Orthomyxoviruses(influenza virus)
Arenaviruses,
Reoviruses.

Front 515

Influenza virus consists of 8 segments that can undergo reassortment, causing antigenic ______ that lead to worldwide epidemics of the flu.

Back 515

shifts

Front 516

this group includes Poliovirus, Echovirus, Rhinovirus, Coxsackie virus, & HAV.

Back 516

Picornavirus

mneu: PERCH on a "peak" (pico)

Front 517

describe picornaviruses

Back 517

small RNA virus

mneu: (pequeno) picoRNA virus

Front 518

this type of virus is a non-enveloped RNA virus and the cause of the common cold. There is 100 serologic types

Back 518

Rhinovirus

mneu: Rhino has a runny nose

Front 519

this segmented dsRNA reovirus is the most important global cause of infantile gastroenteritis and a cause of acute diarrhea in the US during the winter

Back 519

Rotavirus

mneu: ROTA=Right Out The Anus

Front 520

this virus group causes dz in children. Members include parainfluenza (croup), mumps, and measles as well as RSV, which causes respiratory tract infections in infants. All members of this group have 1 serotype except parainfluenza which has 4

Back 520

Paramyxoviruses

Front 521

this virus is a paramyxovirus with 1 serotype. Symptoms include: Parotitis, Orchitis (inflammation of the testes) and aseptic Meningitis. It can cause sterility (esp. after puberty)

Back 521

Mumps viurs

mneu: Mumps makes your parotid glands and testes as big as POM-poms.

Front 522

pt presents with head cold, cough, conjunctivitis, & Koplik spots (bluish-gray spots on buccal mucosa). What virus?

Back 522

Measles

mneu: 3 C's of measles
cough
coryza (head cold)
conjuntivitis
also Koplik spots

Front 523

give 2 possilbe sequelae in measles

Back 523

SSPE & encephalitis & giant cell pneumonia (rarely in immunosupressed)

Front 524

What is Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE)?

Back 524

A chronic brain disease of children and adolescents that occurs months to often years after an attack of measles, causing convulsions, motor abnormalities, mental retardation and, usually, death.

Front 525

this is an enveloped, single stranded RNA virus with a segmented genome, with a vaccine, that commonly causes illness every winter

Back 525

influenza virus

Front 526

what 2 antigens does the influenza virus contain?

Back 526

hemagglutinin and neuraminidase

Front 527

the influenza virus is responsible for worldwide influenza epidemics. It has rapid genetic changes and puts pts at risk for a fatal ________ superinfection.

Back 527

bacterial.

Front 528

this type of viral influenza vaccine is the major mode of protection. It is reformulated yearly and offered in the fall to health care workers and the elderly

Back 528

killed

Front 529

this type of genetic change involves teh reassortment of viral genome (such as when human flu A virus combines with the swine flu A virus)

Back 529

genetic shift

Front 530

this type of genetic change involves minor changes based on random mutation

Back 530

genetic drift.

Front 531

what is more deadly a genetic shift or drift.

Back 531

mneu: Sudden Shift is more deadly than a graDual Drift

Front 532

give two Rxs for tx and prophylaxis of influenza A

Back 532

Amantidine & Rimantadine

Front 533

Give 2 neuraminidase inhibitors that are useful to tx both influenza A & B

Back 533

Zanamivir and oseltamivir

Front 534

pt presents with strange behavior, seizures, and fear of water, 2 mo after being bit by racoon. He dies quickly of fatal encephalitis. What is the bullet shaped virus that travels to the CNS by migrating in a retrograde fashion up nerve axons

Back 534

rabies

Front 535

what are the characteristic cytoplasmic inclusions in neurons infected by the rabies virus

Back 535

negri bodies

Front 536

these viruses are transmitted by arthropods (mosquitoes, ticks). Classic examples are dengue fever (aka break bone fever) & yellow fever. Note: A varient of dengue fever in Southeast Asia is hemorrhagic shock syndrome

Back 536

Arboviruses

mneu: ARBOvirus - ARthropod-BOrne virus.

Front 537

Give 2 arboviruses

Back 537

flavivirus, togavirus, and bunyavirus

Front 538

pt presents with a high fever and juandice. Wife reports he has been vomiting black stuff. His dz is caused by the flavivirus, and arbovirus transmitted by the Aedes mosquito with a monkey or human resevior.

Back 538

Yellow Fever

Front 539

flavi=______

Back 539

yellow

Front 540

what charicteristic acidophilic inclusions would you expect to see in the liver of a pt with yellow fever

Back 540

councilman bodies

Front 541

Name the herpesviruses

Back 541

CMV
HSV1,2
EBV
VZV

mneu: get herpes in a CHEVrolet

Front 542

this herpes virus causes gingivostomitis, keratoconjunctivitis, temporal lobe encephalitis, herpes labiales via respiratory secretion and saliva

Back 542

HSV-1

Front 543

this herpes virus causes herpes genitalis and neonatal herpes via sexual contact and perinatal transmission

Back 543

HSV-2

Front 544

this herpes virus causes shingles, encephalitis, and pneumonia via respiratory secretions

Back 544

VZV

Front 545

this herpes virus causes infectious mononucleosis & Burkitt's lymphoma via respiratory secretions and saliva

Back 545

EBV

Front 546

this herpes virus causes congenital infection, mononucleosis (negative monospot), and pneumonia via congenital, transfusion, sexual contact, saliva, urine, or transplant transmission

Back 546

CMV

Front 547

this herpes virus causes Kaposi's aarcoma in HIV pts via sexual contact

Back 547

HHV-8

Front 548

18 y/o female presents wtih fever, hepatosplenomegaly, pharyngitis, and posterior auricular lymphadenopaty. What virus and what dz?

Back 548

EBV (herpes virus)
Mononucleosis

Front 549

what test should you do to detect mononucleosis and what antibody does it detect

Back 549

Monospot test

tests for heterophil antibodies by agglutination of sheep RBCs

Front 550

what atypical lymphocytes are circulating in the blood of a pt with mononucleosis.

Back 550

cytotoxic T cells

Front 551

what viruses does a Tzank test detect

Back 551

HSV-1,2, & VZV

mneu: Tzank heavens I do not have herpes or varicella

Front 552

In a tzank test you take a smear of an opened skin vesicle to detect this

Back 552

multiniucleated giant cell.

Front 553

what hepatitis virus:
this RNA picornavirus is transmitted primarily by fecal-oral route. There is a short incubation period (usually 3 weeks) and No carrieres.

Back 553

Hep A

mneu: Hep A-Asymptomatic (usually), Acute, Alone (no carriers; naked ssRNA)

Front 554

what hepatitis virus: This DNA hepadnavirus is transmitted primarily by parenteral, sexual, and maternal-fetal routs. It has a long incubation (3 mo). There are carriers. Reverse transcription occurs; however, the virion enzyme is a DNA-dependent DNA polymerase

Back 554

Hep B

mneu: hep B is Blood borne

Front 555

what hepatitis virus: This RNA flavivirus is transmitted primarily via blood and resembles HBV in its course and severity. Carriers. Common cause of IV drug use hepatitis in the US

Back 555

Hep C

mneu: Hep C: Chronic, Cirrhosis, Carcinoma, Carieres

Front 556

what hepatitis virus:
this delta agent is a defective virus that requires HBsAg as its envelope. Carriers.

Back 556

Hep D

mneu: Hep D: Defective, Dependent on HBV

Front 557

what hepatitis virus:
this RNA calicivirus is transmitted enterically and causes water-borne epidemics. It resembles HAV in course, severity, incubation. There is a high mortality rate in pregnant women

Back 557

Hep E

mneu: Hep E: enteric, expectant mothers, epidemics

Front 558

Hep ___ & ____ are spread via the fecal-oral route

Back 558

A & E

mneu: the vowels hit your bowels.

Front 559

Hep ___ & ____ predispose a pt to chronic active hepatitis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinomai

Back 559

B & C

Front 560

Hepatitis serologic markers:
best test to detect active hep A

Back 560

IgM HAV Ab

Front 561

Hepatitis serologic markers: continued presence indicates carrier state of hep B

Back 561

HBsAg (Ag found on surface of HBV)

Front 562

Hepatitis serologic markers: PROVIDES IMMUNITY to hep B

Back 562

HBsAb (Ab to HBs Ag)

Front 563

Hepatitis serologic markers: Ag assoc. w/ core of HBV

Back 563

HBcAg

Front 564

Hepatitis serologic markers: positive during WINDOW PERIOD of Hep B infection

Back 564

HBcAb

Front 565

Hepatitis serologic markers: A second different antigenic determinant in the HBV core. Important indicator of transmissibility

Back 565

HBeAg

mneu: BEware

Front 566

Hepatitis serologic markers: Antibody to e antigen. Indicates low transmissibility of hep B

Back 566

HBeAb

Front 567

image [p. 158] virus particle

Back 567

--

Front 568

image [p. 158] important diagnostic tests

Back 568

--

Front 569

HBsAg will be + if pt is either in ______ or _______ Hepatitis B

Back 569

acute or chronic (carrier)

Front 570

HBsAb is + only when pt has _________ from hep B

Back 570

completely recovered

Front 571

this test rises about 2 mo after hep B exposure and remains + after complete recovery

Back 571

HBcAg

Front 572

HIV has a ______ genome (2 molecules of RNA)

Back 572

diploid

Front 573

HIV capsid is made of ______ (a rectangular nucleocapsid protein)

Back 573

p24

Front 574

HIV surface has these 2 envelope proteins

Back 574

gp41 & gp120

Front 575

image p 159 HIV

Back 575

--

Front 576

1st test given for HIV is this. It is a sensitive test with a high false positive rate and a low threshold (RULE OUT TEST).

Back 576

ELISA

Front 577

After pt tests + with the ELISA test dx of HIV is confirmed by this test. This test is more specific, it has a high false - rate and a high threshold (RULE IN TEST)

Back 577

Western blot assay

Front 578

these test allows the physician to monitor the effect of drug therapy on viral load.

Back 578

HIV PCR/ viral load tests

Front 579

Elisa/Western blot tests look for antibodies to viral proteins. These tests are often falsy negative when?

Back 579

first 1-2 mo of HIV infections

Front 580

Elisa/Western blot tests look for antibodies to viral proteins. These tests are often falsy positive when?

Back 580

babies born to infected mothers (anti-gp120 crosses the placenta0

Front 581

when is someone considered as having AIDS (3)

Back 581

1) =/< 200 CD4 count
2) HIV+ w/ indicator conditon (e.g., PCP
3) CD4/CD8 ratio <1.5

Front 582

1% of caucasions are homozygous for this mutation granting them immunity from HIV virus (20% are heterozygous leading to slower course)

Back 582

CCR5 mutation

Front 583

this mutation is associated with a rapid progression to AIDS

Back 583

CXCR1

Front 584

image 160-time course of HIV infection

Back 584

--

Front 585

give 3 opportunistic infections or dzs that attack the brain in AIDS

Back 585

cryptococcal meningitis, toxoplasmosis, CMV encephalopathy, AIDS dementia, PML

Front 586

PML is associated with what virus

Back 586

JC virus

Front 587

give 1 opportunistic infection or dz that attacks the eyes in AIDS

Back 587

CMV retinitis

Front 588

give 3 opportunistic infections or dzs that attack the mouth and throat in AIDS

Back 588

Thrush, HSV, CMV, oral hairy leukoplakia

Front 589

what organism causes thrush

Back 589

candida albicans

Front 590

what virus causes oral hairly leukoplakia

Back 590

EBV

Front 591

give 3 opportunistic infections or dzs that attack the lungs in AIDS

Back 591

pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP), TB, histoplasmosis

Front 592

give 3 opportunistic infections or dzs that attack the GI system in AIDS

Back 592

cryptosporidosis, mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex, CMV colitis, non-hodgkins lymphoma

Front 593

what virus can cause non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in AIDS

Back 593

EBV

Front 594

give 2 opportunistic infections or dzs that attack the skin in AIDS

Back 594

shingles, kaposi sarcoma

Front 595

what virus causes shingles

Back 595

VZV

Front 596

what virus causes Kaposi's sarcoma

Back 596

HHV-8

Front 597

give 3 opportunistic infections or dzs that attack the genitals in AIDS

Back 597

genital herpes, warts, and cervical cancer

Front 598

what virus can lead to cervical cancer

Back 598

HPV

Front 599

these are infectious agents that do not contain RNA or DNA (consist only of proteins). They are encoded by cellular genes.

Back 599

PRions

Front 600

give 3 examples of diseases caused by prions

Back 600

Creutzfeldt-Jakob dz (CJD)
Kuru
Scrapie
"Mad cow dz"

Front 601

this dz caused by prions results in rapid progressive dementia

Back 601

CJD

Front 602

Prions are associated with this brain damage

Back 602

spongiform encephalopathy.

Front 603

normal prions have this type of conformation; pathologic prions (like CJD) are this conformation.

Back 603

alpha helix
Beta pleated sheets

Front 604

Give the dominant normal fora for the body location: skin

Back 604

staphylococcus epidermidis

Front 605

Give the dominant normal fora for the body location: nose

Back 605

S. aureus

Front 606

Give the dominant normal fora for the body location: oropharynx

Back 606

viridans streptococci

Front 607

Give the dominant normal fora for the body location: dental plaque

Back 607

streptococcus mutans

Front 608

Give the dominant normal fora for the body location: colon

Back 608

bacteroides fragilis> e. coli

Front 609

Give the dominant normal fora for the body location: vagina

Back 609

lactobacillus, colonized by E. coli and group B strep

Front 610

T or F: Neonates delivered by cesaerean section have no flora but are rapidly colonized after birth

Back 610

T

Front 611

Give the dominant normal fora for the body location: vagina

Back 611

lactobacillus, colonized by E. coli and group B strep

Front 612

T or F: Neonates delivered by cesaerean section have no flora but are rapidly colonized after birth

Back 612

T

Front 613

common causes of pneumonia in children 6 wks -18 yrs

Back 613

viruses (RSV)
mycoplasma
Chlamydia pneumoniae
Streptococcus pneumoniae

Front 614

common causes of pneumonia in adults (18-40 y/o)

Back 614

mycoplasma
C. pneumoniae
S. pneumoniae

Front 615

common causes of pneumonia in adults (40-65 y/o)

Back 615

S. pneumoniae
H. influenzae
Anaerobes
Viruses
Mycoplasma

Front 616

common causes of pneumonia in the elderly

Back 616

S. pneumoniae
Viruses
Anaerobes
H. influenzae
gram negative rods

Front 617

common causes of pneumonia in the hospital

Back 617

Staphylococcus, gram-negative rods

Front 618

common causes of pneumonia in immunocompromized

Back 618

staphylococcus, G- rods, fungi, viruses, PCP (HIV)

Front 619

common causes of pneumonia after aspiration

Back 619

anaerobes

Front 620

common causes of pneumonia in alcoholics or IV drug users

Back 620

S. pneumoniae, Klebsiella, Staphylococcus

Front 621

common causes of pneumonia in alcoholics or IV drug users

Back 621

S. pneumoniae, Klebsiella, Staphylococcus

Front 622

common causes of pneumonia in postviral infections

Back 622

staphylococcus, H. influenzae

Front 623

common causes of pneumonia in the neonate

Back 623

Group B streptococci, E. coli

Front 624

common causes of atypical pneumonia

Back 624

mycoplasma, legionella, chlamydia

Front 625

Common causes of meningitis in the newborn (0-6mo)

Back 625

GROUP B STREPTOCOCCI
E. COLI
Listeria

Front 626

Common causes of meningitis in children (6 mo- 6yrs)

Back 626

Streptococcus pneumoniae
Neisseria meningitidis
H. influenzae type B
Enteroviruses

Front 627

Common causes of meningitis in ages 6-60 y/o

Back 627

N. MENINGITIDIS
Enteroviruses
S. Pneumoniae
HSV

Front 628

Common causes of meningitis in 60 + y/o

Back 628

S. PNEUMONIA
G - rods
Listeria

Front 629

Common causes of meningitis in HIV

Back 629

cryptococcus
CMV
toxoplasmosis (brain abscess)
JC virus (PML)

Front 630

incidence of this type of meningitis has greatly decreased after the introduction of the vaccine within the last 10-15 years

Back 630

H. influenzae

Front 631

On LP pt has increased PMNs, increased, protein, and decreased sugar. CSF pressure is increased. What kind of meningitis is this?

Back 631

bacterial

Front 632

On LP pt has increased lymphocytes, increased, protein, and decreased sugar. CSF pressure is increased. What kind of meningitis is this?

Back 632

fungal or TB

Front 633

On LP pt has increased lymphocytes, normal protein, and normal sugar. CSF pressure is normal. What kind of meningitis is this?

Back 633

viral

Front 634

osteomylitis is usually caused by what bug

Back 634

S. aureus

Front 635

osteomylitis in sexually active pts is rearely caused by this organism but they may be infected with this bug and have septic arthritis.

Back 635

N. gonorrheae

Front 636

osteomylitis usually occurs in this age group

Back 636

children

Front 637

osteomylitis in diabetics and drug addics is often due to this bug

Back 637

pseudomonas aeruginosa

Front 638

osteomylitis in pts with sickle cell anemia is often due to this bug

Back 638

salmonella

Front 639

osteomyelitis in pts with sickle cell often presents with this elevated lab value

Back 639

ESR

Front 640

osteomylitis in pts with prosthetic replacement is often due to these bugs

Back 640

S. aureus & S. epidermis

Front 641

vertebral osteomylitis (Potts dz) is due to this bug

Back 641

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Front 642

urinary tract infections in ambulatory pts is most often due to this bug

Back 642

E-coli (50-80%)
Klebsiella (10%)

Front 643

2nd most common urinary tract infection young ambulatory women after E. Coli

Back 643

Staphylococcus saphrophyticus

Front 644

urinary tract infections in hospitalized pts

Back 644

E. coli, proteus, klebsiella, serratia, pseudomonas

Front 645

ratio of UTIs: women to men

Back 645

10:1 (short urethra colonized by fecal flora)

Front 646

urinary tract infections are usually caused by ascending infections. T or F

Back 646

T

Front 647

male baby presents with UTI what do you suspect

Back 647

congenital defect

Front 648

elderly male presents with UTI. what do you suspect

Back 648

enlarged prostate

Front 649

symptoms of UTI

Back 649

dysuria, frequency, urgency, suprapubic pain

Front 650

pt presents with fever, chills, flank pain, and CVA tenderness. What do you suspect?

Back 650

pyelonephritis

Front 651

some strains of this bug that causes UTI result in a red pigment. Often these infections are nosocomial and Rx resistant.

Back 651

Serratia marcescens

Front 652

this is the leading cause of UTI. Colonies show a metalic sheen on EMB agar

Back 652

E. coli.

Front 653

This UTI bug is often nosocomial and drug resistant

Back 653

Enterobacter cloacae

Front 654

this bug that causes UTIs has a large mucoid capsule and viscous colonies

Back 654

Klebsiella pneumoniae

Front 655

this bug that causes UTIs has motility and causes "swarming" on agar. It produces urease and is associated with struvite stones

Back 655

Proteus mirabilis

Front 656

this bug that causes UTIs produces a blue green pigment and a fruity odor. It is usually nosocomial and drug resistant

Back 656

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Front 657

If the nitrite test is postitive what kind of bacteria are you looking at

Back 657

G-

Front 658

if the leukocyte esterase test is + what type of bug are you looking at

Back 658

bactreial

Front 659

UTI bugs can be memorized by the mneumonic--SSEEK PP

Back 659

Serratia marcescens
Staphylococcus
Escherichia coli
Enterobacter cloacae
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Proteus mirabilis
Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Front 660

pt presents with urethritis, cervicitis, PID, prostitis, epididymitis, arthritis, and a creamy purulent discharge. What is the dz and the organism?

Back 660

Gonorrhea
Neisseria gonorrheae

Front 661

Pt presents with a painless chancre. What is the dz and the organism?

Back 661

Treponema pallidum
primary syphilis

Front 662

pt presents with fever, lymphadenopathy, skin rashes, condylomata lata. What is the dz and the organism?

Back 662

treponema pallidum
secondary syphilis

Front 663

pt presents with gummas, tabes dorsalis, general paresis, aortitis, and argyll robertson pupil. What is the dz and the organism?

Back 663

treponema pallidum
tertiary syphilis

Front 664

pt presents with painful penile, vulvar or cervical ulcer. What is the dz and the organism?

Back 664

genital herpes
HSV-2

Front 665

Pt presents with urethritis, cervicitis, conjunctivitis, Reiter's syndrome, PIDWhat is the dz and the organism?

Back 665

Chlamydia trachomatis (D-K)
chlamydia

Front 666

pt presents with ulcers, lymphadenopathy and rectal strictures What is the dz and the organism?

Back 666

lymphogranuloma venerium
C. trachomatis (L1-L3)

Front 667

Pt presnts with vaginitis and strawberry colored mucosa. What is the dz and the organism?

Back 667

trichomoniasis
trichomonas vaginalis

Front 668

pt presents with opportunistic infections, Kaposi's sarcoma, lymphoma. What is the dz and the organism?

Back 668

AIDS
HIV

Front 669

Pt presents with genital warts and koiocytes. What is the dz and the organism?

Back 669

condylomata acuminata
HPV 6 & 11

Front 670

Pt presents with juandice What could the STD be and the organism?

Back 670

HBV
hepatitis B

Front 671

pt presents with a painful genital ulcer and inguinal adenopathy. What is the dz and the organism?

Back 671

Haemophilis ducreyi
Chancroid

Front 672

Pt preents with a noninflammatory, malodorous discharge; positive whiff test, and clue cells. What is the dz and the organism?

Back 672

bacterial vaginosis
gardnerella vaginalis

Front 673

this organism is most likely to cause a subacute undiagnosed pelvic inflammatory dz

Back 673

chlamydia trachomatis

Front 674

this bug can often causes an acute high fever PID

Back 674

Neisseria gonorrhea

Front 675

this cause of PID is the most common STD in the US (3-4 million cases per year).

Back 675

C. trachomatis

Front 676

pt presents with cervical motion tenderness (chandelier sign) purulent cervical discharge. Pt may have salpingitis, endometritis, hydrosalpinx, and tubo-ovarian abscess

Back 676

PID

Front 677

salpingitis is a risk factor for the following (give 2)

Back 677

ectopic pregnancy, infertility, chronic pelvic pain, and adhesions

Front 678

see clue cells on a prep what STD do you think

Back 678

Gardnerella

Front 679

see motile on wet prep what STD do you think

Back 679

Trichomonas

Front 680

2 most common nosocomial infections are:
UTI due to ______
Wound infection due to ______

Back 680

E.coli
S.aureus

Front 681

most common pathogens causing nosocomial infections in the newborn nursery are (2)

Back 681

CMV & RSV

Front 682

most common pathogens causing nosocomial infections in urinary catheterization are

Back 682

E. coli, Proteus mirabilis

Front 683

most common pathogen causing nosocomial infections in respiratory therapy equiptment is?

Back 683

pseudomonas aeruginosa

mneu: presume pseudomonas AIruginosa when AIR or burns are involved

Front 684

most common pathogens causing nosocomial infections in renal dialysis unit

Back 684

HBV

Front 685

most common pathogens causing nosocomial infections in hyperalimentation

Back 685

candida albicans

Front 686

most common pathogens causing nosocomial infections in water aerosols

Back 686

legionella

mneu: legionella when water source is involved

Front 687

Infections dangerous in pregnancy--ToRCHeS

Back 687

Toxoplasma
Rubella,
CMV
HSV/HIV
Syphilis

Front 688

If all else fails think this if dealing with pus, empyema, or an absess

Back 688

S. aureus

Front 689

If all else fails think this if dealing with a pediatric infection

Back 689

H. influenzae

Front 690

If all else fails think this if dealing with pneumonia in CF or a burn infection

Back 690

pseudomonas aeruginosa

Front 691

If all else fails think this if dealing with branching rods in oral infection

Back 691

actinomyces israelii

Front 692

If all else fails think this if dealing with a traumatic open wound

Back 692

Clostridium perfringes

Front 693

If all else fails think this if dealing with a surgical wound

Back 693

S. aureus

Front 694

If all else fails think this if dealing with dog or cat bite

Back 694

pasteurella muticocida

Front 695

If all else fails think this if dealing with currant jelly sputum

Back 695

klebsiella

Front 696

If all else fails think this if dealing with spesis/meningitis in newborn

Back 696

group B strep